黄泥河自然保护区狍冬季栖息地选择

2009年12月—2010年1月,在黄泥河自然保护区采用样线法对狍冬季栖息地选择进行了研究。共设置了47条样线,调查了109个狍利用样方和109个对照样方,测定了海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位、隐蔽级、郁闭度、食物丰富度、灌丛盖度、树胸径、人为干扰距离、林型、裸岩、雪深、倒木和针叶树15类栖息地因子。Baileys法和Mann-WhiteyU检验表明:在黄泥河自然保护区冬季,狍喜欢在坡度平缓、平均海拔602m,位于阳坡或半阴半阳坡的中坡位上雪被较浅,食物丰富度、灌丛盖度和隐蔽级都较高的针阔混交林生境中活动,对倒木因子表现出明显的选择性,避开选择阴坡、裸岩和针叶林生境。在主成分分析中,前5个主成分中的累积贡献率达到88.6%,第一主成分贡献率为30.8%,主要反映利用样方的林型、海拔和隐蔽级的影响,第二主成分贡献率为26.5%,主要反映利用样方的食物丰富度和灌丛盖度影响。     

吉林黄泥河自然保护区马鹿冬季栖息地选择

2009年12月～2010年1月,在黄泥河自然保护区采用样带法对马鹿冬季栖息地选择进行了研究。共设置了47条样带,调查了72个马鹿利用样方和109个对照样方。结果表明,在黄泥河自然保护区冬季马鹿喜欢选择针阔混交林、食物丰富度和灌丛盖度较高、中等坡度和隐蔽级、远离人为干扰源的生境,避开选择阴坡和针叶林。逻辑斯蒂回归分析揭示坡度、隐蔽级、食物丰富度、坡向、人为干扰距离和林型是影响马鹿栖息地选择的主导因子,灌丛盖度为次要因子。回归模型为:Z=-53.391+0.194×坡度+0.352×隐蔽级+0.5×食物丰富度-0.071×灌丛盖度+1.064×坡向(1)+6.11×坡向(2)+0.004×人为干扰距离+17.305×林型(1)+7.147×林型(2),选择利用概率P(z)=ez/(1+ez),模型正确预测率为94.5%。     

黄泥河自然保护区狍冬季卧息地选择

2009年12月到2010年1月,在黄泥河自然保护区采用样线法对狍冬季卧息地选择进行研究.在研究中共设置了47条样线,调查了72个狍利用样方和109个对照样方,评价了15类生态因子对狍冬季卧息地选择的影响.研究结果表明:在黄泥河自然保护区冬季,狍在卧息时喜欢选择平均海拔在591 m,位于阳坡中坡位上雪被较浅、食物丰富度、灌丛盖度、郁闭度和隐蔽水平都较高的针阔混交林生境,尤其喜欢在针阔混交林中的针叶树下卧息,避开选择阴坡、针叶林和裸岩.逻辑斯蒂回归分析结果表明:食物丰富度、针叶树、雪深、裸岩和海拔是影响黄泥河自然保护区冬季狍卧息地选择的主导因子,林型、坡向和隐蔽水平是次要因子.由这7个变量组成的回归模型为:Z=32.628+11.675×坡向(1) +9.741×坡向(2)-5.486×林型(1)-7.933×林型(2)-7.496×裸岩(1)-9.906×针叶树(1)-0.043×海拔+0.170×隐蔽水平+0.220×食物丰富度-0.429×雪深.模型选择利用概率为P(z)=ez/1+ez,整体正确预测率为96.1％.     

海南大田自然保护区野猪的生境选择

对海南大田自然保护区内野猪(Sus scrofa)的生境选择进行了研究。结果表明,野猪偏好选择低平地热带草原和灌丛草地,通常选择草本植物高、草本生物量大、草本覆盖度高、灌木矮小、1m以下当年枝比例高、隐蔽程度相对较低、接近水源的地点作为取食地,而选择灌木高大且密度高、灌木覆盖度高、草本植物高、隐蔽程度好、接近水源和远离人为干扰的地点作为卧息地。在雨季,野猪卧息地的灌木覆盖度和隐蔽度均比旱季高,而取食地的草本生物量也比旱季高。主成分分析表明,取食地第Ⅰ主成分的贡献率达35.51%,其中绝对值较大的有乔木密度、灌木高度、灌木覆盖度、1m以下当年枝比例、草本覆盖度和隐蔽级;卧息地第Ⅰ主成分的贡献率为39.57%,其中绝对值较大的出现在灌木高度、灌木覆盖度、1m以下当年枝比例、草本高度、草本覆盖度、草本生物量、距水源距离和隐蔽级。     

