昆虫取食诱导的植物防御反应

植物被昆虫取食后可产生直接防御或间接防御。直接防御通过增加有毒的次生代谢产物或防御蛋白对昆虫生理代谢产生不利的影响,但对植物的消耗较大。间接防御通过释放挥发性化合物吸引天敌昆虫,并以此控制植食性昆虫。特异性的昆虫激发子(insect specific elicitors)能够诱导挥发性化合物的释放。多种信号途径参与昆虫取食诱导的植物防御反应,它们之间的相互作用协同或拮抗。了解昆虫取食诱导的植物防御反应,对于害虫综合治理策略的完善具有重要的意义。     

植物防御反应的两种信号转导途径及其相互作用

植物遭到病虫害时质膜两侧的离子发生跨膜交换、释放钙离子、产生大量的活性氧并产生蛋白质磷酸化,通过水杨酸、茉莉酸以及乙烯信号转导途径激活了PR1、BGL2等防御相关基因.这些基因的表达产物如蛋白酶抑制剂(proteinase inhibitor,PI)等能够抑制植食性昆虫的消化酶以及增加细胞壁厚度,从而增强了对昆虫和病原菌等的抵抗力.植物的各种防御信号途径之间既存在拮抗作用又有协同作用,共同组成了一个复杂的防御体系,在一定程度上有效地抵御各种生物胁迫.     

虫害诱导植物合成防御性次生代谢产物的研究进展

昆虫对植物的取食活动可以激活植物的防御反应,诱导植物通过调控自身的代谢网络合成防御性次生代谢产物,抵御外界不良刺激。虫害诱导植物合成防御性次生代谢产物及其机制研究已成为近年来的研究热点之一。现对虫害诱导的植物防御性次生代谢产物、昆虫危害产生的各类激发子、植物对激发子的识别、虫害应答相关的信号转导通路及其对次生代谢物质积累的调控进行了综述,可为虫害诱导植物合成防御性次生代谢产物的机制研究提供参考,为植物虫害防治研究、植物次生代谢物质的生产和利用提供理论依据。     

虫害诱导的植物挥发物:植物与植食性昆虫及其天敌相互作用的进化产物

综述了植物、植食性昆虫及其天敌相互作用的进化过程。虫害诱导的植物挥发物的特征和功能是植物-植食性昆虫-天敌之间长期进化的结果。在植物、植食性昆虫与天敌相互作用的进化过程中,3个不同营养级,包括植物、植食性昆虫和天敌有着各自的调节和利用虫害诱导的植物挥发物的策略。但有一些问题,如通过实验研究得出的诱导防御在田间是否真正能起到保护作用等需进一步研究、阐明。     

植食性昆虫适应植物防御反应的研究进展

在植物与植食性昆虫协同进化过程中,植物在不断完善其防御反应,同时植食性昆虫也在选择压下不断适应植物防御反应。植食性昆虫适应植物防御反应存在多样性。昆虫能够利用其唾液中的效应因子抑制或弱化植物防御反应,激活其肠道中的某些特异性蛋白阻断植物防御性次生代谢物的产生或者将其直接降解,以及通过其携带微生物间接抑制植物防御反应。此外,昆虫还能够通过产卵、虫害诱导植物挥发物、识别植物防御物质等方式适应植物的防御反应。本文综述了植食性昆虫如何利用各种效应因子适应寄主植物防御反应的研究进展。     

虫害诱导植物挥发物(HIPVs)对植食性昆虫的行为调控

虫害诱导植物挥发物(herbivore induced plant volatiles,HIPVs)具有植物种类、品种、生育期和部位的特异性,也具有植食性昆虫种类、虫龄、为害程度、为害方式和其他一些环境因子的特异性。由于其释放量明显大于健康植株,因此更易被天敌、害虫以及邻近的植物等所利用,从而调节植物、植食性昆虫与天敌三者之间的相互作用关系,增强植物在自然界的生存竞争能力。本文对HIPVs在植食性昆虫寄主定位行为中的作用、HIPVs对植食性昆虫的种群调控功能及其应用现状2个方面加以综述,并在展望中对目前研究中存在的一些问题进行了探讨。     

虫害诱导挥发物的生态调控功能

虫害诱导挥发物（herbivore-induced plant volatiles, HIPVs）是植物受害虫胁迫后释放的挥发性物质,是植物与周围环境进行信息交流的媒介。环境中的天敌、害虫和植物通过感知HIPVs所携带的信息,对各自的行为或生理生化反应做出相应的调整。介绍了挥发物的种类及主要的生物合成途径,概括了影响天敌依据HIPVs搜寻寄主和猎物的主要因素。综述了这类挥发性物质对植食性昆虫寄主选择或产卵行为的影响,介绍了植物地上部分和地下部分受害后对彼此间接防御的影响,讨论了多种害虫加害同种植物后对天敌搜寻猎物或寄主行为的影响。另外,作为损伤信号,HIPVs还能诱导同株植物未受害部位和邻近植株的防御反应。最后,对HIPVs在害虫防治中的应用现状及前景作了介绍和讨论。     

