Flavonoid glycosides and sulphates from the dilleniaceae

In a leaf survey of sixty species from eight genera of the Dilleniaceae, the following flavonoids were characterized: myricetin 3,7,3′,4′-tetramethyl ether, mearnsetin 3-rhamnoside, ombuin 3,3′-disulphate, isorhamnetin 3,7,4′-trisulphate, kaempferol 3,7,4′-trisulphate and apigenin 7-galactosidesulphate.     

Biosystematics of the monocotyledoneae—flavonoid patterns in leaves of the liliaceae

In a leaf survey of 168 species of the Liliaceae, most of the major flavonoid classes were found to be represented in the family. Flavonols occurred most frequently: quercetin and kaempferol were detected in 40% and 42% of the sample respectively, while the flavones luteolin and apigenin were present in only 24% and 20% of the sample. Methylated derivatives, i.e. isorhamnetin, diosmetin and tricin were rare. Procyanidins were present in 17 species, flavonoid sulphates in only one species and flavone C-glycosides in only three species. Anthraquinone pigments were identified in species of Aloe Asphodeline and Asphodelus. Three new flavonoid glycosides were characterised during the course of the survey: diosmetin 7-diglucoside in Colchicum byzanthinum and tricin 7-fructosylglucoside and tricin 7-rutinoside-4′-glucoside in Hyacinthus orientalis cv. ‘Quean of the Pinks’. On the basis of the flavonoid survey, the subfamilies of the Liliaceae may be grouped into those containing flavonols only, those with flavones only or those having both flavonols and flavones. Members of the related families: Amaryllidaceae (17 species), Agavaceae (1 species) and Xanthorrhoeaceae (1 species) contained only flavonols. The subfamilies Scilloideae, Asphodeloideae and Melanthioideae show the most chemical variation whilst the Wurmbaeoideae and Lilioideae are the most homogeneous groups. The tribe Scilleae is unusual in that both flavone- and flavonol-containing genera occur and a wide variety of flavonoid types are represented. A comparison of the leaf flavonoids of the Liliaceae with those found in families related to the grasses showed that all except two classes of flavonoid compound (5-methylated flavones and 5-deoxyflavonoids) found in the Juncaceae. Cyperaceae, Palmae and Gramineae are present in the Liliaceae thus supporting the view that all four families could have arisen from Liliaceae-like ancestors.     

The leaf flavonoids of the Zingiberales

A survey of flavonoids in the leaves of 81 species of the Zingiberales showed that, while most of the major classes of flavonoid are represented in the order, only two families, the Zingiberaceae and Marantaceae are rich in these constituents. In the Musaceae (in 9 species), Strelitziaceae (in 8 species) and Cannaceae (1 of 2 species) flavonol glycosides were detected in small amount and in the Lowiaceae no flavonoids were fully identified. In the Zingiberaceae kaempferol (in 22%), quercetin (72%) and proanthocyanidins (71%) are distributed throughout the family. The two subfamilies of the Zingiberaceae may be distinguished by the presence of myricetin (in 26%), isorhamnetin (10%) and syringetin (3%) in the Zingiberoideae and of flavone $\text{C-}\text{glycosides}$ (in 86% of taxa) in the Costoideae. A number of genera have distinctive flavonol profiles: e.g. Hedychium species have myricetin and quercetin. Roscoea species isorhamnetin and quercetin and Alpinia species kaempferol and quercetin glycosides. A new glycoside, syringetin 3-rhamnoside was identified in Hedychium stenopetalum. In the Zingiberoideae flavonols were found in glycosidic combination with glucuronic acid, rhamnose and glucose but glucuronides were not detected in the Costoideae or elsewhere in the Zingiberales. The Marantaceae is chemically the most diverse group and may be distinguished from other members of the Zingiberales by the occurrence of both flavone $\text{O-}$ and $\text{C-}\text{glycosides}$ and the absence of kaempferol and isorhamnetin glycosides. The distribution of flavonoid constituents within the Marantaceae does not closely follow the existing tribai or generic limits. Flavonols (in 50% of species). flavones (20%) and flavone $\text{C-}\text{glycosides}$ (40%) are found with similar frequency in the two tribes and in the genera Calathea and Maranta both flavone and flavonol glycosides occur. Apigenin- and luteolin-7-sulphates and luteolin-7,3′-disulphate were identified in Maranta bicolor and M. leuconeura var. kerchoveana and several flavone $\text{C-}\text{glycosides}$ sulphates in Stromanthe sanguinea. Anthocyanins were identified in those species with pigmented leaves or stems and a common pattern based on cyanidin-and delphinidin-3-rutinosides was observed throughout the group. Finally the possible relationship of the Zingiberales to the Commelinales, Liliales, Bromeliales and Fluviales is discussed.     

