真菌类遗传学分析教学概论

真菌类遗传学分析教学概论侯占铭（内蒙古师范大学生物系,呼和浩特０１００２２）ＯｕｔｌｉｎｅｏｆＴｅａｃｈｉｎｇＭｅｔｈｏｄｆｏｒＧｅｎｅｔｉｃＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＦｕｎｇｉＨｏｕＺｈａｎｍｉｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＩｎｎｅｒＭｏ...     

ACTA PHYTOECOL OGICA SINICA Vol.26 CONTENTS

Ｎｏ．1　（Ｊａｎ．,2 0 0 2 ）ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｎｔｈｅＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＵｒｂａｎＶｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＩｔｓＭａｐｐｉｎｇＢａｓｅｄｏｎＲｅｍｏｔｅＳｅｎｓｉｎｇａｎｄＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎＳｙｓｔｅｍＧＡＯＪ     

生态学中的干扰理论与应用实例

生态学中的干扰理论与应用实例魏斌张霞吴热风（北京大学环境科学中心,１００８７１）ＴｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＤｉｓｔｕｒｂａｎｃｅｉｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄｉｔｓＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．ＷｅｉＢｉｎ,ＺｈａｎｇＸｉａａｎｄＷｕＲｅｆｅｎｇ...     

曲周县畜牧业规模效益分析

曲周县畜牧业规模效益分析曹志平（北京农业大学生物学院１０００９４）ＢｅｎｅｆｉｔＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｎＡｎｉｍａｌＨｕｓｂａｎｄｒｙＳｃａｌｅｓｉｎＱｕｚｈｏｕＣｏｕｎｔｙ￥．ＣａｏＺｈｉｐｉｎｇ（ＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＡｇｒ...     

重庆地区“双千田”组合模式及效益分析

重庆地区“双千田”组合模式及效益分析郑钦玉,朱自均,胡声荣,袁可（西南农业大学,重庆６３０７１６）雷炎,李登国,程世宇,温永学,刘官堂（四川省巴县农业局）ＣｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎＭｏｄｅｌｓｏｆ＂ＴｏｎＧｒａｉｎＹｉｅｌｄｉｎｇＦｉｅｌｄ＂ｉｎＣｈｏｎｇｑｉｎｇＡｒｅａａｎｄＴｋｅｉｒＢｅｎｅｆｉｔＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓ￥．ＺｈｅｎｇＱｉｎｙｕ;ＺｈｕＺｈｉｊｕｎ;ＨｕＳｈｅｎｇｒｏｎｇ;ＹｕａｎＫｅ（ＳｏｕｔｈｗｅｓｔＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｃｈｏｎｇｑｉｎｇ６３０７１６）,ＬｅｉＹａｎ,ＬｉＤｅｎｇｇｕｏ,ＣｈｅｎｇＳｈｉｙｕ,ＷｅｎＹｏｎｇｘｕｅ,ＬｉｕＧｕａｎｔａｎｇ（ＢａｘｉａｎＢｕｒｅａｕｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ,ＳｉｃｈｕａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｍａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｅｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：３４—３６．Ｉｎｔｈｅｌｉｇｈｔｏｆｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓａｎｄｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｏｆｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｉｎｇｗｉｎｔｅｒ－ｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇｐａｄｄｙｆｉｅｌｄｓｉｎＣｈｏｎｇｑｉｎｇａｒｅａａｎｄｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｓｅａｒｃｈａｆｔｅｒｔｈｅｏｐｔｉｍｕｍｍｏｄｅｌｏｆｒｅｆ     

用全息观点看农业生态经济系统

用全息观点看农业生态经济系统曹志平（北京农业大学生物学院,１０００９４）ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆＡｇｒｏ－ＥｃｏｌｏｍｉｃＳｙｓｔｅｍＦｒｏｍｔｈｅＶｉｅｗｐｏｉｎｔｓｏｆＨｏｌｏｇｒａｐｂｙ．￥ＣａｏＺｈｉｐｉｎｇ（ＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,Ｂ...     

Morphometric Analysis of Hepatocellular carcinoma

Ｍｏｒｐｈｏｍｅｔｒｉｃ　Ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ　ｏｆ　Ｈｅｐａｔｏｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒ　ｃａｒｃｉｎｏｍａＬａｉＭａｏ－ｄｅ（来茂德）;ＣｈｅｎＰｅｉ－ｈｕｉ（陈培辉）ａｎｄＺｈｏｕＳｈｕｉ－ｙｕｎ（周水云）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＰａｔｈｏｌｏｇｙ,Ｚｈ...     

