3种海桑属濒危红树植物的种群结构与动态特征

以3种海桑属（Sonneratia）濒危红树植物——海南海桑（Sonneratia×hainanensis）、拟海桑（S.×gulngai）、卵叶海桑（S. ovata）为研究对象,通过编制静态生命表,绘制存活曲线、死亡率和消亡率等曲线分析其种群结构,并用生存分析与时间序列对其未来的数量动态进行预测,以阐述其种群结构特征和动态变化规律,为海桑属濒危植物种群的保护和恢复提供基础资料和科学依据。结果显示：（1）卵叶海桑种群结构为增长型;而由于缺乏幼龄个体,海南海桑和拟海桑均为衰退型。（2）三者的种群存活曲线都表现为Deevey-Ⅱ型,各种群的死亡率和消失率曲线的变化趋势一致,并随着龄级的增加呈波状上升趋势,其中海南海桑和拟海桑均在老龄阶段遇到了障碍,而卵叶海桑幼龄个体的发展遇到了瓶颈。（3）海南海桑和拟海桑种群自我更新能力较差,未来种群数量将逐渐衰退。卵叶海桑种群具有良好的恢复潜力,未来种群数量将逐步增加,但由于其种群个体数随龄级增加呈衰减趋势,若继续保持这种态势,将有可能导致龄级断层现象。（4）人类的养殖活动导致原有生境破碎化,产生了一系列不适宜种子萌发与幼苗生长的环境因子（光照、盐度、...     

Presence of sonneratiaceous pollen in middle miocene sediments, central Japan

Numerous sonneratiaceous pollen grains, found in Middle Miocene sediments of central Japan possess both meridional ridges and polar caps with inter-columellate granules Although the exine architecture of these pollen is similar to that of the living Sonneratia alba, a colpal aperture as observable in these fossil pollen grains is only rarely present in Sonneratia or in the fossil Florschuetzia, which is a form-genus showing affinity with the genus Sonneratia. The fossil pollen is described as Florschuetzia claricolpata sp.n. This new species not only has a distributional significance, but also may strengthen the phylogenetic link between the genera Florschuetzia and Sonneratia.     

The presence of the potentially toxic genera Ostreopsis and Coolia (Dinophyceae) in the North Aegean Sea, Greece

The examination of macrophyte, water and sediment samples, collected at depths less than 1.5 m from 50 different sites along the North Aegean coasts, has revealed, for the first time in Greek coastal waters, the presence of two Ostreopsis species (O. ovata and O. cf. siamensis) and Coolia monotis in the majority of the sampling sites (94% and 100%, respectively). Other epiphytic dinoflagellates of the genera Prorocentrum and Amphidinium and diatoms were accompanying species in this epiphytic community. Morphometric features, plate formula and thecal ornamentation were used for species identification. O. ovata cells were smaller in dorsoventral (DV) diameter and width (W) (26.18–61.88 μm and 13.09–47.60 μm, respectively) in comparison with O. cf. siamensis (35.70–65.45 μm and 23.80–49.98 μm, respectively). In contrast, the anterioposterior (AP) diameter of O. cf. siamensis was smaller (14.28–26.18 μm) resulting in DV/AP ≈ 3, whereas the above ratio for O. ovata was less than 2 (AP ranging between 14.28–35.70 μm). Moreover, the theca of O. ovata cells was ornamented with scattered pores, which fluctuated in a wider range (0.07–0.32 μm) than those of O. cf. siamensis (0.23–0.29 μm). Coolia monotis cells were almost round with average DV diameter 26.88 μm, AP 25.66 μm and width 26.76 μm. Small and large cells were recorded in both field and culture populations of Ostreopsis spp. and C. monotis, while hyaline cysts were observed for O. ovata. The presence of O. ovata and O. cf. siamensis exhibited a clear seasonal pattern dominating (maximum abundance up to 4.05 × 10⁵ cells gr⁻¹ fwm) the period from midsummer to late autumn in years 2003 and 2004, while C. monotis was found also in winter and spring months.     

Analysis of phylogenetic relationships of Potamogeton species in China based on chloroplast trnT-trnF sequences

Sequences of the chloroplast trnT-trnF region were analyzed for species of the genus Potamogeton distributed in China to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships. The phylogenetic analyses showed that the genus Potamogeton could be divided into two clades. Eighteen species formed a monophyletic clade while the remaining four formed a second, distinguishable one, supporting the conventional treatment that the genus Potamogeton contains the submerged linear-leaved group and the submerged broad-leaved group. The first clade, which represented the subgenus Potamogeton, could be further divided into two subclades. The second clade, which represented the subgenus Coleogeton, displayed a close phylogenetic relationship with the subgenus Potamogeton and occupied a unique position within the genus Potamogeton. This finding suggested that the treatment of the subgenus Coleogeton, which was once regarded as the genus Stuckenia Börner, may need to be reconsidered. Furthermore, identification of maternal donors of some hybrids was successfully applied based on sequence of maternally inherited chloroplast genome. The female parents of three putative hybrids, P. × malainoides, P. × anguillanus, and P. × orientalis, were proved to be accordant with previous morphological conclusions.     

