西江下游浮游植物群落周年变化模式

西江肇庆段是珠江干流汇入珠三角河网水域的咽喉通道,对2009年该江段的浮游植物群落组成及变化进行系统阐析.调查期间共发现浮游植物7门,245种(包括变种、变型),其中硅藻和绿藻是浮游植物群落组成的最主要类群,分别占总种数的42.44％和34.69％,其次是裸藻和蓝藻.PCA分析结果显示,浮游植物各类群的种类丰富度和生物量的周年变化趋势主要受水温和径流量的影响.浮游植物种类丰富度的周年变化呈现明显的高温季节高,低温季节低的特征,除因大多数藻类物种直接喜好高温之外,径流量的增大有助于真浮游绿藻种类的外源注入及半浮游和偶然性浮游硅藻种类的增加.浮游植物生物量的周年变化呈现明显的双峰型,峰值分别出现在8月和11月.然而8月份第1个高峰出现之前,生物量波动不大,尽管水温的升高有助于生物量的增加,但是径流量增大所带来的稀释作用掩盖了水温上升对浮游植物生长的促进作用.真浮游植物生物量的变化趋势和数值与总浮游植物极其接近,主要得益于真浮游硅藻物种颗粒直链藻在总种群中的绝对优势地位.综上,水温升高对浮游植物种类丰富度和生物量的增长均有促进,径流量的增大虽然有助于种类丰富度的增加,但不利于生物量的增加.     

井冈山地区莲鱼复合种养模式效益评价

为研究莲鱼复合种养生态系统中的浮游植物群落特征, 及该养殖模式的经济和生态效益, 2019年春季至秋季, 对江西井冈山地区莲鱼种养、莲单种和鱼单养3种种养模式的水质及浮游生物开展了季节调查, 结合当地生产经营, 分析了不同种养模式的经济效益及生态足迹。研究表明, (1)共鉴定出浮游植物7门103种,其中绿藻56种, 蓝藻21种, 硅藻16种, 裸藻3种, 隐藻4种, 金藻2种, 黄藻1种。复合种养模式水体的水质均处于轻污染-无污染状态, 优于单种和单养模式, 且优势种存在季节性差异。(2)冗余分析表明, 水温和溶解氧是影响莲鱼复合种养生态系统浮游植物群落结构的关键环境因子, 总磷(鱼单养模式的主要影响因子)和硝酸氮(莲单养模式的主要影响因子)并不是影响该复合种养模式中浮游植物群落的主要环境因子。(3)莲鱼复合种养经济效益为25200元/公顷, 介于鱼单养和莲单种模式之间, 但其产生每万元利润的生态足迹最低, 为4.48 hm2, 是鱼单养模式的80.9%, 莲单种的33.2%。江西井冈山地区的莲鱼复合种养模式是一种高效益、低生态负荷的综合种养模式, 适宜在当地大面积推广。     

Progressive changes in the structure and dynamics of the phytoplankton community along a pollution gradient in a lowland river — a multivariate approach

The phytoplankton of the River Lujan (Buenos Aires, Argentina) was studied for a period of 18 months, together with physical and chemical variables, in relation to a pollution gradient. 167 taxa were recorded within a seasonal succession characterized by dominance of diatoms with a brief summer green algae facies. A combination of several biotic indices and multivariate analysis was employed to assess the impact of pollution on the phytoplankton community. The biotic indices used were species diversity and richness, algal quotients (green algae/diatom ratio, Centrales/Pennales ratio) and the SD succession rate index. Multivariate procedures included cluster analysis and ordination by PCA of both species and samples, stepwise discriminant analysis and multiple discriminant analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results indicate that community dynamism is attenuated at the more polluted sites, concomitant with an increased predominance of a broad-tolerance algal assemblage, co-dominated by Cyclotella meneghiniana and Nitzschia stagnorum. The changes in the community structure and dynamics described herein involved alterations in the distribution and relative proportions of the algae, rather than modifications in the basic species composition. These changes may not be readily detectable by methods which over-simplify the ecological information, such as systems of indicator species and biotic indices, designed to assess the degree of pollution. The suitability of multivariate analysis and biotic indices in river phytoplankton studies is further discussed.     

