圈养东北虎血液生理参数的测定

东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)是一种淑临灭绝的食肉动物,现已被列入IUCN濒危物种红色名录(Goodrich et al.,2015)。东北虎主要分布于俄罗斯远东地区、中国东北地区和朝鲜的北部(Kitchener et al.,2017)。根据中俄边境地区的野生东北虎数量调查统计,该地区生存着成年老虎39只和幼虎22只(Matiukhina et al., 2016)。     

甘肃省豹的生存现状调查

豹曾广泛分布于甘肃省的陇中、陇东和陇南各地,但历史上大部分有豹分布地区的生境现已明显地不再适宜豹的生存。依据访问调查得到的信息并结合实地考察生境进行综合判断,目前豹存在可能性较大的地区有平凉地区的关山林业总场、张家川县马鹿林场、小陇山林业局张家林场和白水江国家级自然保护区。甘肃省豹濒危的主要原因是栖息地面积退缩,栖息地环境质量恶化,生境破碎化和人为猎捕。鉴于现阶段尚未查清豹的野生种群数量,应对豹及其猎物资源进行野外监测,采取积极有效的措施加强豹栖息地的保护与恢复。     

吉林珲春自然保护区野生东北虎捕食家畜的状况

2002 年5 月至2004 年10 月通过跟踪调查,我们搜集到野生东北虎捕食珲春自然保护区居民家畜的数据,共计38 起捕食事件,有51 头家畜遭到捕食。这些数据包括:捕食事件发现时间、被捕食家畜的数量、类型、年龄、性别、虎痕迹照片和捕食点的GPS 数据。运用Mann-Whitney U 检验对数据的差异性进行了检验;结合ArcView GIS和MapIn fo 分析,对捕食点的空间属性进行了量化,用多个生态因子对其进行了表征;运用PCA 分析了多因子中的主要成分。这些数据表明:在珲春,东北虎主要捕食牛和马,对猪和羊没有捕食,对牛和马的捕食也不存在偏好。东北虎倾向捕食成年个体,并且,大多数情况下只捕食1～2 个个体。成功的捕食事件中,多为1 头遭捕食;该捕食策略为虎权衡后的选择。捕食家畜事件多发生在3 ～11 月的非冰冻期。影响捕食地的生态变量重要性排序为:距最近居民区距离> 海拔> 距最近道路距离> 土地利用(Ⅱ型)类型> 坡度> 坡向> 距最近水源距离> 植被类型> 道路类型> 土地利用(I 型)类型。距最近居民区距离为:3 666 ± 2 308 m,极显著地近于休息卧迹、警戒卧迹和刨痕。该距离更多地集中在4 000 m以下区域。海拔为280 ± 114 m,极显著地低于休息卧迹,显著低于警戒卧迹和刨痕。由于当地居民区多集中在海拔较低的区域,因此,这种显著的不同可以看成是一个伴生的结果。距最近道路距离为:522 ± 543 m,极显著地近于刨痕,显著近于休息卧迹和警戒卧迹。上述2 个人为干扰因子,对捕食的影响具有相似性。对上述3 个生态因子的详细研究说明,虎并不愿意有意识地如此接近人类聚居区,而是家畜食物的诱惑,令虎冒险前往。在26 个捕食点中,14 个在用材林,6 个在特护林,3 个在农田,2 个在灌木林,1个在居民区。被调查的当地居民共损失了 11 851 kg家畜,合人民币116 126元。     

华南虎、东北虎、孟加拉虎的D-100p和ND5序列及其在系统进化分析中的应用

本文采用PCR和质粒克隆测序方法,获得了华南虎线粒体D-loop区的480bp序列和东北虎、孟加拉虎线粒体D-loop区的503bp序列;同时还获得了这三个虎亚种和金钱豹线粒体ND5基因5’端309bp的部分序列。根据D-loop序列分析,华南虎与孟加拉虎、东北虎的平均距离(p-distance)分别为0．11088和O．11087,而东北虎与孟加拉虎间的平均距离为0．00994;根据ND5序列分析,华南虎与孟加拉虎、东北虎的平均距离分别为0．11434和0．11758,而东北虎与孟加拉虎间的平均距离为0．00324。三个虎亚种的mtDNA D-loop和ND5序列比较表明,华南虎是这三个虎亚种中最为古老的亚种。     