利用ISSR和SRAP标记分析细辛资源遗传多样性与亲缘关系

采用ISSR、SRAP分子标记对61份细辛资源进行遗传多样性与亲缘关系进行分析,结果表明:(1)ISSR标记平均每条引物可获得8.35个DNA片段,多态性比率为86.3%,SRAP标记平均每对引物可获得7.85个DNA片段,多态性比率为86.0%。(2)利用相同数量的引物,ISSR标记揭示的多态性略高于SRAP标记。(3)按照种质间相似系数得出聚类图,可将所有细辛资源分开,在依据ISSR标记聚类分析中,生物学上北细辛和汉城细辛的划分,其作用不如地域来源的效应。SRAP分子标记中,大部分资源的聚类与地域性有关,但有4份汉城细辛优先聚类,SRAP分子标记在揭示基因组差异方面有一定的优势。(4)2种分子标记的聚类图中,来自同一产地的北细辛和汉城细辛优先聚类,其亲缘关系更近。聚类图中未出现北细辛与汉城细辛分别聚类。分子标记分类与传统植物学分类不一致。     

羊肚菌不同单孢及不同萌发孔菌丝间的遗传多样性

本研究对来自不同单孢和不同萌发孔菌丝的166份羊肚菌菌株进行形态研究、交配型基因检测、基于ISSR的遗传多样性分析和菌株杂交选育。结果表明,来自不同单孢及其不同萌发孔菌丝培养的菌株间均存在不同程度的形态和遗传差异。4条ISSR引物共扩增出条带清晰的22条多态性谱带,多态性比率为88%。基于遗传相似性系数（GS）、不加权成对群算术平均法（UPGMA）构建的系统树,可将供试菌株分为梯棱羊肚菌Morchella importuna和六妹羊肚菌M. sextelata两大类群。聚类分析发现不同物种间的单孢菌株和单丝菌株的遗传差异显著;同一单孢不同萌发孔菌丝的菌株间存在较大的遗传分化,遗传多样性丰富。交配型基因检测证实羊肚菌是异宗结合型真菌,同一单孢的不同萌发孔菌丝体含相同的交配型基因（MAT 1-1-1或MAT 1-2-1）。遗传多样性结果表明：梯棱羊肚菌比六妹羊肚菌的遗传背景更广泛。此外,ISSR分子标记也表明仅依靠菌丝和菌核的形态特征并不能准确衡量羊肚菌菌株间的亲缘关系。研究羊肚菌单孢菌株、单丝菌株间的形态和遗传特征,将为羊肚菌优质菌种的精准选育提供理论参考。     

Allelopathic effects of Ulva lactuca on selected species of harmful bloom-forming microalgae in laboratory cultures

Allelopathic effects of the green macroalgae Ulva lactuca on the growth of three species of red tide microalgae, Heterosigma akashiwo, Alexandrium tamarense, and Skeletonema costatum were tested in laboratory co-cultures precluding the nutrient and light limitation and the effect of high pH. The growth of all three species of microalgae was significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited by fresh U. lactuca. In nutrient replete semicontinuous co-cultures with U. lactuca, H. akashiwo was completely dead in 12 days, and the growth of A. tamarense and S. costatum was reduced by 48 and 46%, respectively by U. lactuca within 12 days. The U. lactuca culture filtrate exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) inhibitory effect on the microalgae in the first 1 or 2 days, but growth resumed in the following days, and S. costatum growth was slightly (p > 0.05) promoted from day 3. The results suggested that the allelopathic compounds are quickly degradable and a long-term inhibition might need the continuous addition of compounds originated from macroalgae. Dried U. lactuca also exhibited inhibitory effects on the microalgae, and the normalized mean growth rates of microalgae decreased with the biomass of dried U. lactuca. The dependent relationships were y = −2.1208x² + 1.0159x + 0.9752 for H. akashiwo, y = 0.7133x² − 3.5813x + 1.1665 for A. tamarense, and y = −0.2114x² − 1.063x + 1.0873 for S. costatum, respectively. The potential feasibility of utilization of dried U. lactuca against red tide microalgae was 2.0 g dry wt L⁻¹. The present study shows that U. lactuca exhibits negative allelopathic effects on harmful bloom-forming microalgae.     