长期砷胁迫下大屯海浮游植物群落的季节性特征及其驱动因子

重金属是影响湖泊水质和生态健康的重要胁迫因子,系统识别生物对长期污染胁迫的响应模式是开展污染湖泊生态修复的重要基础。本研究以经历持续砷污染的大屯海为研究对象,于2017年6月—2018年3月对水体浮游植物和环境因子开展季节性调查。结果显示: 大屯海的浮游植物群落主要由蓝藻门组成,与已有研究反映的长期砷胁迫下浮游植物组成以蓝藻门等耐受属种为主的特征一致。相似性和方差分析结果表明,浮游植物群落结构和生物量存在显著的时间差异而空间差异不显著。Pearson相关分析表明,浮游植物总生物量与溶解性正磷酸盐和砷呈显著正相关,与砷对藻类生长产生的低促高抑效应一致,同时磷酸盐的增加可能降低了砷对藻类的毒性效应。冗余分析显示,溶解性营养盐和砷是影响浮游植物群落变化的显著因子。方差分解结果表明,营养盐和水温分别单独解释了群落结构变化的17.6%和3.8%,且与砷产生了较强的相互作用(15.1%);而砷对浮游植物的群落构建无显著的独立作用,反映了现有优势藻类具有对砷较强的耐受性从而对砷浓度的变化不敏感。因此,大屯海的优势浮游植物以耐砷藻类为主,砷对藻类产生的低促效应是污染湖泊修复中需要重点关注的生态效应之一。     

博斯腾湖浮游植物群落结构特征及其影响因子分析

2011年对博斯腾湖大湖区17个采样站位的浮游植物及水体主要理化因子进行了4次系统调查。结果表明, 在17个站位共鉴定出浮游植物127种（属）, 其中优势种（属）9种。浮游植物群落全年均以硅藻为主导, 冬、春季节, 浮游植物组成呈硅藻-甲藻型, 优势类群主要为贫-中营养型浮游藻类, 到夏、秋季节逐渐形成硅藻-绿藻型, 以富营养型的浮游藻类为优势类群。浮游植物总平均生物量为（2.512.95） mg/L, 生物量季节变动显著, 峰值出现在夏季, 冬季最低。基于Canoco的多变量分析表明: 环境变量共解释了浮游植物群落总变异的54.5%, 水温是影响浮游植物分布最重要的环境因子, 其次为枝角类丰度。水中氮含量是影响浮游植物丰度的主要因子, 同时浮游植物对水体有机物含量也有较大的影响。       

Influence of changes in salinity and light intensity on growth of phytoplankton communities from the Schelde river and estuary (Belgium/The Netherlands)

In the Schelde continuum, a succession in the phytoplankton community is observed along the transition from the river to the freshwater tidal reaches of the estuary and from the freshwater to brackish reaches of the estuary. The goal of this study was to experimentally evaluate the contribution of changes in salinity and light climate to this succession. In summer 2000 and in spring 2001, phytoplankton communities from the river, the freshwater tidal reaches and the brackish reaches of the estuary were incubated under high or low light intensities and exposed to a change in salinity. HPLC analysis was used to evaluate the response of different algal groups to changes in light intensity and salinity. When incubated at a light intensity corresponding to the mean underwater light intensity of the freshwater tidal reaches, growth of phytoplankton from the river as well as from freshwater tidal reaches was significantly lower than when incubated at a light intensity corresponding to the mean underwater light intensity of the river. The phytoplankton community from the freshwater tidal reaches did not appear to be better adapted to low light intensities than the phytoplankton community from the river. Although diatoms were expected to be less sensitive to a reduction in light intensity than green algae, the opposite response was observed. Freshwater and brackish water phytoplankton were negatively affected by respectively an increase or decrease in salinity. However, the effect of salinity was not strong enough to explain the disappearance of freshwater and brackish water phytoplankton between a salinity of 0.5 and 10 psu, suggesting that other factors also play a role. In the freshwater phytoplankton communities from the river and the freshwater tidal reaches, green algae and diatoms responded in a similar way to an increase in salinity. In the brackish water phytoplankton community, fucoxanthin displayed a different response to salinity than lutein and chlorophyll a.     