棉蚜田间种群特定死亡率分析

棉蚜田间种群特定死亡率分析戈峰丁岩钦（中国科学院动物研究所,北京１０００８０）ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｅＴｉｍｅ┐ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃＭｏｒｔａｌｉｔｙｏｆＣｏｔｔｏｎＡｐｈｉｄ（Ａｐｈｉｓｇｏｓｓｙｐü）Ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ．ＧｅＦｅｎｇ,ＤｉｎｇＹａ...     

西安生态养殖模式能流特征分析

西安生态养殖模式能流特征分析姜勇,张继宏,张玉阁,颜丽,关连珠,须湘成（沈阳农业大学土壤肥力研究室,１１０１６１）Ｅｎｅｒｇｙ－ＦｌｏｗＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｉｎＸｉａｎＥｃｏ－ＡｎｉｍａｌＢｒｅｅｄｉｎｇＭｏｄｅｌ￥ＪｉａｎｇＹｏｎｇｌ;ＺｈａｎｇＪｉｈ...     

氟监测植物筛选的主成分分析方法

氟监测植物筛选的主成分分析方法马恩林（首都师范大学,北京１０００５３）ＵｓｅｏｆＰｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌＣｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｉｎＳｅｌｅｃｔｉｎｇＭｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇＰｌａｎｔｓｆｏｒＦｌｕｏｒｉｄｅ￥ＭａＥｎｌｉｎ（ＣａｐｉｔａｌＮｏｒｍａ...     

生态系统生态服务的供应与消耗平衡关系分析

目前对生态服务功能价值的研究主要集中在自然生态系统的供应方面,而对人工生态系统,尤其是建设用地系统对生态服务价值的消费或影响重视不够。在Costanza全球生态服务价值研究成果基础上,采用替代成本法、防治成本法、影子价格法等多种间接市场方法给出人工生态系统对生态服务消费或影响的估算方法,并结合江苏省太仓市的应用实例,研究其生态系统服务1996—2003不同年度变化的供应及消费情况,并在此基础上分析生态服务的平衡状况,结果显示,1996-2001年间生态服务基本保持平衡,2001年后生态净服务（供需相抵后的生态服务）呈急剧下降之势,建议在今后的社会经济活动中应适量降低活动强度,尽量维持区域生态服务的平衡。不单单分析生态服务的供应状况,而是从整个生态系统生态服务的平衡着手,有利于引导人类的社会活动向维护生态服务的方向进行。     

Analysis of historic changes in regional ecosystem service provisioning using land use data

Land use change has a major impact on goods and services that our environment supplies for society. While detailed ecological or biophysical field studies are needed to quantify the exact amount of ecosystem service supply at local scales, such a monitoring might be unfeasible at the regional scale. Since field scale monitoring schemes for ecosystem services or ecosystem functioning are missing, proxy based indicators can help to assess the historic development of ecosystem services or ecosystem functioning at the regional scale. We show at the example of the historic development (1964–2004) in the district of Leipzig/Germany how land use/land cover data can be used to derive regional scale indicators for ecosystem functions. We focus thereby on two hypotheses: (1) the ecosystem functioning has degraded over time and (2) changes in land use configuration play an important role in this degradation. The study focuses on indicators for ecosystem functions related to (i) water purification by riparian buffer strips, (ii) pollination, (iii) food production and (iv) outdoor recreation. Each indicator builds on the analysis of land use configuration and land use composition information and is tested on sensitivity/robustness with respect to parameters which had to be estimated based on expert knowledge. We show that land use composition is an important aspect in our ecosystem service assessment. Although our study region is faced with a maximum land use change of 11% in the major land use classes between 1964 and 2004, we see a decrease of ecosystem function indicators up to 23%. The regional assessment shows an overall trend for degradation of ecosystem functioning from 1964 to 1984. This trend is reversed between 1984 and 1994 but the process slowed down until 2004 without reaching the level of 1964.     

