浙江狡蛛属一新种（蜘蛛目：狡蛛科）

本文记述采自浙江天目山的狡蛛属一新种——黑斑狡蛛Dolomedes nigrimaculatus sp.nov.。此新种近似星狡蛛D.stellatus Kishida,但本种腹部两前侧角各有一椭圆形黑褐斑,雄蛛触肢胫节突分叉,插入器的弯曲部不超越腔窝的末端,故应为一新种。     

弹尾虫单克隆抗体的制备及其在捕食研究中的应用

应用杂交瘤技术制备了针对弹尾虫的单克隆抗体2F10。该抗体的效价为1.024×108,只与灰橄榄长角跳虫、球角跳虫和钩圆跳虫等弹尾虫发生强烈反应而不与稻田常见的其它昆虫和蜘蛛发生交叉反应,具有高度特异性。建立了2F10、HRP-2F10和蜘蛛样品分别稀释4000倍(34.193ng/L)、1500倍(2.4624ng/L)和50倍(50ml/individual)的抗体夹心ELISA检测系统用于检测稻田常见蜘蛛对弹尾虫的捕食作用。其检测灵敏度为1/2头灰橄榄长角跳虫(4.49μg),拟环纹豹蛛捕食1头灰橄榄长角跳虫成虫后,在25℃下猎物的可测定时间为4.5h。应用该检测系统研究了不同稻区常见蜘蛛对2F10的阳性反应率。其中狡蛛、拟环纹豹蛛、纵条蝇狮和纵条蝇虎的阳性反应率显著高于食虫瘤胸蛛、八斑球腹蛛和锥腹肖蛸。     

国产杜鹃花属马银花亚属(杜鹃花科)五个新异名

将杜鹃花属马银花亚属Rhododendron subgen. Azaleastrum的凯里杜鹃R. kailiense Fang &; M. Y. He和线萼杜鹃R. linearicupulare Tam处理为南海杜鹃R. westlandii Hemsl.的异名, 鹿角杜鹃R. latoucheae Franch.处理为西施花R. ellipticum Maxim.的异名, R. esquirolii Lévl.处理为长蕊杜鹃R. stamineum Franch.的异名, 山荷桃R. championae Hook. var. ovatifolium Tam处理为刺毛杜鹃R. championae的异名, 并作了相应的讨论。     

海水池塘中国对虾与罗非鱼施肥混养的实验研究

利用 8个海水池塘陆基围隔 ,进行了封闭式施肥混养中国对虾与罗非鱼的实验研究 .结果表明 ,在对虾放养密度为 0 .92～ 2 .36尾·m- 2 的条件下 ,对虾成活率为 75.72～89.98% ,平均为 82 .40 % .产量在 1 1 .4～ 2 4 .1 g·m- 2 之间 (养殖期为 91d) .生产力为0 .2 39g·m- 2 .d- 1 .在罗非鱼放养量为 0 .2 4尾·m- 2 (体重 1 0 0 g左右 )的条件下 ,鱼虾的数量最适配比为 1 :1 0 ,中国对虾 (体长 3.0 0cm左右 )的最适放养量约为 2 .40尾·m- 2 .     

西藏核桃种质的形态特征和生化成分分析

研究了西藏不同地区核桃的形态特征,分析比较了西藏不同地区核桃的生化成分.结果表明:三径均值最大为4.04cm,最小为3.11cm.壳厚测定表明集中分布在3.1～3.9mm之间.蛋白质含量最高的是麻达嘎,为21.85%,其变化范围为15.1%～21.85%.脂肪含量最高的是八宿2号.为69.6%,其变化范围为61.7%～69.6%.据此筛选出8个优系.     

大肠杆菌甘露糖异构酶(MI)基因克隆及功能研究

甘露糖异构酶(EC 5.3.1.7,Mannose isomerase,简称MI)能够催化果糖和甘露糖之间的异构转化.甘露糖加氢催化形成甘露醇,因此甘露糖异构酶的研究为工业生产甘露糖和甘露醇提供了新的可能途径.本研究以Escherichia coli JM109基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增mi基因.结果表明,所克隆的mi基因与E.coli str.K-12 substr.MG1655的MI基因序列一致性为99.9%,氨基酸序列一致性为99%.该基因能够在E.coli BL21(DE3)中进行高效诱导表达,诱导出51.4 kD的特异性融合蛋白.酶学研究表明,该酶最适反应温度为37℃,最适pH为7.5,甘露糖为最佳反应底物,反应平衡时果糖与甘露糖的比值约为2.7.     