Flavonoid patterns in athyriaceae and dryopteridaceae

Fifty-one fern species, representative of 11 genera of the Japanese Athyriaceae and Dryopteridaceae (21 species of 6 genera of the former and 30 species of 5 genera of the latter family) have been chemically surveyed for flavonoid glycosides in their fronds, and the results are discussed in connection with their taxonomy and the phylogeny.     

The taxonomic significance of leaf flavonoids in Saccharum and related genera

A survey of 120 plants of the genera Saccharum, Erianthus, Ripidium, Miscanthus, Narenga, Sclerostachya, Imperata, of intergeneric and interspecifi     

Flavonoids and chemotaxonomy of the Commelinaceae

Diverse schemes have been proposed for the classification of the Commelinaceae on the basis of different characters. The leaf flavonoids of 152 species have been analysed. The flavone C-glycosides are the dominant compounds, found in 78% of the species examined. Flavonol O-glycosides are present in 28% of the species, quercetin being the most frequent aglycone. 6-Hydroxyluteolin was found mainly in Tradescantia but also in other species (10%). Tricin has been detected sporadically in less than 5% of the species. In spite of these variations the pattern of the family is very uniform, because the presence of C-glycoflavones and the distribution of the other compounds supports the scheme proposed by Rohweder who divided the family into Commelinieae and Tradescantieae on the basis of inflorescence characters.     

Flavonoid patterns and systematics in Eleusine

A survey of leaf flavonoids was conducted on Eleusine coracana ssp. coracana and ssp. africana, E. indica, E. multiflora, E. tristachya, E. floccifolia, and E. compressa. Twenty phenolic compounds were detected. Those identified were: orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, saponarin, violanthin, lucenin-1, and tricin. The study revealed a general generic flavonoid pattern except for E. compressa, which occupies an isolated position in Eleusine. Flavonoids of the perennial E. floccifolia and the annuals E. multiflora and E. tristachya are markedly different from those of cultivated E. coracana, suggesting that these species are only distantly related to the crop. The morphologically well defined E. coracana—africana—indica group also forms a unit in respect of flavonoids. Subspecies africana exhibits a higher flavonoid similarity to ssp. coracana (finger millet) than does E. indica. The weedy race of ssp. africana usually combines flavonoids of both the wild and domesticated subspecies. The flavonoid pattern of the dedza race of ssp.africana is identical to that of finger millet, suggesting either a direct origin of the crop from this race, or extensive introgression from the crop into ssp. africana. A lack of qualitative differences in flavonoids between cultivated races of finger millet is indicative of the genetic stability of these compounds. The flavonoid data confirms the domestication of finger millet from ssp. africana.     

Occurrence of sulphated flavones and caffeic acid esters in members of the fluviales

A survey of 50 species of the Fluviales showed that over 50% have either flavone or caffeic acid sulphates present. Flavone sulphates were detected in 16% of the sample and the 7-sulphates of luteolin, apigenin, diosmetin and chrysoeriol and the 7,3′-disulphate of luteolin were identified variously in Thalassia, Zannichellia and Zostera species. Anionic caffeic esters were found in 46% of the sample; preliminary studies indicate the presence of sulphated caffeylquinic acids in these plants. In confirmation of earlier studies, glycoflavones were found to be widespread and flavonols and proanthocyanidins to be rare. The taxonomic and ecological significance of these results are discussed.     

Indole alkaloids as systematic markers of the Apocynaceae

Indole alkaloids can be characterized by skeletal specialization (S), determined upon consideration of their relative position on a biogenetic map and the number of their naturally occurring substitutional derivatives, as well as by oxidation level (O). The mean (S) and (O) for contained alkaloids of a given plant taxon are taken to represent evolutionary advancement parameters, respectively EA_s and EA_o.A correlation of these EA_s/EA_o values for tribes of the Apocynaceae-Plumerioideae reveals a chemical gradient, given by gradually increasing EA_s and EA_o values, to link Carisseae-Alstonieae-Rauvolfieae-Tabernaemontaneae.     