7种川产淫羊藿属植物遗传多样性及亲缘关系的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记对7种12居群的川产淫羊藿属植物进行遗传多样性及亲缘关系分析。结果发现23个ISSR随机引物共扩增194条清晰条带,其中169条具多态性,平均多态性位点比率为87.11%,有效等位基因数Ne=1.534 2,Nei基因多样性指数H=0.314 4,Shannon多样性指数I=0.469 7,表明物种间遗传多样性丰富。7种川产淫羊藿属植物间的遗传相似系数为0.653 2～0.748 9,聚类分析和主成分分析直观的显示出12份供试材料间的亲缘关系,并将其分为两类。表明ISSR分子标记技术可以用于川产淫羊藿属植物的遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。     

Morphology and germination characteristics of the cysts of Chattonella ovata (Raphidophyceae), a novel red tide flagellate in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan

To elucidate the mechanism of bloom outbreaks of Chattonella ovata (Raphidophyceae), we investigated the cysts of C. ovata and succeeded in finding them from the bottom sediments of Hiroshima Bay. The morphology of the cysts was mostly hemispherical in shape, with a diameter of ca. 30 μm and height of ca. 20 μm. The cysts were usually adhering to solid materials, such as diatom frustules, yellow-greenish in color and had several dark brown grains. The cyst wall was smooth and had no ornamentation. Because the morphological characteristic of the cysts was in general agreement with those of Chattonella antiqua and Chattonella marina, it was difficult to differentiate the cysts of these three species. Germination of the cysts of C. ovata was observed at temperatures from 17.5 to 30 °C, but not at 15 °C or below. The number of the germinated cysts increased with increasing temperature and the optimum temperature for germination was 30 °C. Although cysts of C. antiqua and C. marina germinated at temperatures from 15 to 30 °C, optimum temperature of germination was 22.5 °C. The lower limit and optimum temperatures for germination of C. ovata cysts was higher than for C. antiqua and C. marina. The role of cysts in the population dynamics of C. ovata is discussed.     

应用ISSR标记研究仲彬草属植物的遗传变异

利用ISSR标记对仲彬草属14个种和1个变种共32份材料进行了研究。结果表明:仲彬草属材料间ISSR标记多态性较高,变异较大。12个引物共扩增出593条带,其中535条(90.2%)具有多态性,每个引物可扩增出11~80条多态性带,平均44.6条。ISSR标记遗传相似系数在种间变化范围为0.430~0.866,平均值为0.620。从聚类分析得知,ISSR标记能将32份仲彬草属材料完全分开,32份材料聚为4类。同种不同居群的材料分别聚在一起,亲缘关系较近,同时,在分子水平上种内不同居群间也存在分化;种间存在明显的遗传差异;形态相似、地理分布一致的物种倾向于聚类在一起,有一定的亲缘关系。因此,ISSR分子标记能有效地评价仲彬草属物种的亲缘关系。     

珠海淇澳岛无瓣海桑种苗天然更新与扩散分析

无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala Buxh-Ham Buxh-Ham.)在珠海淇澳岛抑制互花米草(Spartina alterniflora Loisel.)蔓延恢复红树林方面发挥了积极的作用。然而,由于它是外来引进种,在当地能否繁殖更新或造成种苗大量扩散成灾?为此,针对1999年以来在淇澳岛种植的大片无瓣海桑林及其周边湿地进行了种子产量与种苗天然扩散性的调查。结果表明:淇澳岛4年生无瓣海桑果实年产量为30.51kg·棵^-1,果粒数为2706粒·棵^-1,每果粒内含30～50粒种子。无瓣海桑幼苗在水沟两边分布最多,为40株·16m^-2,其次是其林分边缘的光滩,为8株·16m^-2,互花米草内为3.5株·16m^-2,最少是无瓣海桑林内,1株·16m^-2,种子多但幼苗少,且这些扩散苗绝大多数为当年生幼苗,很少发现多年生小苗,极难更新成林。     

Interactions of Microbotryum violaceum (ustilago violacea) with its host plant Silene alba

