Synthesis, characterization and 1D helical chain crystal structure of [Cu(DBA)2(1,10-phen)]n and [Cd(DBA)2(1,10-phen)2] (DBA = benzilic acid)

Two novel complexes [Cu(DBA)₂(1,10-phen)]_n (1) and [Cd(DBA)₂(1,10-phen)₂] (2) [HDBA = benzilic acid: (C₆H₅)₂C(OH)COOH] have been synthesized and characterized by element analysis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The crystal structures of compounds 1, 2 and HDBA (3) were also determined. Complex 1 is a one-dimensional (1D) helical infinite chain, in which [(1,10)-phen]Cu^(II) units were bridged by benzilic acid. Complex 2 is a mononuclear structure, and is self-assembled through π-π stacking interactions to form a 1D helical chain. Compound 3 is self-assembled to form a 1D helical chain through hydrogen bonds interactions. Thermal analyses indicate that complexes 1 and 2 are stable under 200 and 254 °C in solid state, respectively.     

Cobalt(II) and nickel(II) coordination polymers constructed from P,P′-diphenylmethylenediphosphinic acid (H2pcp) and 4,4′-bipyridine (bipy): Structural isomerism in [Co(pcp)(bipy)0.5(H2O)2]

The P,P′diphenylmethylenediphosphinic acid (H₂pcp) reacts with Co(ClO₄)₂ · 6H₂O and 4,4′-bipyridine to give a mixture of two polymeric isomers of formula [Co(pcp)(bipy)_0.5(H₂O)₂], {red (1) and pink (2)} and the new violet hybrid [Co(Hpcp)₂] (3). The pure red and violet species have been obtained by the reaction of H₂pcp with Co(CH₃COO)₂ · 4H₂O and bipy or with Co(ClO₄)₂ · 6H₂O, respectively. The analogous reaction of Ni(CH₃COO)₂ · 4H₂O or Ni(ClO₄)₂ · 6H₂O with H₂pcp and bipy affords only the [Ni(pcp)(bipy)_0.5(H₂O)₂] species (4). The two cobalt isomers present different structural arrangements. Whereas the red isomer (1) shows an undulated 2D layered structure, the pink one (2) forms an infinite monodimensional strand. Both the architectures extend to higher dimensions through hydrogen bonding interactions. The nickel derivative is isomorphous with the red cobalt isomer. The violet [Co(Hpcp)₂] (3), which is isomorphous with the complexes of the reported series [M(Hpcp)₂], M = Ca(II), Mg(II), presents a monodimensional polymeric structure. Compounds 1 and 4 show a very similar thermal behaviour, the two water molecules being lost in the temperature range 25-150 and 160-320 °C, respectively. Temperature dependent X-ray powder diffractometry (TDXD) has been performed on compound 1 in order to follow the structural transformations that occur during the heating process.     

Complexation of lead(II) by nicotinamide (nia): Crystal structure of polymeric Pb(nia)(NO3)2

Lead(II) nitrate complex with nicotinamide has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, UV-Vis spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The Pb²⁺ centres linked through nicotinamide and nitrate(V) ligands form a two-dimensional polymeric structure defining a double layer and each layer is also stabilized by hydrogen bonds of N-H?O and C-H?O type.     

Chiral diruthenium(II) complexes containing a modified 4,4-bipyridine bridging ligand: syntheses, characterization and DNA binding

A pair of novel chiral dimeric ruthenium(II) complexes [ΔΔ-, ΛΛ-Ru(bpy)₂(btpb)Ru(bpy)₂]⁴⁺ (1; btpb=2,2^′-bis(1,2,4-triazino[5,6-f]phenanthren-3-yl)-4,4^′-bipyridine) have been synthesized and characterized by electrospray mass spectra, ¹H NMR, UV-Vis and circular dichroism spectra. Binding behaviors of the complexes with calf thymus DNA have been investigated by absorption spectra and viscosity measurements. The electronic absorption spectrum of ΔΔ-1 at 505.5 nm exhibits hypochromism of about 8.4% and bathochromism of 2.5 nm; ΛΛ-1 at 500.0 nm exhibits hypochromism of about 9.1% and bathochromism of 4.5 nm, respectively. The experiments suggest that ΔΔ-1 and ΛΛ-1 may be bound to DNA by non-intercalating binder.     