圈养华南虎交配行为的初步观察

1 研究方法 1．1研究地点 在上海动物园虎山进行观察,虎山由半放养区和笼舍区构成。半放养区模仿野外环境,面积约250m^2。笼舍在半放养区后,共5间,每间由活动铁门隔开。     

Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, Panthera pardus

Leopards, Panthera pardus, are widely distributed across southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The extent and phylogeographic patterns of molecular genetic diversity were addressed in a survey of 77 leopards from known geographical locales representing 13 of the 27 classical trinomial subspecies. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences (727 bp of NADH5 and control region) and 25 polymorphic microsatellite loci revealed abundant diversity that could be partitioned into a minimum of nine discrete populations, tentatively named here as revised subspecies: P. pardus pardus, P. p. nimr, P. p. saxicolor, P. p. fusca, P. p. kotiya, P. p. delacouri, P. p. japonensis, P. p. orientalis and P. p. melas. However, because of limited sampling of African populations, this may be an underestimate of modern phylogeographic population structure. Combined phylogeographic and population diversity estimates support an origin for modern leopard lineages 470,000-825,000 years ago in Africa followed by their migration into and across Asia more recently (170,000-300,000 years ago). Recent demographic reductions likely have led to genetic impoverishment in P. p. orientalis and in the island subspecies P. p. kotiya.     

Living on the Edge: Attitudes of Rural Communities toward Bengal Tigers (Panthera tigris) in Central India

To date, most studies of the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris) are of biological research, techniques, conservation, population modeling, or tiger– human conflicts. Few studies have attempted to understand the rural population that share a region with the tigers, and some of the villages are even displaced in the name of conservation. Hence, we undertook a survey of 10 villages that are located in the buffer zone of the Bor Tiger Reserve (BTR). Most of the villagers interviewed had encountered tigers, most considered them a boon and beneficial to their livelihood, and almost all displayed environmental awareness and stressed the necessity to conserve tigers in order to ensure their own continued survival. Some stressed the religious connotation and significance because the tiger is the animal of transport of the Goddess Durga. A minority expressed a negative attitude that resulted not from damages incurred by the tigers, but from discontent following inept handling of property losses by the authorities, who did not provide compensation in time, or paid only a small part of the original value of the loss. We conclude that in order to ensure the continued goodwill of the local stakeholders, it is important that the state and national governments react in a timely manner and ensure that the farmer is compensated in full. Support of the villagers who cohabit with tigers will ensure the continued survival of the two entities.     

Prey selection by the Indian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve, India

Very little is known about prey selection by the Indian tiger Panthera tigris tigris in tropical dry deciduous forests or in wild herbivore-depleted habitats with high livestock pressures. We undertook a short-term study in a large south Indian tiger reserve and examined two intensive study areas (SA's) from October 1998 – June 1999. In each area, herbivore sightings were recorded, scats were collected, and wild prey and livestock kills documented. Chital, wild boar and sambar were the most abundant among the wild herbivores in the study area. Scat analysis revealed wild boar (Sus scrofa) being the most common prey followed by chital (Axis axis) and sambar (Rusa unicolor). Livestock comprised less than 7% of diet intake. Here, the tigers consumed a lower mean prey mass (56.3 kg) than in other reserves. Our study suggests that in tropical dry deciduous forests with low natural prey density, smaller prey species, and high livestock biomass, tigers preferentially kill smaller prey and generally avoid livestock predation.     

笼养和半散放东北虎行为时间分配及活动规律差异的比较

1998年 3月～ 2 0 0 1年 4月 ,在哈尔滨动物园和黑龙江东北虎林园采用全事件取样法、扫描取样法和目标取样法 ,对笼养和半散放东北虎的行为时间分配和活动规律进行了比较研究。结果表明 ,在时间分配方面 ,笼养东北虎的休息远远高于半散放东北虎 ,而摄食、站立和其它行为则明显低于半散放东北虎 ,笼养和半散放东北虎的运动较为接近。在活动规律方面 ,虽然笼养和半散放东北虎均有 2个运动的高峰期 ,但笼养东北虎的相对集中且变化幅度较大 ;半散放东北虎的休息有 1个明显的高峰期和 2个不明显的高峰期 ,与笼养东北虎的 1个高峰期有很大不同 ;笼养东北虎的摄食仅出现在 16∶0 0～ 17∶0 0 ,而半散放东北虎则在 1d中均有发生 ,且在 9∶0 0～ 11∶0 0和 14∶0 0～ 16∶0 0有 2个高峰期 ;笼养和半散放东北虎的站立和其它行为变化规律较为相似 ,但半散放东北虎的发生强度要远远高于笼养东北虎。通过对笼养和半散放东北虎各种行为进行的配对T检验 ,发现二者的休息、摄食、站立和其它行为存在极显著差异 (P<0 0 0 1)。     