Sex expression in Silene alba is determined genetically but can be changed in female plants upon infection with the heterobasidiomycete Microbotryum violaceum. This change is not caused by steroids, the classical plant growth regulators, nor by a diffusible morphogen produced and secreted by the fungus. Nor is the production of stamnes in genotypically female flowers caused by the transmission, incorporation and expression of a fungal plasmid since plants regenerated from diseased tissue of genotypically female S. alba did not yield stamen-producing flowers. Neither density gradient centrifugation nor agarose gel electrophoresis of endonuclease restricted DNA from M. violaceum revealed the presence of a plasmid. Southern blots of DNA from S. alba probed with labeled DNA of M. violaceum, however, indicated the presence of homologous, unique sequences absent in non-host plants. Since the same homologous sequences were identified in male and female S. alba, these DNA fragments are not homologous to the coding sequences for male sex expression in S. alba unless they represent genetic elements of the hypothetical gyndyioecious precursor. Two other aspects of the S. alba-M. violaceum interaction have yielded interesting results. M. violaceum grows as sporidia outside of the host, but as short hyphae in planta. The switch from sporidial to hyphal growth is mediated in vitro by hyphal growth factors (HGFs) isolated from aqueous host plant extracts as well as by -tocopherol. In addition to changing the fungal growth form. HGFs may serve as host recognition factors. Siderophore mutants of M. violaceum that accumulated less rhodotorulic acid than wild type also showed reduced or no pathogenicity, indicating that siderophores are an important factor in the host-pathogen interaction.     

Genetic variation of the genus Kengyilia by ISSR markers

We investigated the genetic variation within 32 accessions distributed to 14 species and one variety by using ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) markers. The results showed that genetic variation was relatively higher among the accessions. A total of 593 bands were amplified by 12 ISSR primers, of which 535 bands (90.2%) were polymorphic. Eleven to 80 polymorphic bands were amplified from each prime, with an average of 44.6 bands. The interspecies GS (genetic similarity) value ranged from 0.430 to 0.866, and the average was 0.620. Cluster analysis showed that all accessions could be classified into 4 groups by ISSR markers. The different accessions in a species were clustered together, but they had genetic variation in molecular levels. There was obvious interspecies genetic variation. Species with similar morphological characteristics and from the same areas or neighboring geographical regions were clustered together and had close relationships. ISSR markers are useful in analyzing interspecies variation in Kengyilia. __________ Translated from Guihaia, 2006, 26 (4): 375–380 [译自: 广西植物]     

RAPD and ISSR markers indicate diminished gene flow due to recent fragmentation of Polylepis australis woodlands in central Argentina

Two Polylepis australis BITT. populations differing in size were examined with the aim of determining future sampling strategies; assessing levels of genetic diversity and checking whether trees of different ages might vary in their genetic structure due to the effects of fragmentation. RADP and ISSR gave similar values of diversity. A re-sampling technique showed that for P. australis, 10 trees and 20 markers were enough to produce an unbiased estimator of heterozygosity. AMOVA suggested differences in allele frequencies between young and old trees in the small population (p = 0.052), but not in a large population (p = 0.864); suggesting that gene flow between the areas diminished in relatively recent times. This assumption is supported by the fact that allele frequencies among both woodlands were significantly different between the young (p < 0.0001), but not the older trees (p = 0.87).     

Genetic diversity of an amphicarpic species, Amphicarpaea edgeworthii Benth. (Leguminosae) based on RAPD markers

Amphicarpaea edgeworthii Benth. is an amphicarpic legume widespread in China. Amphicarpy describes the phenomenon that a plant produces aerial as well as subterranean fruits. A. edgeworthii can reproduce via three kinds of flowers: aerial chasmogamous flowers, aerial cleistogamous flowers, and subterranean cleistogamous flowers. Although there are some studies on the population genetic structure of species with both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers, none has been done for that of an amphicarpic species so far. The present study uses random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to assess level and pattern of genetic variation in 15 natural populations of A. edgeworthii. A total of 131 stable and clearly scored RAPD bands were achieved from 13 primers. The average genetic diversity within populations estimated by Shannon's information index was 0.218 at the population level, but ranged from 0.119 to 0.302, which was significantly different (P < 0.01). Different statistical analyses revealed a high level of genetic differentiation among populations (G_ST = 0.473–0.527). Thus, the pattern of genetic structure of A. edgeworthii is consistent with that of an inbreeding species.     

SEC of mono-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in a wide range of pH; Mark–Houwink constants

A method for determination of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) molecular weight (M_W) and chemical heterogeneity (degree of oxidation (DO)) using a bi-detector HPSEC (UV-detector online with refractometer) has been developed. It has been found that the use of 0.5 N NaOH or 0.4 M acetate buffer as the eluent ensures CMC separation according to M_W. It has been revealed that the universal calibration for the polyelectrolyte CMC and the neutral polymer dextran is valid under the conditions applied. The Mark–Houwink equations for CMC in 0.5 N NaOH and 0.4 M acetate buffer have been estimated to be [η]=5.37×10⁻⁴ M_W^0.73 and [η] =2.24×10⁻⁴ M_W^0.83 dl g⁻¹, respectively. The equation log K=1.64−4.00 ml g⁻¹ for CMC has been estimated. An approach for determining DO from adsorption at 290 or 313 nm has been developed.     