Structure of binuclear Rh(II) carboxylato complexes with 2,2-bipyridine and an unprecedented rhodium wire with Rh4 core

Structures of rhodium(II) binuclear complexes [Rh₂(OOCCH₃)₂(bpy)₂(H₂O){(CH₃)₂CHOH}][B(C₆H₅)₄]₂ · H₂O (1), [Rh₂Cl₂(OOCCH₃)₂(bpy)₂] · 2H₂O (2), [Rh₂Br₂(OOCCH₃)₂(bpy)₂] · 3H₂O (3), and [Rh₂I₂(OOCCH₃)₂(bpy)₂] (4), as well as an unprecedented wire with infinite Rh-Rh chain, {[Rh₄(μ-OOCH)₄(bpy)₄](BF₄)}_n · 0.5nC₄H₈O₂ (5), have been determined and discussed. Mass spectra of complexes [Rh₂(OOCMe)₂(bpy)₂(H₂O)₂](MeCOO)₂ and [Rh₂(OOCMe)₂(phen)₂(H₂O)₂](MeCOO)₂ have showed stability of polynuclear cations with rhodium in oxidation states in the range +1.25 to +1.75.     

Microwave synthesis, spectroscopy, thermal analysis and crystal structure of an one-dimensional polymeric {[Cu(4,4′-bipy)(H2O)3(SO4)] · 2H2O}n complex

A metal organic-inorganic coordination framework formulated as {[Cu(4,4′-bipy)(H₂O)₃(SO₄)] · 2H₂O}_n (1) (where 4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine) has been successfully prepared by microwave synthesis. The title complex has been characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallography, FT-IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis. Complex (1) is an one-dimensional (1D) polymer in which 4,4′-bipy acts as a bridging ligand supporting the formation of infinite [Cu(4,4′-bipy)(H₂O)₃(SO₄)] chains. The packing diagram shows that a 3D network is formed via hydrogen bonds. The infrared spectra and thermographic data are consistent with the chemical formula.     

Versatile reaction of the potential host system [(Me3Sn) 4Ru(CN) 6]∞ with 4-thiopyridone/4-mercaptopyridine in water

Single crystals of three derivatives of the structurally still incompletely characterized coordination polymer [(Me₃Sn)₄Ru(CN)₆] 1b have been prepared and subjected to crystallographic studies: [1b · 4H₂O]=2b forms stacks of puckered _∞²[Ru{μ-CNSn(Me₃)NC}₂] sheets interlinked by hydrogen bonds in making use of two additional CNSn(Me₃)OH₂ ligands and quasi-zeolitic water. Mild drying of 2b leads to the “missing link” between 1b and 2b, [1b · 2H₂O], 3b. The structure of [1b · 2tp] (tp=4-thiopyridone) consists of a three-dimensional, negatively charged host framework comprising (via Sn-S bonds) one “aromatic” thione linkage and a [Me₃Sn · tp]⁺guest ion involving a more zwitterionic form of tp. Slow uptake of Me₃SnCl from the gas phase by an aqueous solution of K₄[Ru(CN)₆] and tp afforded the novel assembly [1b · 2H₂O · 0.8pms · 0.2pds] (pms/pds=4,4^′-dipyridylmono-/disulfide), the supramolecular architecture of which resembles that of 2b. Bridging pms or pds molecules occupy equivalent interlayer sites, and the pms/pds ratio is likely to vary. At least three further assemblies containing again 1b and either tp or pds/pms have likewise been isolated, however, not as single crystals.     

