细菌小RNA的研究

小RNA(smallRNA,sRNA)在基因表达调控和生长发育等方面发挥着重要作用。细菌sRNA多通过与靶mRNA配对,转录后水平影响目的mRNA翻译或(和)稳定性,对基因的表达进行调节,以影响细胞的多种生理功能。本文从细菌sRNA与真核生物微RNA(microRNA,miRNA)的比较,sRNA的分类,sRNA分子伴侣Hfq及sRNA鉴别方法等方面综述了sRNA的研究进展,指出目前sRNA研究仍然存在的问题。原核生物中sRNA的大量发现和深入研究,有可能使人们对生物进化和生命的发展过程有更为深入的认识与了解。     

Milligram scale production of potent recombinant small interfering RNAs in Escherichia coli

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are invaluable research tools for studying gene functions in mammalian cells. siRNAs are mainly produced by chemical synthesis or by enzymatic digestion of double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced in vitro. Recently, bacterial cells, engineered with ectopic plant viral siRNA binding protein p19, have enabled the production of “recombinant” siRNAs (pro‐siRNAs). Here, we describe an optimized methodology for the production of milligram amount of highly potent recombinant pro‐siRNAs from Escherichia coli cells. We first optimized bacterial culture medium and tested new designs of pro‐siRNA production plasmid. Through the exploration of multiple pro‐siRNA related factors, including the expression of p19 protein, (dsRNA) generation method, and the level of RNase III, we developed an optimal pro‐siRNA production plasmid. Together with a high–cell density fed‐batch fermentation method in a bioreactor, we have achieved a yield of ~10 mg purified pro‐siRNA per liter of bacterial culture. The pro‐siRNAs produced by the optimized method can achieve high efficiency of gene silencing when used at low nanomolar concentrations. This new method enables fast, economical, and renewable production of pure and highly potent bioengineered pro‐siRNAs at the milligram level. Our study also provides important insights into the strategies for optimizing the production of RNA products in bacteria, which is an under‐explored field.     

小分子RNA在植物激素信号通路中的调控功能

植物激素是调控植物生长发育的信号分子。近年来的研究发现,小分子RNA作为基因表达调控网络的组分,参与植物激素信号途径,在植物生长发育和胁迫反应方面发挥重要作用。本文综述了miRNA和次级siRNA(Short interfering RNAs)介导的基因调控与植物激素信号通路相互作用的研究进展,主要包括生长素、赤霉素、油菜素内酯和脱落酸途径涉及的miRNA及其功能,并对不同发育过程中miRNA参与的不同激素信号通路的交叉和互作进行了讨论。     

链球菌非编码小RNA研究进展

非编码小RNA(Small non-coding RNA,sRNA)是一种存在于原核和真核生物中的新型调控RNA,长度约为40～500个核苷酸。作为一类关键的调控因子,sRNA通过与靶mRNA或蛋白质结合来调控细胞内的基因表达。大部分细菌sRNA在大肠杆菌等革兰氏阴性菌中被发现并研究,但近十年来越来越多的sRNA在革兰氏阳性菌中被逐步发现。作为一类革兰氏阳性菌,链球菌属中sRNA目前研究主要集中在毒力调节,鲜有其他调控的报道。本文总结了链球菌中sRNA的最新进展,并介绍其主要功能和机理,以期为细菌sRNA研究提供借鉴。     

利用合成调控RNA技术提高大肠杆菌异源合成红霉素前体6-脱氧红霉内酯B产量

红霉素为代表的聚酮类化合物已经成功的在大肠杆菌中实现了异源合成,但其产量仍然较低(仅~10 mg/L)。本研究基于大肠杆菌全基因组代谢模型iAF1260,利用通量平衡分析预测了红霉素母核6-脱氧红霉内酯(6-Deoxyerythronolide B,6-d EB)生物合成的关键靶点,通过合成调控RNA技术(Synthetic small regulatory RNAs,sRNAs)对预测的靶点进行验证。结果表明,以弱化lsrC(编码LsrABC转运蛋白)和ack A(编码乙酸激酶蛋白)为代表的关键靶点改造可以显著提高6-d EB异源合成,提高幅度可达48.7%。通过弱化靶点的组合,进一步改善了6-d EB的异源合成,产量最终可达22.8 mg/L,比出发菌株产量提高59.9%。本研究发现和确认了6个有效的调控靶点,最终成功地改善了6-d EB在大肠杆菌中的异源合成。研究表明,通量分布比较分析结合sRNAs技术是一种有效的方法提高6-d EB异源合成,也为改善其他代谢产物的异源合成提供了可供借鉴的研究思路。     

人工小RNA调控元件在合成生物学中的应用北大核心CSCD

合成生物学通过改造天然系统或创造生物元件、模块和系统赋予生命体新的功能,为农业、能源、制造业及医学进步带来了巨大推动力。对元件、模块或系统的精准、定量及高效调控将对合成生命系统的控制至关重要。细菌小RNA是一类长度在50–300 bp且通常不具备翻译能力的功能小分子,在环境胁迫响应、代谢变化适应和细菌毒力控制过程中发挥着不可替代的调控作用。近年来,基于天然小RNA设计构建的人工小RNA调控元件的工作日益丰富,实现了对目的基因甚至通路的有效抑制或激活。人工小RNA分子小、灵活性高,可程序化且易于设计,几乎不会对宿主细胞造成代谢负担,因此在合成生物学中具备广泛应用前景。为促进对人工小RNA的机理理解及应用拓展,本文围绕若干人工小RNA调控元件进行了系统介绍及比较;此外,总结了其在合成生物学中的代表性应用;最后,对其未来优化方向进行了讨论。     

Small regulatory non‐coding RNAs in bacteria: physiology and mechanistic aspects

Regulatory ncRNAs (non‐coding RNAs) adjust bacterial physiology in response to environmental cues. ncRNAs can base‐pair to mRNAs and change their translation efficiency and/or their stability, or they can bind to proteins and modulate their activity. ncRNAs have been discovered in several species throughout the bacterial kingdom. This review illustrates the diversity of physiological processes and molecular mechanisms where ncRNAs are key regulators.     