清凉峰自然保护区梅花鹿秋季对栖息地利用的初步分析

20 0 3年 9～ 1 1月 ,作者在浙江省清凉峰自然保护区 ,对梅花鹿栖息地的利用进行了研究 ,选择 9类生态因子 ,并设置 3 89个 1 0m× 1 0m样方。选择指数的结果表明 ,梅花鹿喜欢选择草甸 沼泽和灌丛、郁闭度较低、食物丰富度高、上坡位、海拔≥ 1 2 0 0m、人为干扰距离 >1 0 0 0m、向阳、坡度平缓的生境。分析表明 ,梅花鹿对灌木盖度的选择以适合为准。主成份分析表明 ,影响梅花鹿栖息地选择的主要因子有 4种 ,依次为 :干扰因子 (包括海拔、坡位和人为干扰距离 )、食物因子 (包括郁闭度、食物丰富度和植被型 )、灌木盖度因子和地形因子 (包括坡度和坡向 )。     

四川铁布梅花鹿自然保护区梅花鹿夏季栖息地选择

四川梅花鹿Cervus nippon sichuanicus为国家Ⅰ级重点保护动物,四川铁布梅花鹿自然保护区分布有我国现存最大的梅花鹿野生种群。2011年6—9月,采用样方法对保护区梅花鹿夏季栖息地选择进行了调查,共布设109个样方(利用样方61个,对照样方48个),测量并比较了海拔、坡度等20个生境因子。结果显示,梅花鹿偏好利用的植被类型为灌丛、草甸、针叶林,同时选择隐蔽度较高的生境;此外,距水源距离、灌木高度、灌木盖度、灌木密度、草本高度和草本盖度6个连续变量在利用样方和对照样方之间差异有统计学意义(F<0.05或U<0.05)。回归模型分析结果表明,梅花鹿夏季偏好选择草本盖度大、靠近水源和林缘的生境,回避远离水源和林缘的生境。     

自然保护区栖息地影响因素的研究

自然保护区物种栖息地的研究,对保护区的管理及开发具有重要意义,旨在对保护区栖息地的研究提供一套数量研究方法,以盐城自然保护区为案例,以丹顶鹤栖息地为研究对象,地理信息系统为变量处理工具,运用空间统计学方法,进行相关变量因素的初选,空间自相关分析,以及通过显著性水平检验最终确定影响栖息地分布的因素最后就研究结果,针对保护区的经济开发及保护管理提出了建议。     

陕西长青自然保护区羚牛冬春季对栖息地的选择

1998～2000年冬春季节,在陕西长青自然保护区境内各种植被类型和不同海拔高度的197个样方中,分别调查了秦岭羚牛对栖息地的选择与利用。在冬春两个季节中,羚牛平均利用过的样方分别为40个及27个。用主成分分析法对生态因子综合评价结果显示,影响羚牛选择的因素依贡献率大小,依次为植被类型、采伐方式、郁闭度、竹林、海拔、坡度、坡向、人为活动、公路。     

桃红岭自然保护区梅花鹿对春季栖息地的利用

2005年3~5月在江西桃红岭自然保护区对华南梅花鹿(Cervus nippon kopschi)春季栖息地的利用进行了初步研究。选择10类生态因子,并设置256个10 m×10 m样方。选择指数的结果表明,梅花鹿喜欢灌丛和灌草丛、郁闭度较低、灌木盖度较小、食物丰富度高、半阴半阳及向阳、中坡位、坡度平缓、水源距离较近、人为干扰距离>800 m和海拔高度在300~450 m的环境。并对目前桃红岭梅花鹿栖息地存在的一些问题进行了初步分析。     