中国及越南樟科润楠属植物一些种类的修订

报道了产自中国和越南的樟科润楠属的4个种的修订结果,即:MachiluslongipedicellataH.Lec.为M.yunnanensisH.Lec.的异名;M.thunbergiiSieb.etZucc.var.condorensisH.Lec.为M.lohuiensisS.Lee的异名,而其中被H.Liou误定的Poilane13161号则为M.cicatricosa;过去被中国学者误当作M.longipedicel-lata的西藏及云南中部至西北部的部份标本是广泛分布于喜马拉雅地区的M.duthieiKingexHook.f.。     

封面植物简介——丽江杓兰

丽江杓兰(Cypripedium lichiangense S.C.Chen & P.J.Cribb)隶属兰科杓兰属,为中国特有种,濒危(EN),已列入I UCN红色名录.为地生草本,植株高7~14 cm,具较粗壮而短的根状茎.茎直立,为2枚筒状     

链蛇属的分类分布现状

对链蛇属Dinodon的分类、分布现状进行了讨论,其中草绿链蛇Dinodon gammiei和南方链蛇D. meridionale为国内新纪录,粉链蛇D. rosozonatum为越南新纪录,黄链蛇D. flavozonatum为重庆市新纪录.     

朱鹮集群繁殖地的生态观察

1993～2005年,朱鹮在洋县刘家庄村集群营巢,成功繁殖了112窝,产卵372枚,成活雏鸟198只.繁殖地的优势树种为油松,其平均高度为14.9 m.9个样方的香农多样性指数(H)为2.6,乔木的多样性指数为1.8;辛普生指数(D)为0.77,乔木的多样性指数为0.58.繁殖地所有树种的平均密度为0.55株/m2,乔木的平均密度为0.12株/m2.刘家庄村分布有冬水田7.10 hm2.巢位树全部是油松.     

Biogeographic position and body size jointly set lower thermal limits of wandering spiders

Most species encounter large variations in abiotic conditions along their distribution range. The physiological responses of most terrestrial ectotherms (such as insects and spiders) to clinal gradients of climate, and in particular gradients of temperature, can be the product of both phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation. This study aimed to determine how the biogeographic position of populations and the body size of individuals set the limits of cold (freezing) resistance of Dolomedes fimbriatus. We compared D. fimbriatus to its sister species Dolomedes plantarius under harsher climatic conditions in their distribution range. Using an ad hoc design, we sampled individuals from four populations of Dolomedes fimbriatus originating from contrasting climatic areas (temperate and continental climate) and one population of the sister species D. plantarius from continental climate, and compared their supercooling ability as an indicator of cold resistance. Results for D. fimbriatus indicated that spiders from northern (continental) populations had higher cold resistance than spiders from southern (temperate) populations. Larger spiders had a lower supercooling ability in northern populations. The red‐listed and rarest D. plantarius was slightly less cold tolerant than the more common D. fimbriatus, and this might be of importance in a context of climate change that could imply colder overwintering habitats in the north due to reduced snow cover protection. The lowest cold resistance might put D. plantarius at risk of extinction in the future, and this should be considered in conservation plan.     

Stimulus discrimination and wave source localization in fishing spiders (Dolomedes triton and D. okefinokensis)

We have studied the behavioral responses of fishing spiders (Dolomedes triton and Dolomedes okefinokensis) to water surface wave stimuli. D.okefinokensis responded to click-like wave stimuli (Fig. 3C) in less than 15% of the cases. Responsiveness did not increase if up to 20 clicks were elicited in quick succession from the same spot (Fig. 5). If longer lasting concentric stimuli were offered, the spiders determined the direction (Fig. 6) and the distance (Fig. 8) to the wave source. This was true for monofrequency stimuli and for narrow-band and broadband noise stimuli. If concentric multifrequency surface waves were offered, even a fivefold decrease in stimulus amplitude did not significantly change the mean running distance of D.triton. However, if multifrequency wave stimuli with a flat wave front were presented, the spiders (D.triton) no longer determined the source distance precisely (Figs. 11, 12). Our results indicate that fishing spiders of the genus Dolomedes mainly use the curvature of a concentric wave stimulus for distance determination.     