A new arylimido derivative of polyoxometalate (Bu4N)2[Mo6O17(NAr)2] [Ar = 2,6-(CH3)2C6H3]: Synthesis, structure and physicochemical properties

A novel bifunctionalized arylimido derivative of hexamolybdate, (Bu₄N)₂[Mo₆O₁₇(NAr)₂] [Ar = 2,6-(CH₃)₂C₆H₃] (1), in which the two 2,6-dimethylaniline groups are bounded to hexamolybdate at the cis positions, was synthesized by a facile reaction of α-octamolybdate with 2,6-dimethylaniline using DCC as a dehydration agent. The existence of strong non-typical C-H?O hydrogen bonds plays an important role in crystal structure stabilization of compound 1. The results of fluorescence spectra show that the formation of a covalent bond between 2,6-dimethylaniline molecule and hexamolybdate could efficiently quench the fluorescence intensity of 2,6-dimethylaniline molecule, with a fluorescence quencher efficiency of 87.7%. Thermal analysis results indicate that two substituted 2,6-(CH₃)₂C₆H₃ molecules bonding to the same cluster dissociated at different temperature, in well agreement with the different MoN bond length in compound 1. The electrochemical behavior of modified 1-CPE has been studied in detail. Compared with the conventional polyoxometalate (POM)-modified electrode, 1-CPE presents a merit of remarkable stability over 500 cycles due to the insolubility of the POM nanoparticles, which is especially important for practical applications.     

Unexpected formation and structure elucidation of mer-[RuCl3(TMSO)(bpy)] derived from [H(TMSO)][trans-RuCl4(TMSO)2] under mild condition

Treatment of [H(TMSO)][trans-RuCl₄(TMSO)₂] (1) with 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) in ethanol at room temperature resulted an unknown mer-[RuCl₃(TMSO)(bpy)] (3) and a known cis-[RuCl₂(TMSO)₄] (4) (TMSO =  tetramethylene sulfoxide) complexes. The 3 was obtained by the substitution with bpy in mer-[RuCl₃(TMSO)₃] (2), whereas 4 was obtained by one-electron reduction of 2, suggesting that 2 is a precursor for both 3 and 4. The structure of 3 was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The reaction is a new synthetic procedure for 3 and/or 3 and 4 in mild reaction conditions from the anionic complex 1. It involves simultaneous substitution and redox reaction. This is the first known example of precisely characterized Ru(III)-chloride-TMSO-bpy-complex derived from anionic [H(TMSO)][trans-RuCl₄(TMSO)₂] at room temperature.     

Synthesis, crystal structure and magnetic properties of a chain coordination polymer {[Cu4L2(H2O)] · H2O}n

A chain coordination polymer with the chemical formula {[Cu₄L₂(H₂O)] · H₂O}_n, has been synthesized by the assembly reaction of K₂CuL · 1.5H₂O and Cu(OAC)₂ · H₂O with a 1:1 mole ratio in methanol, where H₄L = 2-hydroxy-3-[(E)-({2-[(2-hydroxybenzoyl)imino]ethyl}imino)methyl] benzoic acid, OAC⁻ = CH₃COO⁻. The crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, the compound has chain molecular structure formed by dissymmetrical tetranuclear units. The magnetic measurements showed that Cu-Cu of the complex exhibit antiferromagnetic interactions, and satisfactory fittings to the observed magnetic susceptibility data were obtained by assuming a binuclear system, and further using molecular field approximation to deal with magnetic exchange interactions between binuclear systems.     