Phytoplankton Composition and Abundance in Restored Maltański Reservoir under the Influence of Physico-Chemical Variables and Zooplankton Grazing Pressure

In this paper we present the effects of environmental factors and zooplankton food pressure on phytoplankton in the restored man-made Maltański Reservoir (MR). Two methods of restoration: biomanipulation and phosphorus inactivation have been applied in the reservoir. Nine taxonomical groups of phytoplankton represented in total by 183 taxa were stated there. The richest groups in respect of taxa number were green algae, cyanobacteria and diatoms. The diatoms, cryptophytes, chrysophytes, cyanobacteria, green algae and euglenophytes dominated in terms of abundance and/or biomass. There were significant changes among environmental parameters resulting from restoration measures which influenced the phytoplankton populations in the reservoir. These measures led to a decrease of phosphorus concentration due to its chemical inactivation and enhanced zooplankton grazing as a result of planktivorous fish stocking. The aim of the study is to analyse the reaction of phytoplankton to the restoration measures and, most importantly, to determine the extent to which the qualitative and quantitative composition of phytoplankton depends on variables changing under the influence of restoration in comparison with other environmental variables. We stated that application of restoration methods did cause significant changes in phytoplankton community structure. The abundance of most phytoplankton taxa was negatively correlated with large zooplankton filter feeders, and positively with zooplankton predators and concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and partly of phosphates. However, restoration was insufficient in the case of decreasing phytoplankton abundance. The effects of restoration treatments were of less importance for the abundance of phytoplankton than parameters that were independent of the restoration. This was due to the continuous inflow of large loads of nutrients from the area of the river catchment.     

贵州山区新建水库浮游植物群落结构特征

对贵州山区新建水库的浮游植物群落结构特征进行研究,有利于了解同类水库的浮游植物群落演替趋势,还可以评估水华发生的潜在风险,为管理部门提供参考。贵州省六盘水市的观音岩水库和万营水库,分别为2018年和2017年建成蓄水的新建水库,文章以实地调查为基础对两座水库的浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子关系进行了研究。2018年11月至2019年10月间的季度调查显示,两座水库分别检出32种和28种浮游植物,优势种均以硅藻和绿藻为主,藻类平均密度分别为3.46×10⁶和4.79×10⁶ cells/L。RDA分析结果显示,观音岩水库和万营水库浮游植物群落的主要驱动因子相同,均为水温(WT)、总磷(TP)和水体透明度(SD)。总体来说,新建水库在运行初期出现藻类暴发的风险较低,在后续管理中,应着重关注浮游植物密度受温度、外源营养及季节变化的影响。     

Field and Laboratory Studies on Nile Phytoplankton in Egypt. II. Phytoplankton

Variations in chlorophyll a concentration and in qualitative and quantitative counts of Nile phytoplankton were followed at Assiut from September 1980 to September 1982. Chlorophyll a concentrations usually correlated well with phytoplankton density. The total phytoplankton exhibited higher counts in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. While diatoms exhibited the highest counts, green algae contributed more genera to the phytoplankton community.     

Effect of heavy metals on marine phytoplankton

Phytoplankton community responses were used in a heavy metals (HM) marine pollution monitoring biological system. A multifactorial analysis was used in in situ experiments in the White Sea to study HM toxicity to a planktonik algae population in their copresence. It was ascertained that algae with a high rate of increase in population size, producing metabolites, restricting development of phytoplankton community associates, gain advantages in isolation conditions. The algae responded differently to addition of individual metals and their combinations in the environment. Change in the number of dominants resulted in disturbance of the phytoplankton community structure. It has been shown that there are cardinal points in phytoplankton development, determining the growth of individual algae populations and planktonic community on the whole, against a background of competition for biogenic elements and space in conditions of TM environment pollution.     

以浮游植物评价达赉湖水质污染及营养水平

1987—1988年在30个样点,四季采样,对达赉湖的浮游植物进行了种类组成,生物量、种群数量、优势种、污染指示种、硅藻指数、综合指数等群落生态学的初步研究,应用后五项参数对达赉湖水质污染及营养水平进行了评价。达赉湖浮游植物年均值达54.7×106个/L(细胞数,或个体数为2.3×106个/L),硅藻指数为149.3,综合指数为5.6。群落组成中污染指示种占65%,春季以绿藻的十字藻、卵囊藻为优势种,其它3个季节均以蓝藻中的微囊藻、鱼腥藻、腔球藻占优势,表明达赉湖已受到中等程度污染,属于蓝、绿藻型富营养湖。       

Long term study on the influence of eutrophication, restoration and biomanipulation on the structure and development of phytoplankton communities in Feldberger Haussee (Baltic Lake District, Germany)