Ten polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci for paternity and population genetics analysis in the fen raft spider (Dolomedes plantarius)

Ten polymorphic di‐ and trinucleotide microsatellite loci were developed in the fen raft spider Dolomedes plantarius from a partial phagemid genomic library enriched for microsatellite inserts. The expected heterozygosity at these loci ranges from 0.62 to 0.9, with the observed allele numbers varying from four to 15 in the 22 individuals tested. Average paternity exclusion probabilities ranged between 0.290 and 0.686. In combination, the 10 polymorphic loci elicit an exclusion probability of 0.999. The high level of polymorphism of these microsatellite loci makes them ideal genetic markers for paternity and population genetics analysis in this endangered species.     

Low river flow alters the biomass and population structure of a riparian predatory invertebrate

1. Low flows in rivers are predicted to increase in extent and severity in many areas in the future, yet the consequent impacts of river drying on terrestrial communities via (i) changes to riparian microclimatic conditions and (ii) the identity and abundance of emerging aquatic insects available to riparian predators have not been quantified. 2. We investigated the influence of low river flow on a riparian fishing spider, Dolomedes aquaticus, in five New Zealand rivers containing permanently flowing and drying reaches and, in one river, along a longitudinal drying gradient. 3. The biomass of aquatic insects, potential prey for D. aquaticus, declined with low river flows while the abundance of potential terrestrial prey remained similar at all sites. In the replicate rivers, and along the longitudinal drying gradient, spider biomass was lower, and size classes were skewed towards more small and fewer large spiders, in drying sites. A desiccation experiment in the laboratory indicated high sensitivity of the spiders, with prey presence increasing spider survival. 4. Differences in the spatial distribution, biomass and population size structure of spiders were observed along the longitudinal drying gradient and disappeared within 16 days of the water returning to all sites. 5. In total, low river flow affected the biomass of D. aquaticus, as well as their size class structure and spatial distribution. This indicates that low river flows have the potential to affect adjacent terrestrial ecosystems.     

Prey use of the fishing spider Dolomedes triton (Pisauridae,Araneae): an important predator of the neuston community

Summary Prey of feeding juvenile and adult Dolomedes triton (Walckenaer 1837) were sampled over two seasons on three small ponds in central Alberta, Canada. Prey were mainly insects active at the water surface with truly aquatic species making up about 14% of the diet. Throughout the season aquatic and semi-aquatic Heteroptera represented about 30% of the prey. Diptera and adult Odonata were also important prey items but their abundance in the diet was more variable seasonally. Of the 625 prey items recorded nearly 50% were represented by taxa taken no more than once by spiders in one of the five size classes (adult females, adult males, large, intermediate and small juveniles). Large spiders did not take the smallest prey available, although small and intermediate-sized spiders fed on nearly the full size range taken by larger spiders. Cannibalism was common, accounting for 5% of the observations, with females and large juveniles as the most frequently observed cannibals. We hypothesize that intraguild predation (including cannibalism) could be an important coevolutionary force structuring phenology, population dynamics and microhabitat use of the predatory guild of the neuston community.     

Spontaneous male death and monogyny in the dark fishing spider

Monogyny (male monogamy) is found in a diverse assemblage of taxa, and recent theoretical work reveals that a male-biased sex ratio can favour the evolution of this relatively rare mating system. We integrate this theoretical framework with field observations and laboratory experiments involving the sexually size dimorphic fishing spider, Dolomedes tenebrosus, to test the prediction that this species exhibits monogyny. Field surveys revealed a male-biased sex ratio, likely resulting from different life-history strategies (early male maturation). Results from mating trials supported our prediction of monogyny as we discovered that males mate with a single female. Unexpectedly, however, we observed that mating results in obligate male death and genital mutilation. Additional field observations of released individuals suggest that males are not limited by their ability to encounter additional females. Controlled laboratory assays demonstrated that males discriminate among virgin and non-virgin female silk cues, consistent with predictions of first-male sperm precedence. In summary, we report a novel case of male self-sacrifice in a species that exhibits female-biased sexual size dimorphism, male-biased sex ratio, genital mutilation and a suggestion of first-male sperm precedence; all of which are consistent with theoretical predictions of the evolution of monogyny.     