植物与植食性昆虫化学互作研究进展

植物与植食性昆虫之间存在着复杂的化学相互作用。一方面,当遭受植食性昆虫为害时,植物能识别植食性昆虫相关分子模式,触发早期信号事件和激素信号转导途径,并由此引起转录组与代谢组重组、直接和间接防御化合物含量升高,最后提高对植食性昆虫的抗性。另一方面,植食性昆虫也能识别植物的防御反应,并能通过分泌效应子、选贮、解毒以及降低敏感性等反防御措施抑制或适应植物的化学防御。深入剖析植物与植食性昆虫的化学互作,不仅可在理论上丰富对昆虫与植物互作关系的理解,而且可在实践上为作物害虫防控新技术的开发提供重要的理论与技术指导。     

植物抗病的信号转导途径

植物在遭受不同病原菌入侵时会表现出不同的反应,若病原菌具有逃避寄主的识别并破坏寄主防御系统的能力则表现感病;若植物能及时识别病原菌并激活自身的防御体系,将表现出抗病性,而特异性的抗病性常常伴有过敏反应的产生。那么植物对病原菌的最初识别,识别后的信号转导以及抗病性过程究竟是怎样的呢？本文将对这一问题进行概述。     

茉莉素的信号转导与植物的防御反应

文章从茉莉素信号途径及其与其他信号途径交叉作用的角度 ,概括了茉莉素在植物防御反应中的作用     

一氧化氮与激发子诱导的植物抗病防卫反应

来源于真菌或植物细胞壁的激发子可以诱导植物的抗性反应。一系列的信号分子,如一氧化氮、活性氧、茉莉酸、水杨酸、乙烯等都参与了激发子诱导的植物抗性反应。它们在介导激发子刺激诱发胞内抗性反应的过程中起着重要的作用。本文介绍了激发子的种类,并简述了激发了受体以及植物细胞对激发子刺激的感受与传递;重点介绍了一氧化氮在激发子诱导植物抗性反应过程中的作用,以及它与其他信号分子之间相互关系的研究进展。     

Flower nectar of an autogamous perennialRorippa indica as an indirect defense mechanism against herbivorous insects

This report shows that one of the most important roles of the flower nectar of an autogamous perennialRorippa indica (L.) Hieron is as an attractant for employing some ant species as a defense against herbivorous insects. The plant has flowers from spring to early winter. Its flower nectar is frequently stolen by some ant species (hereafter cited as ants) which also feed on small herbivorous insects on the plant. Internations among the tritrophic levels (R. indica, herbivores, ants) were experimentally examined and the followings became clear. (1) Ants were attracted toR. indica in search of its flower nectar. (2) The gradual secretion of flower nectar seemed to detain ants on the plant. (3)Pieris butterfly lavae were the major herbivores onR. indica and were potentially harmful to the plant. (4) The presence of ants reduced the survival rate ofP. rapae larvae onR. indica. (5) The presence of ants reduced the feeding damage toR. indica. (6) The disadvantage of nectar use by ants seemed to be minimal for the plant since the ants did not disturb the other flower visitors. These facts suggest a mutualistic relationship betweenR. indica and ants. That is, the flower nectar serves as an indirect defense against herbivorous insects.     

Indirect plant defense against insect herbivores: a review

Plants respond to herbivore attack by launching 2 types of defenses: direct defense and indirect defense. Direct defense includes all plant traits that increase the resistance of host plants to insect herbivores by affecting the physiology and/or behavior of the attackers. Indirect defense includes all traits that by themselves do not have significant direct impact on the attacking herbivores, but can attract natural enemies of the herbivores and thus reduce plant loss. When plants recognize herbivore‐associated elicitors, they produce and release a blend of volatiles that can attract predators, parasites, and other natural enemies. Known herbivore‐associated elicitors include fatty acid–amino acid conjugates, sulfur‐containing fatty acids, fragments of cell walls, peptides, esters, and enzymes. Identified plant volatiles include terpenes, nitrogenous compounds, and indoles. In addition, constitive traits including extrafloral nectars, food bodies, and domatia can be further induced to higher levels and attract natural enemies as well as provide food and shelter to carnivores. A better understanding of indirect plant defense at global and componential levels via advanced high throughput technologies may lead to utilization of indirect defense in suppression of herbivore damage to plants.     