Syntheses and electrochemical properties of ruthenium(II) complexes with 4,4-bipyrimidine and 4,4-bipyrimidinium ligands

The syntheses and electrochemical properties of novel ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes with 4,4^′-bipyrimidine, [Ru(trpy)(bpm)Cl](X) ([1](X; X=PF₆⁻, BF₄⁻)) and with a quaternized 4,4^′-bipyrimidinium ligand, [Ru(trpy)(Me₂bpm)Cl](BF₄)₃ ([2](BF₄)₃) (trpy=2,2^′:6^′,2″-terpyridine, bpm=4,4^′-bipyrimidine, Me₂bpm=1,1^′-dimethyl-4,4^′-bipyrimidinium) are presented. The bpm complex [1]⁺ was prepared by the reaction of Ru(trpy)Cl₃ with 4,4^′-bipyrimidine in EtOH/H₂O. The structural characterization of [1]⁺ revealed, that the bpm ligand coordinated to the ruthenium atom with the bidentate fashion. Diquaternization of the non-coordinating nitrogen atoms on bpm of [1]⁺ by (CH₃)₃OBF₄ in CH₃CN gave [2](BF₄)₃. The electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical properties of the complexes are described.     

An expeditious route to cis-Ru(bpy)2C12 (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) using carbohydrates as reducers

The tandem use of simple mono- or disaccharides and vitamin C as organic reducers allows the synthesis of the widely used starting material cis-Ru(bpy)₂Cl₂ (where bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) from commercial ruthenium (III) chloride in less than half an hour. Notably, the reaction can be run in organic aqueous solvent or in only water, hence it can be adapted to substituted 2,2′-bipyridines.     

Robust anionic building blocks [M(malonate)2(H2O)2] for crystal engineering of inorganic-organic hybrid materials

One-pot reactions of transition metal (Cu^II, Ni^II, Co^II, or Cd^II) salt with malonic acid (H₂mal) in the presence of mesocyclic diamine generate three supramolecular complexes and a coordination polymer. [Cu(mal)₂(H₂O)₂](H₂O)₂(H₂DACH) (1) and [M(mal)₂(H₂O)₂](H₂DACO) (M = Ni for 2, and Co for 3) are ion-pair products and managed by charge-assistant noncovalent interactions (DACO = 1,5-diazacyclooctane, and DACH = 1,4-diazacycloheptane). In these structures, the similar mononuclear [M(mal)₂(H₂O)₂]²⁻ building blocks are connected by hydrogen bonds to form 2D networks (with the aid of one lattice water in the case of 1), which are further extended by the cationic diamine components to yield 3D pillar-layered solids. While [Cd(mal)(H₂O)₂]_n (4) is a neutral polymeric complex, in which the similar [Cd(mal)₂(H₂O)₂]²⁻ subunits are propagated by additional Cd-O coordinative forces to result in the final 2D layer.     

Structural analysis and magnetic properties of the copper(II) dicyanamide complexes [Cu2(dmphen)2(dca)4], [Cu(dmphen)(dca)(NO3)]n and [Cu(4,4-dmbpy)(H2O)(dca)2] (dca=dicyanamide; dmphen=2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline; 4,4-dmbpy=4,4-dimethyl-2,2-bipyridine)