基于MaxEnt模型的小兴安岭东北虎潜在生境适宜性评价

小兴安岭是东北虎的历史分布区之一,近年来东北虎数次重返小兴安岭,预示了小兴安岭东北虎种群恢复的可能性。为了探明小兴安岭作为东北虎栖息地的适宜程度,本文以我国小兴安岭及俄罗斯联邦阿穆尔州、犹太自治州为整体研究区域,利用该区域内东北虎出现点数据,采用Maxent模型,以植被、气候、地形、积雪4类环境数据为基础,分析自然环境条件下小兴安岭东北虎潜在生境的适宜性及空间分布。结果显示：小兴安岭东北虎潜在适宜生境面积为0.96×10⁴~1.03 ×10⁴ km²,主要位于小兴安岭北部和东部,中部、西部和东南部有少量分散适宜生境;次适宜生境面积为2.46×10⁴~1.76 ×10⁴ km²,主要位于适宜生境周边区域;叶灌层差异、蒸散量、归一化植被指数、叶面积指数等植被相关因素及降水季节性、最冷季降水量等气候因素是影响东北虎栖息地适宜程度的主要环境特征变量。小兴安岭仍具备东北虎种群生存的自然条件。     

笼养东北虎行为的时间分配

1998 年4 月至2001 年3 月, 采用瞬时扫描取样法和全事件取样法对哈尔滨动物园的4 只笼养东北虎的活动规律进行了研究。结果表明, 笼养东北虎在全年的昼夜行为时间分配表现为睡眠所占比值最多; 其次是卧息和活动; 摄食和其它行为(包括饮水、排尿、排粪、修饰、嗅闻、嬉戏、站立、直立、发声等) 最少。在不同季节笼养东北虎的活动变化规律基本相似, 一昼夜的睡眠、运动和卧息均有两个高峰期, 但高峰期出现和持续的时间有所差异。睡眠的高峰期在10 : 00～14 : 00 和20 : 00 至次日06 : 00 , 活动的高峰期在05 : 00～10 : 00 和14 : 00～17 : 00 , 卧息的高峰期在05 : 00～10 : 00 和13 : 00～20 : 00 , 摄食仅在16 : 00～20 : 00 有一个高峰期。冬季(12～2 月) 与春(3～5 月) 、夏(6～8 月) 、秋季(9～11 月) 相比, 东北虎在白昼睡眠的时间显著减少,夜晚则显著增多。     

圈养条件下亚成体雌性金钱豹肺微血管铸型的扫描电镜观察

<正>金钱豹(Panthera pardus)属国家一级重点保护野生动物。关于人(Homo sapiens,真炳攸等,1990)、鼠(Ferrieira et al.,2001)、家兔(俞诗源和李重阳,1995)、牦牛(Bos grunniens,柳东阳,2007)、绵羊(Schraufnagel et al.,1995)、川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellanae,俞诗源,1997)和双峰驼(Camelus bactrianus,Yu et al.,2004;Zhao et al.,2005)等动物肺的微血管构成情况已有报道。金钱豹作为大型食肉兽,体格强健,行动敏捷,能跳善爬,其肺应具有更加完善的结构特征     

半散放东北虎产仔行为的初步观察

1999年4月至2003年6月,采用随机取样法、扫描取样法和目标取样法对黑龙江东北虎林园半散放条件12只成年雌性东北虎的产仔行为进行观察。结果表明,半散放雌性东北虎的产仔行为可分为9种:站立、行走、躺卧、嗅闻、努责、梳理、生产、亲仔和舔食。雌性东北虎的躺卧和亲仔行为时间最长,分别为42.9% 和34.5% ;躺卧、努责和亲仔行为发生频率较高,分别为21.1%、16. 9% 和24.6%。单因素方差分析表明,不同雌性东北虎个体间躺卧、亲仔等行为有显著差异;不同年份雌性成年东北虎的站立、躺卧、梳理等产仔行为也具有显著差异。相关分析显示,躺卧行为与亲子行为(r_s= 0.602, P<0.05)、梳理行为(r_s=0.589,P<0.05)均呈负相关。     