Host plant defense signaling in response to a coevolved herbivore combats introduced herbivore attack

Defense‐free space resulting from coevolutionarily naïve host plants recently has been implicated as a factor facilitating invasion success of some insect species. Host plants, however, may not be entirely defenseless against novel herbivore threats. Volatile chemical‐mediated defense signaling, which allows plants to mount specific, rapid, and intense responses, may play a role in systems experiencing novel threats. Here we investigate defense responses of host plants to a native and exotic herbivore and show that (1) host plants defend more effectively against the coevolved herbivore, (2) plants can be induced to defend against a newly‐associated herbivore when in proximity to plants actively defending against the coevolved species, and (3) these defenses affect larval performance. These findings highlight the importance of coevolved herbivore‐specific defenses and suggest that naïveté or defense limitations can be overcome via defense signaling. Determining how these findings apply across various host–herbivore systems is critical to understand mechanisms of successful herbivore invasion.     

Herbivore induced plant volatiles: Their role in plant defense for pest management

Plants respond to herbivory through different defensive mechanisms. The induction of volatile emission is one of the important and immediate response of plants to herbivory. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are involved in plant communication with natural enemies of the insect herbivores, neighboring plants, and different parts of the damaged plant. Release of a wide variety of HIPVs in response to herbivore damage and their role in plant-plant, plant-carnivore and intraplant communications represents a new facet of the complex interactions among different trophic levels. HIPVs are released from leaves, flowers, and fruits into the atmosphere or into the soil from roots in response to herbivore attack. Moreover, HIPVs act as feeding and/or oviposition deterrents to insect pests. HIPVs also mediate the interactions between the plants and the microorganisms. This review presents an overview of HIPVs emitted by plants, their role in plant defense against herbivores and their implications for pest management.     

植物与植食性昆虫相互作用的分子机制

在长期的协同进化中,植物建立起应对昆虫取食为害的精密而又复杂的防御机制,植物转录组调控中防御应答基因的表达及防御物质的合成因不同的昆虫取食方式而异。一般来说,咀嚼式口器昆虫取食时造成大面积组织伤害,可诱导植物产生伤害反应;而刺吸式口器昆虫因其特殊的口针取食,诱导植物激活病原体相关的防御途径。不同的防御途径激活不同的识别机制和信号途径。本文从信号识别和转导上综述了不同食性的昆虫取食植物时所引发的防御反应,分析了昆虫-植物相互作用关系的分子机制。     

植物挥发性信号物质介导抗性的生态功能

植物产生的挥发性化合物能够作为媒介参与植物与周围环境之间的信息交流及相互作用。植物挥发性物质在吸引传粉者、促进种子传播、抑制其它植物种子萌发等方面具有重要的作用。近年来,关于植物挥发性物质在生态系统中的信号作用研究已经成为国内外的研究热点,受到广泛关注。总结了植物挥发性物质作为信号物质在提高植物抗性方面的国内外研究成果,阐述了植物挥发性物质不仅能够直接提高植物的抗性,而且可以作为信号物质在同株、同种异株和不同种植物之间进行传递,进而间接提高目标植物的抗性。最后,还对植物挥发性物质的研究方法和潜在的生态功能进行了探讨。     

Isolation and characterization of signal transduction mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana that constitutively activate the octadecanoid pathway and form necrotic microlesions

Thionins are a group of antimicrobial polypeptides that form part of the plant's defense mechanism against pathogens. The Thi 2.1 thionin gene of Arabidopsis thaliana has been shown to be inducible by jasmonic acid (JA), an oxylipin-like hormone derived from oxygenated linolenic acid and synthesized via the octadecanoid pathway. The JA-dependent regulation of the Thi 2.1 gene has been exploited for setting up a genetic screen for the isolation of signal transduction mutants that constitutively express the Thi 2.1 gene. Ten cet-mutants have been isolated which showed a constitutive expression of the thionin gene. Allelism tests revealed that they represent at least five different loci. Some mutants are dominant, others recessive, but all cet mutations behaved as monogenic traits when backcrossed with Thi 2.1-GUS plants. Some of the mutants overproduce JA and its bioactive precursor 12-oxophytodienoic acid (OPDA) up to 40-fold while others have the same low levels as the control wildtype plants. Two of the mutants showed a strong induction of both the salicylic acid (SA)- and the JA-dependent signaling pathways, while the majority seems to be affected only in the octadecanoid pathway. The Thi 2.1 thionin gene and the Pdf 1.2 defensin gene are activated independently, though both are regulated by JA. The cet-mutants, except for one, also show a spontaneous leaf cell necrosis, a reaction often associated with the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) pathway.