Crystal Structure of the Escherichia coli DExH-Box NTPase HrpB

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The ribonuclease polynucleotide phosphorylase can interact with small regulatory RNAs in both protective and degradative modes

In all bacterial species examined thus far, small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) contribute to intricate patterns of dynamic genetic regulation. Many of the actions of these nucleic acids are mediated by well-characterized chaperones such as the Hfq protein, but genetic screens have also recently identified the 3′-to-5′ exoribonuclease polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) as an unexpected stabilizer and facilitator of sRNAs in vivo. To understand how a ribonuclease might mediate these effects, we tested the interactions of PNPase with sRNAs and found that the enzyme can readily degrade these nucleic acids in vitro but, nonetheless, copurifies from cell extracts with the same sRNAs without discernible degradation or modification to their 3′ ends, suggesting that the associated RNA is protected against the destructive activity of the ribonuclease. In vitro, PNPase, Hfq, and sRNA can form a ternary complex in which the ribonuclease plays a nondestructive, structural role. Such ternary complexes might be formed transiently in vivo, but could help to stabilize particular sRNAs and remodel their population on Hfq. Taken together, our results indicate that PNPase can be programmed to act on RNA in either destructive or stabilizing modes in vivo and may form complex, protective ribonucleoprotein assemblies that shape the landscape of sRNAs available for action.     

Evolutionary disequilibrium and activity period in primates: a bayesian phylogenetic approach

Activity period plays a central role in studies of primate origins and adaptations, yet fundamental questions remain concerning the evolutionary history of primate activity period. Lemurs are of particular interest because they display marked variation in activity period, with some species exhibiting completely nocturnal or diurnal lifestyles, and others distributing activity throughout the 24-h cycle (i.e., cathemerality). Some lines of evidence suggest that cathemerality in lemurs is a recent and transient evolutionary state (i.e., the evolutionary disequilibrium hypothesis), while other studies indicate that cathemerality is a stable evolutionary strategy with a more ancient history. Debate also surrounds activity period in early primate evolution, with some recent studies casting doubt on the traditional hypothesis that basal primates were nocturnal. Here, we used Bayesian phylogenetic methods to reconstruct activity period at key points in primate evolution. Counter to the evolutionary disequilibrium hypothesis, the most recent common ancestor of Eulemur was reconstructed as cathemeral at ～9-13 million years ago, indicating that cathemerality in lemurs is a stable evolutionary strategy. We found strong evidence favoring a nocturnal ancestor for all primates, strepsirrhines and lemurs, which adds to previous findings based on parsimony by providing quantitative support for these reconstructions. Reconstructions for the haplorrhine ancestor were more equivocal, but diurnality was favored for simian primates. We discuss the implications of our models for the evolutionary disequilibrium hypothesis, and we identify avenues for future research that would provide new insights into the evolution of cathemerality in lemurs.     

Evolutionary conservation of a molecular machinery for export and expression of mRNAs with retained introns

Intron retention is one of the least studied forms of alternative splicing. Through the use of retrovirus and other model systems, it was established many years ago that mRNAs with retained introns are subject to restriction both at the level of nucleocytoplasmic export and cytoplasmic expression. It was also demonstrated that specific cis-acting elements in the mRNA could serve to bypass these restrictions. Here we show that one of these elements, the constitutive transport element (CTE), first identified in the retrovirus MPMV and subsequently in the human NXF1 gene, is a highly conserved element. Using GERP analysis, CTEs with strong primary sequence homology, predicted to display identical secondary structure, were identified in NXF genes from >30 mammalian species. CTEs were also identified in the predicted NXF1 genes of zebrafish and coelacanths. The CTE from the zebrafish NXF1 was shown to function efficiently to achieve expression of mRNA with a retained intron in human cells in conjunction with zebrafish Nxf1 and cofactor Nxt proteins. This demonstrates that all essential functional components for expression of mRNA with retained introns have been conserved from fish to man.     

Specificity and Evolutionary Conservation of the Escherichia coli RNA Pyrophosphohydrolase RppH

Bacterial RNA degradation often begins with conversion of the 5′-terminal triphosphate to a monophosphate by the RNA pyrophosphohydrolase RppH, an event that triggers rapid ribonucleolytic attack. Besides its role as the master regulator of 5′-end-dependent mRNA decay, RppH is important for the ability of pathogenic bacteria to invade host cells, yet little is known about how it chooses its targets. Here, we show that Escherichia coli RppH (EcRppH) requires at least two unpaired nucleotides at the RNA 5′ end and prefers three or more such nucleotides. It can tolerate any nucleotide at the first three positions but has a modest preference for A at the 5′ terminus and either a G or A at the second position. Mutational analysis has identified EcRppH residues crucial for substrate recognition or catalysis. The promiscuity of EcRppH differentiates it from its Bacillus subtilis counterpart, which has a strict RNA sequence requirement. EcRppH orthologs likely to share its relaxed sequence specificity are widespread in all classes of Proteobacteria, except Deltaproteobacteria, and in flowering plants. By contrast, the phylogenetic range of recognizable B. subtilis RppH orthologs appears to be restricted to the order Bacillales. These findings help to explain the selective influence of RppH on bacterial mRNA decay and show that RppH-dependent degradation has diversified significantly during the course of evolution.