Feldberger Haussee provides a classic example of eutrophication history of hardwater lakes in the Baltic Lake District (Germany) and of changes in their algal flora during the 20th century. The lake originally was regarded as slightly eutrophic. A process of drastic eutrophication from the 1950s until the end of the 1970s caused mass developments of blue-green and green algae. A restoration program was started in the 1980s to improve the water quality of the lake using both diversion of sewage outside the catchment area, and biomanipulation by altering the fish community. This restoration program led to positive changes in the lake ecosystem. Direct effects of biomanipulation resulted in an increase of herbivorous zooplankton, a decrease of phytoplankton biomass, and an increase of water transparency. The recovery of Feldberger Haussee also may have been indirectly enhanced by an increase in nutrient sedimentation as a consequence of intensified calcite precipitation, decrease in phosphorus remobilization due to a pH-decrease, increased NIP-ratio, and recolonization of the littoral zone by macrophytes. This paper concentrates on the long term development of the phytoplankton community as a response to changes in the food web structure as well as to alterations in the chemical environment of the algae. Both are reflected in four major stages passed by the algal assemblage between 1980 and 1994: (1) From 1980-summer 1985 dense green algal populations were found indicating similar conditions as in the 1970s during the period of maximum eutrophication. (2) A diverse phytoplankton community during summer 1985–1989 showed the first effects of a recovery. (3) From 1990–1992 the phytoplankton was characterized by ungrazeable filamentous blue-green algae first of all as a response to increased herbivory of zooplankton on edible species and to increasing N/P-ratios. (4) Finally, the algal species diversity increased in 1993 and 1994 whereas the phytoplankton biomass decreased showing the success of the combined restoration measures.     

放养鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichys molitrix C et V)对水库围隔浮游生物群落的影响

本文研究在水库围隔实验生态系统中鲢鱼对浮游生物群落的影响。结果表明,放养鲢鱼后,浮游动物生物量、浮游植物生物量、叶绿素a和浮游植物毛产量分别下降了58.7％、63.6％、52.5％和65.0％;透明度、浮游植物群落多样性指数分别提高了18.2％、32.5％;铜绿微囊藻数量减少了90.6％“水华”得到明显抑制。但小型绿藻(<20μm)数量未出现显著变化,因而其在藻类生物量中所占比例反而提高了82.3％。围隔内可被鲢鱼滤食的大型藻类(硅藻、甲藻、隐藻和绿藻(>20μm))占藻类生物量的85.8％,因此鲢鱼的存在能明显限制浮游植物的生物量。此外,放养鲢鱼还显著降低了水体中的COD,TP,DO和pH值,这表明鲢鱼对水质有净化作用。     

鲢放养和施肥对盐碱池塘围隔生态系统浮游生物群落的影响

报道了单养链（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和施肥对盐碱池塘围隔生态系统浮游生物群落的影响,链的放养使浮游植物丰度,叶绿素a 含量和和初组生产力增大,浮游植物小型化,生物量以小型硅藻和绿藻占优势,裸藻和金藻占有相当比重;浮游动物生物量减少,特别是枝角类的生物量无鱼围隔大于有鱼围隔,且多是较大型的种类,施肥特别是施无机肥能显著地提高浮游植物丰度和初级生产力,浮游动物生物量也增大,施有机肥围隔浮游植物和浮游动物生物量虽高于有鱼对照围隔,但其浮游植物初级生产力,叶绿素a含量,浮游生物多样性指数,P／R系数均较低,链鱼的生长最差,文中讨论了滤食性鱼类和施肥对浮游生物的影响。     

Stress and disturbance in the phytoplankton community of a shallow,hypertrophic lake

The validity of Connell's intermediate disturbance hypothesis in phytoplankton communities was tested on data from a hypertrophic, shallow lake, Hjarbæk Fjord, Denmark.The present data from Hjarbæk Fjord demonstrate the difficulties in distinguishing stress from disturbance in a phytoplankton community, and show that great changes in the phytoplankton community can take place within few days.A collapse of blue-green algae in late June 1986 caused remineralization of nutrients and resulted in a rapid increase of fast-growing small chlorococcal green algae and phytoplankton species diversity, without any external disturbances acting on the lake. External disturbances in the form of wind action and brackish water intrusion occurred several days after the onset of these events. Carbon depletion and pH 11.0 were severe stress factors on the phytoplankton community. They were induced by calm, warm weather, but eventually acted as a kind of disturbance to the normally well circulated lake.     

Phytoplankton communities of Volga Reach open shallows of Rybinsk Reservoir at the area affected by the vital activity products of grey heron (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ardea cinerea</Emphasis> L.)