福建省野牡丹属种质资源的ISSR分析

为探讨福建省野牡丹属(Melastoma L.)植物的亲缘关系,运用ISSR分子标记技术对源自福建省的野牡丹属野生种质及部分实生后代共34份材料进行分析。结果表明,11条多态性引物对34份种质DNA进行扩增,共获得112条完整、清晰的谱带,其中多态性条带104条,多态性比率为92.9%,表明野牡丹属种质资源具有较高的遗传多样性。34份种质材料的相似系数为0.55~0.93,平均相似系数为0.71,表明这些材料间的亲缘关系较近。聚类分析表明34份材料可划分为3个类群5个亚类,主坐标散点分析可分为4个类群,这与亲缘关系分析的结果基本一致。这从分子水平上揭示了福建省野牡丹属野生种质及部分具备优良园艺性状实生后代的亲缘关系,为该属植物的良种选育工作提供了理论依据。     

外来种无瓣海桑化感作用研究初报*

种子萌发率和胚根长度作为测量指标,以化感效应敏感指数RI为评价指标,研究了无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)各器官的水浸液对海桑(Sonneratia caseolaris)和无瓣海桑种子发芽的影响。结果表明:1)无瓣海桑的各器官水浸液对海桑种子萌发均起抑制作用,高浓度下抑制效应明显;2)不同浓度无瓣海桑根的水浸液对海桑的胚根长均起抑制作用,高浓度下显著抑制,随着浓度降低抑制作用减弱;无瓣海桑的枝、叶和果的水浸液对海桑的胚根长表现为"高抑低促",即高浓度下显著抑制,随着浓度降低抑制作用减弱甚至转为促进;3)无瓣海桑各器官的水浸液对本身种子的发芽表现为"高抑低促";4)无瓣海桑果的水浸液对本身的胚根长表现为高浓度下显著抑制,随着浓度降低抑制作用逐渐减弱;无瓣海桑枝、叶和根的水浸液对本身的胚根长表现为"高抑低促";5)无瓣海桑各器官的水浸液中果的水浸液对海桑或无瓣海桑种子发芽和胚根长的抑制作用最强。     

Genetic variation of the genus Kengyilia by ISSR markers

We investigated the genetic variation within 32 accessions distributed to 14 species and one variety by using ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) markers.The results showed that genetic variation was relatively higher among the accessions.A total of 593 bands were amplified by 12 ISSR primers,of which 535 bands (90.2%) were polymorphic.Eleven to 80 polymorphie bands were amplified from each prime,with an average of 44.6 bands.The interspecies GS (genetic similarity)value ranged from 0.430 to 0.866,and the average was 0.620.Cluster analysis showed that all accessions could be classified into 4 groups by ISSR markers.The different accessions in a species were clustered together,but they had genetic variation in molecular levels.There was obvious interspecies genetic variation.Species with similar morphological characteristics and from the same areas or neighboring geographical regions were clustered together and had close relationships.ISSR markers are useful in analyzing interspecies variation in Kengyilia.     

The alternating current polarographic behavior and determination of lansoprazole and omeprazole in dosage forms and biological fluids

The alternating current (AC_t) polarographic behavior of lansoprazole (LNS) and omeprazole (OMP) was studied in Britton Robinson buffers (BRb) over the pH range 4.1–11.5. In BRb of pH 9.6 and 10.5, well-defined AC_t peaks were obtained for both LNS and OMP, respectively. The current–concentration plots were rectilinear over the ranges of 0.4–20 µg mL^− 1 and 0.2–10 µg mL^− 1 for LNS and OMP respectively. The minimum detection limits (S/N = 2) were 0.02 µg mL^− 1 (5.4 × 10^− 8 M) and 0.01 µg mL^− 1 (2.9 × 10^− 8 M) for LNS and OMP, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of the two drugs in their commercial capsules. The average percent recoveries were favorably compared to those obtained by reference methods. Co-administered drugs such as naproxen and methotrexate did not interfere with the proposed method. The proposed method was further extended to the in-vitro determination of the lansoprazole in spiked plasma, the percentage recoveries was 98.47 ± 1.29 (n = 4). The pathway for the electrode reaction for both drugs involved reduction of the sulphonyl group into the corresponding thiol group at the Dropping Mercury Electrode. The advantages of the method were time saving and more sensitive than the other published voltammetric method. Yet The present study is the first report on the use of alterating current polarography (AC_t) in this respect.