黄淮海湿地生态系统服务与生物多样性保护格局的耦合性

研究生物多样性格局与生态系统服务格局之间的空间耦合效应,探讨以生物多样性保育为核心目标的自然保护体系同时能多大程度满足对生态系统服务功能的维护和支撑,已成为自然保护领域新的热点关注问题。目前研究多限于陆域生态系统,其方法难以适用于湿地生态系统。以黄淮海湿地——这一高强度人类活动的区域为研究区,基于湿地生态系统的横向连接度、纵向连接度(2D)以及结合地下水的垂向连接度(3D),对黄淮海地区湿地具有的生态系统服务功能进行了空间评估和分析,识别出具有重要意义的生态系统服务功能区域,结合现有保护区分布情况进行空间分析,评价现有保护区对生态系统服务功能的支持程度,即生物多样性保护与生态系统服务功能重点区域的空间耦合性。研究结果表明:目前湿地保护区并未有效覆盖湿地生态系统关键区域,湿地生态系统服务关键格局也存在大量明显的保护空缺。同时,随着2D到3D延伸,保护区对生态系统服务功能的支持程度也稍有提高,这与系统保护规划中选择不同保护目标后保护规划格局发生变化的情况类似,而生态系统服务功能的"热点地区"(重要区域)与保护生物学中所指的物种保护的热点地区类似,这表明生态系统服务功能的规划和保护也可以借鉴保护生物学中系统保护规划的理论和方法,为后续研究提供参照。     

斑潜蝇及天敌复合生态系统的主成份分析方法

本文以蚕豆田间斑潜蝇及天敌复合生态系统为例,首先确定了复合生态系统中的昆虫种群,然后运用主成份分析方法对复合生态系统起主要作用的昆虫种群进行了分析,并进一步建立评价函数对复合生态系统各时期进行评分并排序,比较复合生态系统各时期复合体的大小,其结果可直接用于指导实践.     

植物对气候变化生理生态响应的不确定性分析

生态系统对全球气候变化的响应模式有利于人类预测与适应未来生态环境变化,植物作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,对全球气候变化的响应具有重要作用.本文通过对近年来植物对气候变化的生理生态响应研究中(包括定点控制实验,空间代替时间样带),植物响应模式的复杂性、多样性及可变性等诸多不确定性进行分析.以探讨预测未来气候情景下植物的动态变化及生理生态响应过程.分析结果认为.造成这些不确定性的主要原因包括:(1)利用空间代替时间的样带研究中,往往忽略了植物的非线性响应,存在明显的阈值;(2)样带及定点研究中,由于各种气候因子的耦合.很难确定各种气候因子对植物生理生态学特性影响的权重;(3)定点控制实验中往往忽略了植物对气候变化的适应性,使实验结果很难代表更长时间尺度上的反映模式;(4)在相同的气候变化条件下,不同植物的响应有可能存在明显差异.提出了今后植物对气候变化生理生态响应研究的建议.     

Socioeconomic Mechanisms Preventing Optimum Use of Ecosystem Services: An Interdisciplinary Theoretical Analysis

Ecosystems provide a wide range of services to society. Some forms of use affect the quality of the ecosystem, reducing its value for other users. This leads to a conflict of interest that is often settled through political processes, resulting in some form of regulation. We link theory on ecosystem response to theories from the socioeconomic branches of science to analyze the mechanisms behind two widespread problems associated with such political solutions. First, they often represent a compromise rather than an integrative solution. We demonstrate that, particularly in sensitive ecosystems, integrative solutions yield a higher average social utility and imply a higher ecosystem quality. Integrative solutions require insight into ecosystems responses to different forms of use and a complete overview of ecosystem services to society. Second, there is a systematic bias away from optimal shared use toward activities that are detrimental to ecosystem quality. This bias arises from the fact that utilities depending on ecosystem quality are often shared by large diffuse groups, whereas pollution and harvesting activities can usually be traced to relatively small and well-organized groups. Theory and data indicate that this type of concentrated group is systematically better at mustering political power than large groups, which find it difficult to realize collective action due to what is known in game theory as “free-rider problems.” Our analysis suggests that the following three key ingredients are needed to correct the problems of bias and compromise: (a) clear insight into ecosystem dynamic responses to human use, (b) a broad inventory of credible measurements of ecosystem utilities, (c) avoidance of bias due to differences in the organizational power of groups of stakeholders. We argue that good ecosystem models, institutionalized ecosystem valuation, and innovative tax-setting schedules are essential to achieving a socially fair and sustainable use of ecosystems by societies. In addition, we highlight the fact that many environmental problems remain unresolved for a long time and briefly identify the social mechanisms responsible for this delay. Received 10 November 1999; accepted 28 April 2000.     