A phylogenetic analysis of the nursery-web spider family Pisauridae, with emphasis on the genera Architis and Staberius (Araneae: Lycosoidea)

This study presents a general cladistic analysis of pisaurid genera, with emphasis on the Neotropical genera Architis Simon and Staberius Simon. The analysis was based on a matrix with 21 terminal taxa: eight species of Architis , Staberius spinipes (Taczanowski), seven exemplars of other pisaurid genera and five outgroup taxa. These terminals were scored for 59 morphological and three behavioural characters. An analysis with all characters equally weighted resulted in two most parsimonious trees, differing only in the position of Architis colombo Santos. In both trees Pisauridae arouse as a monophyletic group, and the exemplars of Architis composed a clade with S. spinipes . Contrary to hypotheses from the literature, Thalassius Simon emerged as sister-group of all remaining pisaurids, not as a close relative of Dolomedes Latreille. The genera Tinus F.O.P. -Cambridge and Thaumasia Perty appeared in the trees as the closest relatives of Architis and Staberius Simon. The analysis strongly supported S. spinipes as the sister-group of A. helveola (Simon), indicating that Architis as currently delimited is paraphyletic. Based on these results, Staberius is considered a subjective junior synonym of Architis . Additionally, the genus Mimicosa Petrunkevitch, originally described in Tetragnathidae, is transferred to Pisauridae and considered a junior synonym of Architis . Two species are proposed as junior synonyms of A. spinipes comb.n. Mimicosa spinosa Petrunkevitch and Staberius lemoulti Caporiacco.     

Cross‐ecosystem disturbance influences on the life history and population size structure of a riparian predator

Cross‐ecosystem transfers of resources could alter the life history traits of consumers in adjacent systems by changing the nature and availability of prey. However, large‐scale influences, such as natural disturbances, that control the magnitude of prey subsidies are likely to modify these effects. To investigate impacts of cross‐ecosystem subsidies on the life history traits of a riparian predator we measured the size, sex and condition of riparian fishing spiders (Dolomedes aquaticus) across a gradient of flooding frequency and intensity. These spiders rely on adult aquatic insects for a large proportion of their diet and previous research demonstrated that increased flooding decreased the abundance of aquatic insect prey. In this study, laboratory experiments indicated that increased prey availability hastened the first moult of the spiders after winter and decreased the propensity for cannibalistic interactions of individuals of the same size. However, despite the likely positive influences of increased food supply, in the field the highest abundance and proportion of large, potentially reproductive females occurred at the most flood‐prone rivers, where aquatic prey availability was the lowest. It is likely that other factors modified by the disturbance regime, such as habitat availability, flood‐related mortality and intra‐specific interaction rates, altered the influence of cross‐ecosystem subsidies on the life history traits of these spiders. Thus, our results indicate that disturbance‐related effects can flow across ecosystem boundaries and alter the life history traits of predators relying on allochthonous resources.     

Screening of Necrotizing Spiders in Korea Using Nonradioactive Sphingomyelinase Assay (I) Wandering Spiders

There are now more than 40,000 identified spider species in the world, and considered about 100 species as actually dangerous to human. Spider bites cause a range of symptoms from simple swellings to disfiguring necrotic lesions, and occasionally death. While spider bites are not a major medical problem in Korea, it would be of great value to know which species of spiders pose a threat to human health. A middle molecular weight protein, sphingomyelinase D, has been identified in the venom of the brown recluse spider and strong evidence suggests that they have a major role in spider bite necrosis. For the identification of necrotizing species, we have investigated using recently developed non‐radioactive assay of sphingomyelinase for rapidly screening the necrotizing venoms. Here, we demonstrate the fetal toxicity of total 57 species (32 genera, 9 families) of the wandering spiders among 622 identified spider species in Korea. It has been revealed that two species of the Thomisidae spider, Ozyptila nongae (0.2467) and Diaea subdola (0.2020) have the strongest sphingomyelinase activities among themselves. In addition one species of the family Pisauridae, Dolomedes sulfureus (0.2341) has also relatively higher value comparing to other wandering spiders. However comparing to that of the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa (1.814) in North America the necrotizing activities of these Korean wandering species are still very low state, so there seems to be little possibilities to create serious medical problems by the necrotizing arachnidism in Korean peninsula.