Brain size of the lion (Panthera leo) and the tiger (P. tigris): implications for intrageneric phylogeny, intraspecific differences and the effects of captivity

Intraspecific encephalization of the lion and the tiger is investigated for the first time using a very large sample. Using cranial volume as a measure of brain size, the tiger has a larger brain relative to greatest length of skull than the lion, the leopard and the jaguar. The Asian lion has a relatively much smaller brain compared with those of sub-Saharan lions, between which there are few differences. The Balinese and Javan tigers had relatively larger brains compared with those of Malayan and Sumatran tigers, even although these four putative subspecies occupy adjacent ranges in south-eastern Asia. Differences in brain size do not appear to correlate with any known differences in behaviour and ecology and, therefore, may reflect only chance differences in intrageneric and intraspecific phylogeny. However, captive-bred big cats generally have a reduced brain size compared with that of wild animals, so that an animal's life history and living conditions may affect brain size and, hence, functional or environmental explanations should be considered when linking brain size differences to intraspecific phylogenies.  © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2009, 98 , 85–93.     

On the sexual dimorphism in the skull of the tiger (Panthera tigris)

Sexual dimorphism in the skull of the tiger (Panthera tigris) is reviewed and described in detail. The most significant diagnostic differences between the sexes are absolute length of the cranium, breadth of interorbital region and muzzle, zygomatic arch, and occipital region, length of upper carnassial, and the degree of the development of the cranial prominences. The degree of sexual dimorphism is closely related to geographic variation, and its form is rather complex.     

东北虎幼体消化系统蛋白水解酶的初步研究

蛋白水解酶在许多生命活动中是必需的物质(Vassalli and Pepper,1994)。蛋白质的酶解修饰(Xuet al.,1999)、细胞迁移、组织再生与修复、消化系统对蛋白质的消化等均与蛋白水解酶有关(Baimbridgeet al.,1992),且蛋白水解酶功能失调会导致许多疾病(Teichertet al.,1989)。东北虎(     

山西晋中庆城林场华北豹及其主要猎物种群的红外相机监测

华北豹(Panthera pardus japonesis)是中国特有的豹亚种。由于长期缺乏有效的科学调查, 目前对其分布、种群及动态、行为、猎物现状等基础信息不清。在2007-2014年期间, 本研究应用红外相机技术(camera trap)对山西晋中庆城林场的华北豹种群开展了长达7年的连续监测。先后监测到14只华北豹, 其中成年个体11只(3♀, 8♂), 幼体3只, 成年雌雄比例为0.375; 在其间出现了2次繁殖。该区域主要的有蹄类猎物为野猪(Sus scrofa)和西伯利亚狍(Capreolus pygargus), 其相对密度分别为4.16和3.48, 绝对密度分别为1.35只/km²和3.61只/km²。     

Prey preferences of the leopard (Panthera pardus)

Leopards Panthera pardus have a catholic diet and are generally thought to prey on medium-sized ungulates; however, knowledge on which species are actually preferred and avoided is lacking, along with an understanding of why such preferences arise. Twenty-nine published and four unpublished studies of leopard diet that had relative prey abundance estimates associated with them were analysed from 13 countries in 41 different spatial locations or temporal periods throughout the distribution of the leopard. A Jacobs' index value was calculated for each prey species in each study and the mean of these was then tested against a mean of 0 using t or sign tests for preference or avoidance. Leopards preferentially prey upon species within a weight range of 10–40 kg. Regression plots suggest that the most preferred mass of leopard prey is 25 kg, whereas the mean body mass of significantly preferred prey is 23 kg. Leopards prefer prey within this body mass range, which occur in small herds, in dense habitat and afford the hunter minimal risk of injury during capture. Consequently, impala, bushbuck and common duiker are significantly preferred, with chital likely to also be preferred with a larger sample size from Asian sites. Species outside the preferred weight range are generally avoided, as are species that are restricted to open vegetation or that have sufficient anti-predator strategies. The ratio of mean leopard body mass with that of their preferred prey is less than 1 and may be a reflection of their solitary hunting strategy. This model will allow us to predict the diet of leopards in areas where dietary information is lacking, also providing information to assist wildlife managers and conservation bodies on predator carrying capacity and predator–prey interactions.