The preparation, crystal structures and magnetic properties of three copper(II) compounds of formulae [Cu₂(dmphen)₂(dca)₄] (1), [Cu(dmphen)(dca)(NO₃)]_n (2) and [Cu(4,4^′-dmbpy)(H₂O)(dca)₂] (3) (dmphen=2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, dca=dicyanamide and 4,4^′-dmbpy=4,4^′-dimethyl-2,2^′-bipyridine) are reported. The structure of 1 consists of discrete copper(II) dinuclear units with double end-to-end dca bridges whereas that of 2 is made up of neutral uniform copper(II) chains with a single symmetrical end-to-end dca bridge. Each copper atom in 1 and 2 is in a distorted square pyramidal environment: two (1) or one (2) nitrile-nitrogen atoms from bridging dca groups, one of the nitrogen atoms of the dmphen molecule (1 and 2) and either one nitrile-nitrogen from a terminal dca ligand (1) or a nitrate-oxygen atom (2) build the equatorial plane whereas the second nitrogen atom of the heterocyclic dmphen fills the axial position (1 and 2). The copper-copper separations through double (1) and single (2) end-to-end dca bridges are 7.1337(7) (1) and 7.6617(7) (2). Compound 3 is a mononuclear copper(II) complex whose structure contains two neutral and crystallographically independent [Cu(4,4^′-dmbpy)(H₂O)(dca)₂] molecules which are packed in two different layer arrangements running parallel to the bc-plane and alternating along the a-axis. The copper atoms in both molecules have slightly distorted square pyramidal surroundings with the two nitrogen atoms of the 4,4^′-dmbpy ligand and two dca nitrile-nitrogen atoms in the basal plane and a water oxygen in the apical position. A semi co-ordinated dca nitrile-nitrogen from a neighbour unit [2.952(6) Å for Cu(2)-N] is in trans position to the apical water molecule in one of the two molecules, this feature representing part of the difference in supramolecular connections in the alternating layers referred to above. Magnetic susceptibility measurements for 1-3 in the temperature range 1.9-290 K reveal the occurrence of weak antiferromagnetic interactions through double [J=−3.3 cm⁻¹ (1), ] and single [J=−0.57 cm⁻¹ (2), ] dca bridges and across intermolecular contacts [θ=−0.07 K (3)].     

Synthesis and structural characterization of dinuclear iridium hydrido complex with 3,6-bis(2-pyridyl)tetrazine, [Ir2(H)4(PPh3)4(bptz)](PF6)2 · 4CH2Cl2

Reaction of the precursor Ir complex [Ir(H)₂(PPh₃)₂(Me₂CO)₂]PF₆ with 3,6-bis(2-pyridyl)tetrazine (bptz) in CH₂Cl₂ gave a novel dinuclear Ir hydrido complex [Ir₂(H)₄(PPh₃)₄(bptz)](PF₆)₂ · 4CH₂Cl₂. Crystallographic study described an interesting coordination environment having a π-π interaction and ¹H NMR study showed unique upfield shifts of pyridyl rings that are likely induced by the ring current effect of neighboring PPh₃ ligands.     

Solution-mediated syntheses and characterizations of two new zincophosphites [C6H14N2]0.5[Zn(H2PO3)2] and [C4H12N2]0.5[(CH3)2NH2][Zn2(HPO3)3]

Two new zincophosphites [C₆H₁₄N₂]_0.5[Zn(H₂PO₃)₂] 1 and [C₄H₁₂N₂]_0.5[(CH₃)₂NH₂][Zn₂(HPO₃)₃] 2 have been solvothermally synthesized in mixed solvents of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 1,4-dioxane (DOA), respectively. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that compound 1 exhibits a neutral inorganic chain formed by ZnO₄ and HPO₂(OH) units. Interestingly, the left- and right-handed hydrogen-bonded helical chains are alternately formed via the hydrogen-bonds between two adjacent chains. Compound 2 exhibits a layer structure with 4- and 12-MRs formed by ZnO₄ and HPO₃ units, in which two kinds of organic amine molecules both act as countercations to compensate the overall negative electrostatic charge of the anionic network.     

A 2-D polymer assembled by cubane-like clusters [Tb4(OH)4(phen)3(H2O)3] and 3-sulfobenzoate

A coordination polymer {[Tb₄(3-SBA)₄(OH)₄(phen)₃(H₂O)₃] · 7H₂O}_n (3-SBA = 3-sulfobenzoate, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) was synthesized and structurally characterized. The complex contains cubane-like clusters, [Tb₄(μ₃-OH)₄(phen)₃(H₂O)₃]⁸⁺, which are further linked through 3-SBA ligands to form a 2-D grid-like network structure with topology of (3³, 4⁴, 5³). The complex exhibits strong photoluminescence of the Tb³⁺ ion.     