桃红岭国家级自然保护区梅花鹿和野猪秋季生境选择差异

于2012年10—12月在桃红岭国家级自然保护区采用随机样方法调查了梅花鹿和野猪的生境选择。结果表明:梅花鹿秋季频繁在高海拔(365.5 m±141.7 m)、坡度平缓(17.80°±12.68°)、阳坡、上坡位空间活动,选择高度为0.81 m±0.36 m的灌丛或草丛,灌木高度较高(4.70 m±1.68 m)、密度较小(7.56棵±4.55棵)的生境活动,对乔木直径、郁闭度和覆盖度3个生态因子表现为随机选择;野猪则选择灌林木生境,对其余的生态因子表现为随机选择。逐步判别分析结果显示,坡度、海拔和灌木密度3个变量导致了梅花鹿与野猪之间的生境分离(Wilk'sλ=0.801,x2=24.89,df=3,P<0.001),判别函数方程:F=0.653×坡度-0.546×海拔+0.840×灌木密度+0.144,正确判别率达82.4%。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉的生态风险及治理对策

评述了转Bt基因抗虫棉的生态风险及治理对策。其生态风险主要表现在目标害虫的抗性和对非目标生物群落的变化。目标害虫与转基因抗虫棉的互相作用和抗虫棉杀虫毒素的时空表达方式是目标害虫抗性发展的主要途径。在转基因抗虫棉田中,虽然对目标害虫的防治次数大为减少,但害虫和天敌群落的稳定性仍不如常规棉田,某种次要害虫大发生的可能性较大。认为将转基因抗虫棉纳入综合防治体系并培育更加高效的抗虫棉是治理目标害虫抗性和防止次要害虫上升的重要措施。     

Daily selection of habitat in wild boar (Sus scrofa)

Spatial segregation of the sexes is observed in numerous species of ungulates, but are there other forms of segregation in species where spatial segregation is not present, such as in the wild boar? This study investigates the differences in habitat selection between two categories of individuals whose ecological requirements are supposedly divergent: subadult males, and females with dependent piglets. The proportion of the day spent in each category of habitat was used as a parameter representative of daily decisions. The overall results fit with the hypothesis that females with piglets avoid insecure habitats, and that both categories select habitats on the basis of food richness. In addition, it was found that the pattern of habitat selection depends on the total time spent moving slowly. A short duration of slow movement was observed only in males, but the time dedicated to efficient foraging (in rich habitats) was sufficient in all observations of all animals. Subadult males, therefore, do not differ from each other in foraging efficiency, but in the time spent on slow movement in secure habitats. Those spending more time active in secure habitats have the opportunity of performing more potentially beneficial activities such as social interactions and sexual contacts.     

浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区野猪空间分布及活动节律

为了解浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区内野猪(Sus scrofa)的分布及活动节律,2018年3月至2019年2月,我们利用红外相机技术对其进行了网格化监测。在千顷塘和龙塘山区域总计布设109个红外相机监测点,共计调查39 240个相机日。结果表明,在千顷塘区域,野猪倾向于在落叶阔叶林(拍摄率5.33 ±5.64)和针阔混交林(3.75 ±3.46)活动,而在龙塘山区域,则倾向于针阔混交林(4.32 ±5.21);千顷塘与龙塘山区域野猪各月间的日活动差异指数α均存在极显著差异(P < 0.01),冬季的α值高于其他季节;昼行性指数β的平均值分别为0.870和0.768,显著高于理论值13/24(P < 0.01),表明清凉峰的野猪种群具有明显的昼行性特征,且在冬季的活动时间分配较之其他季节更不均匀。通过核密度估计法分析不同季节野猪的日活动节律发现,保护区内野猪春季有晨昏两个活动高峰(08:00-10:00、17:00-19:00),冬季活动高峰出现在午后(13:00-17:00),其他季节无明显活动高峰。本研究有助于加深对野猪华南亚种生态习性的认知,为保护区的野生动物管理工作提供科学依据。     