Relative Urban Ecosystem Health Assessment: A Method Integrating Comprehensive Evaluation and Detailed Analysis

Regarding the basic roles of urban ecosystem health assessment (i.e., discovering the comprehensive health status, and diagnosing the limiting factors of urban ecosystems), the general framework integrating comprehensive evaluation and detailed analysis is established, from both bottom-up and top-down directions. Emergy-based health indicators are established to reflect the urban ecosystem health status from a biophysical viewpoint. Considering the intrinsic uncertainty and relativity of urban ecosystem health, set pair analysis is combined with the emergy-based indicators to fill the general framework and evaluate the relative health level of urban ecosystems. These techniques are favorable for understanding the overall urban ecosystem health status and confirming the limiting factors of concerned urban ecosystems from biophysical perspective. Moreover, clustering analysis is applied by combining the health status with spatial geographical conditions. Choosing 26 typical Chinese cities in 2005, relative comprehensive urban ecosystem health levels were evaluated. The higher health levels of Xiamen, Qingdao, Shenzhen, and Zhuhai are in particular contrast to those of Wuhan, Beijing, Yinchuan, and Harbin, which are relatively poor. In addition, the conditions of each factor and related indicators are investigated through set pair analysis, from which the critical limiting factors of Beijing are confirmed. According to clustering analysis results, the urban ecosystems studied are divided into four groups. It is concluded that the proposed framework of urban ecosystem health assessment, which integrates comprehensive evaluation and detailed analysis and is fulfilled by emergy synthesis and set pair analysis, can serve as a useful tool to conduct diagnosis of urban ecosystem health.     

鄂尔多斯市生态系统格局和质量变化及驱动力

生态系统变化是生态问题产生的主要驱动力之一,研究生态系统格局与质量变化对于认识人类活动与生态系统关系具有重要意义。鄂尔多斯市能源资源丰富,但生态环境脆弱,2000年以来,鄂尔多斯市在大规模开发能源的同时,也在不断加强生态环境的保护,而研究鄂尔多斯市生态系统格局与质量演变过程,对认识生态脆弱区发展与保护的关系有重要价值。应用遥感数据和GIS技术,评估了鄂尔多斯市生态系统类型与格局、生态系统质量的特征,以及2000年以来的时空变化趋势,分析了导致鄂尔多斯市生态系统格局与质量变化的驱动力因素。结果表明:(1)鄂尔多斯市的草地、荒漠裸地和农田为主要生态系统类型,分别占2010年市域面积的64.46%、21.34%与5.93%。(2)鄂尔多斯市城镇、灌丛、森林面积有所增加,草地、湿地、农田、荒漠裸地面积有所下降。城镇面积增幅最大,相对变化率增加33.37%,草地面积降幅最大,相对变化率减少0.78%,变化主要集中在中部、东北部。(3)鄂尔多斯市生态系统质量整体偏低,低等级与差等级的生态系统面积比例高达98.91%。全市的生态系统质量没有明显改善,其中生态系统质量有不同程度改善的面积为15.84%,质量降低的面积比例为15.29%。(4)生态系统格局与质量变化的主要驱动力有城市扩张、农田开垦、退耕还林(草湿)、生态保护、矿山开采等,鄂尔多斯市生态系统质量与降水、退耕还草工程、道路密度、温度、GDP1、放牧因子相关性显著。     

基于植被降水利用效率和NDVI的黄河上游地区生态退化研究

提出了一种植被降水利用效率和NDVI变化趋势分析相结合识别生态退化、生态恢复区域的方法。利用黄河上游地区1982—2006年的AVHRR NDVI数据及同期16个气象站的降水量数据为基础数据源,计算每个像元的降水利用效率及其变化趋势,结合NDVI变化辨识生态退化和生态恢复的区域范围。结果表明,研究区域80%处于生态恢复阶段,恢复现象较为明显的区域主要位于东南部;生态退化显著的区域主要集中在玛多县县城,扎陵湖、鄂陵湖附近和龙羊峡库区周边。该结果与黄河上游地区草地退化的现状基本吻合,表明该方法可靠性较强,可以作为评估区域生态退化或生态恢复的方法。植被降水利用效率与NDVI变化趋势相结合的方法可以避免仅使用降水利用效率可能产生的误判。研究可为黄河上游地区开展生态恢复工程,合理规划和调整生态建设布局提供科学依据。     

森林生态系统健康评估I．模式、计算方法和指标体系

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