Synthesis of new organotitanium (IV) complexes Cp2Ti(SeR)2 and Cp2TiCl(SeR) via tandem reactions involving `Cp2Ti' intermediate. Crystal structures of Cp2TiCl(SeR) (R=p-ClC6H4, p-BrC6H4)

A simple and convenient route for synthesizing organotitanium (IV) complexes with a general formula Cp₂Ti(SeR)₂ or Cp₂TiCl(SeR) has been developed. This synthetic route includes reduction of Cp₂TiCl₂ with Mg and an in situ treatment of the intermediate `Cp₂Ti' with diselenides RSeSeR. Interestingly, while the route involving reaction of Cp₂TiCl₂, Mg and RSeSeR in a molar ratio of 1:1:1 produced Cp₂Ti(SeR)₂, (1-5, R=α-C₁₀H₇, o-MeC₆H₄, m-MeC₆H₄, p-ClC₆H₄, p-BrC₆H₄) in 91-97% yields, the route involving reaction of Cp₂TiCl₂, Mg and RSeSeR in a molar ratio of 1: 0.5: 0.5 afforded Cp₂TiCl(SeR) (6-7, R=p-ClC₆H₄, p-BrC₆H₄) in 70% and 92% yields, respectively. 1-7 are new and have been characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopy, as well as by X-ray diffraction analysis for 6 and 7. A possible pathway for production of these two types of organotitanium (IV) complexes, mainly depending upon the molar ratio of the starting materials, are briefly discussed.     

Synthesis, characterization and crystal structure of a monomeric and a macrocyclic copper (II) complex with a large cavity using benzylacetylacetone ligand

The bidentate ligand benzylacetylacetone was used to synthesize the Cu(II) complexes 1 and 2 without and with 4,4^′-bipyridine ligand, respectively. The complexes were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic studies. The mononuclear complex [Cu(C₁₀H₉O₂)₂] (1) has been synthesized by the reaction of copper acetate with the ligand whereas the tetranuclear complex [Cu₄(4,4^′-bpy)₄(C₁₀H₉O₂)₄(C₂H₃O₂)₄] (2) has been synthesized by the reaction of copper acetate with the ligand followed by the addition of 4,4^′-bipyridine. The X-ray analysis shows that the complex 1 has square planar geometry and the complex 2 has square pyramidal geometry around the metal centers. The thermogravimetric studies showed that the complexes undergo decomposition in multiple steps.     

Catalytic and electrochemical properties of new manganese(III) compounds of 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-oxazoline (Hphox or HClphox). Molecular structures of [Mn(Clphox)2(MeOH)2](ClO4) and [Mn(phox)2(MeOH)2][Mn(phox)2(ClO4)2](H2O)2

New manganese(III) complexes of Hphox (2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-oxazoline) and HClphox (2-(5′-chloro-2′-hydroxyphenyl)-oxazoline) have been synthesised. The X-ray structures of [Mn(phox)₂(MeOH)₂][Mn(phox)₂(ClO₄)₂](H₂O)₂ and [Mn(Clphox)₂(MeOH)₂](ClO₄) show the manganese(III) ions to be octahedrally coordinated with methanol or perchlorate at the axial coordination sites. The cyclic voltammograms of the complexes, with the exception of [Mn(phox)₂(acac)] (Hacac=2,4-pentanedione), show an irreversible reduction wave of manganese(III) to manganese(II). After addition of an excess of 1-methylimidazole (1-Meim), the reduction process shifts towards lower potentials and becomes (quasi-) reversible, indicating that the presence of 1-Meim affects the catalytic efficiency of the complexes. The complexes catalyse the epoxidation of styrene by dihydrogen peroxide. The cumulative turnover numbers towards styrene oxide obtained after 15 min. vary from 16 for [Mn(Clphox)₂(MeOH)₂](ClO₄) to 26 for [Mn(phox)₂(acac)]. Ligand degradation appears to be the limiting factor for obtaining higher turnover numbers.