完达山东部林区野猪种群数量和栖息地特征的初步分析

2008 年11 月18 日至2009 年3 月20 日,为了调查黑龙江省完达山东部林区野猪种群数量和栖息地特征,我们采用随机布设样线的方法在东方红林业局境内13 个林场共布设大样方40 个,样线200 条。调查结果表明,东方红林业局境内野猪分布平均密度为0.175 头/ km² , 种群数量为546 ～ 680 头;野猪主要分布在河口、奇源、青山、五林洞、独木河、海音山和东林7 个林场,位于海拔300 ～ 800 m 的范围内。1989 年调查的野猪平均密度为0.372 头/ km² ,种群数量为1302 ; 2002 年调查的野猪平均密度为0. 342 头/ km² , 种群数量为1 198 头。近年来野猪种群密度降低,种群数量呈加速下降趋势。对野猪栖息地特征分析表明,野猪喜欢选择中坡位、阳坡、坡度小于5°、地表植被盖度大于30% 、隐蔽度和郁闭度在25% ～ 50% 之间的生境。阔叶林、灌丛是野猪的主要栖息地。非法捕猎、森林采伐、坚果采摘和东北虎的捕食是造成野猪种群数量减少、栖息地质量下降的主要因素。     

Craniometrical analysis of Bulgarian wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations

Skull characters of wild boars ( Sus scrofa L.) from four regions of Bulgaria were compared using stepwise discriminant, cluster of cases and principal component analyses (PCA). Classification functions were derived for discriminating individuals from different areas. Specimens from the north-eastern part of the country (Dobrudja and the Balkan Range) were found well separated from those from the south (Rila-Rhodopes & Strandja Mountains). PCA showed the differences being mostly related to the size rather than to the shape of both the cranium and the mandible. Natural migrations, intergradation areas between different subspecies, as well as restocking and hybridization with semi-domestic pigs are discussed as possible factors influencing the solution of the problem of the intraspecific systematics of the wild boar in Bulgaria.     

Genetic relationship and distribution of the Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Ryukyu wild boar (Sus scrofa riukiuanus) analysed by mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial genetic variations were used to investigate the relationships between two Japanese wild boars, Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Ryukyu wild boar (S.s. riukiuanus). Nucleotide sequences of the control (27 haplotypes) and cytochrome b (cyt-b) regions (19 haplotypes) were determined from 59 Japanese wild boars, 13 Ryukyu wild boars and 22 other boars and pigs. From phylogenetic analyses, the mtDNA of Ryukyu wild boar has a distinct lineage from that of Japanese wild boar, which was classified into the Asian pig lineage. This result suggests that the Ryukyu wild boar has a separate origin from the Japanese wild boar.     

The sexual function of wallowing in male wild boar (Sus scrofa)

The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a medium-sized ungulate that produces a large variety of marks. Traditionally, wallowing is an activity that has fundamentally been related to several processes such as thermoregulation, reduction in the number of ectoparasites or disinfection of wounds in the skin of males resulting from fights to reach females. In this study, I analysed another possible function of wallowing in free-ranging wild boar populations when temperatures are low and parasitic numbers are not significant. The results indicate that during the sampling time, from October to February, the number of wild boars with a mud layer on their skin was 47, out of a total of 558 wild boar analysed. Of these 47 wild boars, 44 were males and within this group, 40 individuals were adult males. The wallowed males were bigger and older than non-wallowed males hunted at the same time. In addition, I found that males wallowed mainly during autumn (90.9% of all cases). In the total number of wild boars analysed, I did not notice individuals with wounds resulting from fights other than from the hunting day. On the other hand, the analysis of the females reproductive systems indicated that the rut period took place during the last days of October and the first days of November. From these results, the coincidence of the rut period with the maximum of wallowing in adult males could be indicative of a sexual function of this activity.     

Rapid establishment of teat order and allonursing in wild boar (Sus scrofa)

Transfer of milk is the fundamental common characteristic of mammalian reproduction, but species differ considerably with respect to nursing strategies. The consequences of teat orders and allonursing have been studied intensively in domestic pigs. However, whether similar nursing strategies also exist in wild boar, the ancestor of domestic pigs is so far not known. The occurrence of allonursing in wild boar is only described anecdotally, and the question whether a teat order is established has not yet been investigated. Studying suckling behaviour of 29 piglets from six primiparous wild boar females in a semi‐natural environment we found a surprisingly fast development of a rigid teat order among littermates, which established within 2.2 hr after birth. This suggests strong fitness benefits of this phenomenon that may ultimately explain the evolution and maintenance of this trait. We further found a strong synchrony of oestrus and delivery among the females of a group, as well as the occurrence of allonursing. By determining the amount of allonursing for the first time quantitatively, we demonstrate the importance of this trait and its presumably pivotal role for juvenile survival under truly natural conditions.