Flavonoid variation in the genus briza

During a survey of 6 Eurasian and 10 South American Briza species for leaf flavonoids, 27 components were found. Twelve of these were identified: tricin 5-glucoside, tricin 7-glucoside, quercetin 3-glucoside, kaempferol 3-glucoside, vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, iso-orientin, and the 4′-O-glucoside of all 4 glycoflavones, 3 of which are reported for the first time. The Eurasian species, with the exception of Briza maxima, are remarkably uniform in their flavonoid pattern, accumulating mainly vitexin and isovitexin; whereas the South American species are characterized by the presence of orientin, iso-orientin and 9 unidentified flavonoids. In Briza media and the South American species, ploidy level is shown to play a large part in flavonoid variation. Examination of 12 diploid and 8 autotetraploid plants of B. media revealed that diploids accumulate vitexin and isovitexin, whereas tetraploids accumulate orientin and iso-orientin, autotetraploidy having apparently upset regulatory genes in the formation of the flavone C-glycosides. Mild alkaline treatment of both isovitexin and iso-orientin was found to give 100% conversion to the corresponding 8-C-glucoside.     

Seed proteins and systematics of Tripsacum

The genus Tripsacum (Gramineae) is distributed between the latitude 42°N and 24°S in the New World. It is divided into two sections. Section Tripsacum includes 11 species with T. dectyloides (L) L. extending across the range of the genus. Section Fasciculata includes five Meso-American species with T. lanceolatum Rupr. ex Fourn. extending into southern Arizona. The genus displays considerable diversity in seed proteins. Variation patterns are of limited use in distinguishing sections, but are species and habitat specific. Protein data are particularly useful in subspecific classification, and consistently distinguish diploid from polyploid races of T. zopilotense Hern. and Randolph and T. bravum Gray. The tetraploid ectotype of T. bravum deserves specific rank and the robust ecotype of T. dactyloides var. meridonate de Wet and Timothy deserves varietal rank.     

Biochemical genetic variation in the genus Littorina (Prosobranchia:Mollusca)

The genus Littorina has been subject to many studies of electrophoretically detectable variation, mostly aimed either at clarifying questions concerned with population structure, or at clarifying difficult taxonomic/systematic problems. This paper reviews many of these studies. Topics covered include Hardy-Weinberg deviations, the extent of genetic differentiation among populations within species, founder effects and the effects of human introductions on genetic variation, the biological significance of allozyme variation, and the uses of allozyme variation in Littorina systematics.     

Quinolizidine alkaloids as systematic markers of the Genisteae

A previously reported postulate concerning the evolution of quinolizidine alkaloids and the detailed consideration of the chemical composition led to a revised dendrogram showing proposed phylogenetic relations within the subfamily Papilionoideae in general and the tribe Genisteae in particular.     

Action spectra for phenylalanine ammonia lyase in Hordeum vulgare

5-Day-old etiolated barley shoots were illuminated with monochromatic light (10 nm bandpass) and assayed for PAL 5 hr later. Action spectra for enhance     

The allelic state at intensifier influences the accumulation of UDP glucose: Flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase in maize

In a variety of genetic backgrounds in maize (Zea mays), homozygosity for the recessive allele intensifier (in) conditions strikingly deepe     

Alkaloids of the rutaceae: their distribution and systematic significance

The biosynthesis of the alkaloids of the Rutaceae and its relevance to their systematic value is discussed. The alkaloids are divided into groups of potential systematic significance and their distribution reviewed and analysed with respect to presently accepted taxonomic classifications for the family. It is shown that, from the alkaloid data available, Engler's classification of the major sub-families Rutoideae and Toddalioideae is untenable. An hypothesis for the phylogeny of the Rutales, based on the distribution of alkaloids and other secondary metabolites, is proposed.     

莲子心碳苷黄酮与黄酮异构体的色谱质谱研究

采用电喷雾质谱法(ESI-MS),对从莲子心分离得到的碳苷类黄酮化合物进行质谱碎裂规律研究。结果表明,负离子模式下,六碳糖碳苷黄酮主要发生糖环裂解,通过丢失特征性的碎片(90 u、120 u、150 u)与氧苷黄酮区分;单糖取代的六碳醛糖氧苷黄酮直接丢失单糖部分(162 u),六碳醛糖种类无法通过质谱区分,但由于它们在液相上的保留时间不同,可通过液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)联用方法分离鉴定;二糖取代的氧苷黄酮主要碎片离子通过丢失糖部分(146 u、162 u、308 u)所得,二糖的种类及连接方式可通过质谱图上的碎片离子峰及其相对丰度辨别。莲子心中多种碳苷黄酮和氧苷黄酮质谱的不同裂解规律,不仅有助于莲子心黄酮化合物的快速鉴定,而且可以通过与液相色谱联用实现莲子心中同分异构体的快速区分。