Changes in phytoplankton community composition typical for the increase in water trophic level had been noticed in 2009–2011 at the site of the open shallow of the Volga Reach in Rybinsk Reservoir (Volga), which is under the impact of grey heron colonies. The reduction in floristic abundance, the increase in the phytoplankton total biomass, and the increase in the proportion of phytophlagellates (cryptophytes, euglenales, dinophytes, and chrysophytes, as well as flagellar forms of green algae) were registered at the heronries. Changes in phytoplankton communities were temporary and were related to the heron nesting period; these allow us to consider the studied site a “traumatic” ecotone.     

Factors influencing the abundance of Japanese encephalitis vectors in ricefields in India--II. Biotic

The relationship of insect predators and phytoplankton with the abundance of Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, Cx. vishnui Theobald and Cx. pseudovishnui Colless mosquito larvae and pupae (Diptera: Culicidae) in ricefields was investigated during three rice growing seasons. Notonectids were the most abundant insect predators, whereas diatoms dominated among phytoplankton. Multiple regression analysis showed that the occurrence of notonectids (both nymphs and adults) was negatively associated with larval abundance. Phytoplankton, especially diatoms and blue green algae (BGA), were found to favour abundance of culicine immatures during Navarai and Kuruvai crops, respectively. Larval gut analysis showed that the intake of algae by late instars was high, with 93%, 58% and 24% of diatoms, BGA and green algae, respectively. Filamentous algae may not necessarily be of nutritive value, but they are observed to form mats, which provide protection to the mosquito immatures from the predators.     

湿地中的藻类生态学研究进展

从湿地中藻类的种群结构、藻类在湿地中的功能、湿地中的藻类生产力及其影响因素等方面综述了天然湿地中的藻类生态学研究进展．湿地植物区系主要有附泥藻类、附植藻类、后周丛藻类和浮游植物4种类型,其中常见的是附泥藻类的硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻．藻类最显著的作用是作为湿地食物网中的初级生产者,也作为湿地环境污染的生物指示物．影响藻类生产力的因素有水力学因素、营养、温度、光、大型植物及草食动物和其它动物．未来对藻类的研究应侧重于湿地藻类生物多样性、藻类生物量、生产力、种群组成的环境控制及其相互关系,以及藻类作为水环境及湿地污染程度指标的研究,“基因治藻”也将是未来研究的新方向．     

Dynamics of ice algae and phytoplankton in Frobisher Bay

Summary Vertical and seasonal variations of ice algae and phytoplankton were studied in relation to their physico-chemical environments in Frobisher Bay from 1979 to 1986. The biomass, estimated by both chlorophyll a concentrations and cell counts, was greater in the ice algae than in the phytoplankton in the underlying sea-water during winter and spring. Algal distribution in the sea ice varied vertically and seasonally, while in the underlying water column the phytoplankton distribution was much less variable. The ice algal bloom occurred at the bottom of the ice, particularly in the lower 5 cm during late spring, while the phytoplankton bloom took place at depths between 1 and 10 m during early summer after the ice bloom was over. The community structure of the ice algae changed from pennate to centric diatoms as the ice melted. The centrics dominated through the fall, and then decreased as the pennates increased in dominance when the ice formed again in winter. Species diversity and number were greater in the sea ice than in the seawater, but they were similar vertically within each habitat. The evenness of the species distribution did not vary with ice thickness or water depth. Species composition, abundance and dominance of ice algae and phytoplankton continually change both vertically and seasonally. The differential abilities of the species to attain maximal growth rates under various environmental conditions may result in species succession. Evidence is given for the major role of environmental factors regulating the dynamics of ice algae and phytoplankton.     

Systematics and Ecology of Chlorophyte Picoplankton in German Inland Waters along a Nutrient Gradient

The community structure and succession of autotrophic picoplankton in several oligotrophic to hypertrophic German freshwater ecosystems were studied with emphasis on the occurrence and characterization of chlorophyte picoplankton. Depending on the trophic status and the time of the year, the relation of green eukaryotic picoplankton to picocyanobacteria, the contribution of the picoplankton to the total phytoplankton biomass, and the succession and dominance of picoplankton groups changed considerably. A significant correlation between the picoplankton abundances, their biomass and their biomass contribution could not be found. Although the chlorophyte picoplankton were similar with respect to their ultrastructure, phylogenetic analyses of the rbcL genes revealed that these organisms evolved independently within several green algal lineages. The most common picoplanktonic green algae in the lakes that were studied belong to the genera Choricystis and Pseudodictyosphaerium. Considering the new molecular biological findings, the systematics of picoplanktonic green algae from freshwater and marine habitats are discussed.