直立穗型粳稻品种农艺特性及育种研究进展

本文综述了国内外有关直立穗型粳稻品种的研究现状和进展,并分析了直立穗型粳稻品种存在的优缺点。直立穗型粳稻品种具有产量潜力大、抗逆性强等优点,目前在国内推广面积呈快速增大趋势,对直立穗型粳稻品种的产量生理和优质栽培技术值得进一步研究。     

Effect of Growth Regulators on Photosynthesis, Transpiration and Related Parameters in Water Stressed Cotton

Gas exchange in Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. H-777 as affected by water deficit and growth regulators (IAA, GA₃, BAP, ABA, ethrel) was examined. Sixty days after sowing, growth regulators in concentration 50 µM were applied as foliar spray and irrigation was withheld to get desired (moderate and severe) water deficit. All the parameters were measured on the third leaf from the top between 10:00 and 11:00. Net photosynthetic rate (P_N), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g_s), carboxylation efficiency (CE), and water potential (_w) decreased significantly with the increasing water stress, however, water use efficiency (WUE) was unaffected. Foliar spray with IAA, GA₃ and BAP partially counteracted the effect of water deficit on the above parameters except _w, which became more negative. ABA and up to some extent ethrel increased WUE and maintained higher _w, however, caused further decrease in P_N, E, and g_s.     

繁殖世代对水稻植株农艺性状及稻米品质的影响研究

以国家长期库躬存种质为对照,选择在生产上一直种植的同一品种为高繁殖世代材料,一起进行田间种植以了解两者之间在田间出苗率、生育期、植株农艺性状及稻米品质上是否存在差异。结果表明,在6个供试粳稻品种中,有5个品种的高繁殖世代种质,其稻米垩白品质出现了退化现象,而其他稻米品质特性没有出现明显的变化。来自库存的种质,其每穗粒数都比一直在生产上种植的种质少,这可能与母本长时间低温贮藏有关。此外,来自库存的种质,其田间出苗率也相对较低。     

Effect of Growth Regulators on Photosynthetic Metabolites in Cotton under Water Stress

The contents of several photosynthetic metabolites — 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA), pyruvate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) — were determined in leaves of cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. H-777) subjected to waterlogging at vegetative stage, and/or drought at the reproductive stage. In controls, soil moisture contents was kept at field capacity. One day prior to stress, the plant shoots were sprayed with 5 M aqueous solution of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA₃), benzylaminopurine (BAP), abscisic acid, and ethrel. In control plants, various growth regulators reduced contents of 3-PGA and ATP while increased contents of NADP and pyruvate. During waterlogging IAA promoted 3-PGA content, and BAP enhanced pyruvate content. During drought, GA₃ enhanced ATP and 3-PGA contents, while IAA enhanced pyruvate content.     

原、异位保存东乡野生稻主要农艺性状的比较研究

为了解原、异位保存东乡野生稻主要农艺性状的变化,对庵家山普通野生稻原、异位群体进行了考察和比较分析。结果表明,原、异位保存的东乡野生稻在每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、结实率等方面存在较大的差异,如异位保存的东乡野生稻每穗总粒数平均为58.28粒,比原位多11.44粒,但其每穗实粒数却较少,为9.89粒,结实率降低了45.43%。从种植环境可以发现,异位保存圃的环境不适宜东乡野生稻的生长,应该选择与原生境相类似的种植环境,以便于东乡野生稻的保存、研究与利用。     

植物生长调节剂对油菜下胚轴生长及脱分化的影响（简报）

BAP和ZT可以防止油菜下胚轴的徒长.欲从萌发油菜种子得到无菌苗时可以加入0.5mg@L-1的BAP,如要用下胚轴诱导愈伤组织则宜采用1mg@L-1以上的BAP.发芽培养基中植物生长调节剂组成对下胚轴切段的脱分化能力无明显影响,但用含NAA的发芽培养基得到下胚轴切段的愈伤组织产生的根毛较多.愈伤组织诱导培养基中植物生长调节剂对下胚轴切段脱分化,以0.5mg@L-1BAP+1mg@L-1NAA+0.25mg@L-12,4-D诱导愈伤组织的作用最好,诱导率达100%,愈伤组织块大,且无根毛产生.     

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Phytoremediation of Hexachlorocyclohexane-Contaminated Soil

The influence of three plant growth regulators, indolebutyric acid (IBA), thidiazuron (TDZ) and gibberellic acid (GA₃), either individually or in pair-wise combinations, on the ability of waxy corn plant to remove hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) from contaminated soil was studied. Waxy corn seeds were immersed for 3 h in solutions of 1.0 mg/l IBA, 0.01 mg/l TDZ, 0.1 mg/l GA₃, or a mixture of two of the growth regulators, and then inoculated in soil contaminated with 46.8 mg/kg HCH for 30 days. Pretreatment of corn seeds with the plant growth regulators did not enhance corn growth when compared with those immersed in distilled water (control), but the pretreatment enhanced HCH removal significantly. On day 30, HCH concentration in the bulk soil planted with corn seeds pretreated with GA₃ or TDZ+GA₃ decreased by 97.4% and 98.4%, respectively. In comparison, HCH removal in soil planted with non-pretreated control waxy corn seeds was only 35.7%. The effect of several growth regulator application methods was tested with 0.01 mg/l TDZ. The results showed that none of the methods, which ranged from seed immersion, watering in soil, or spraying on shoots, affected HCH removal from soil. However, the method of applying the growth regulators may affect corn growth. Watering the corn plant with TDZ in soil led to higher root fresh weight (2.2 g) and higher root dried weight (0.57 g) than the other treatments (0.2–1.7 g root fresh weight and 0.02–0.43 g root dried weight) on day 30. Varying the concentrations of GA₃ did not affect the enhancement of corn growth and HCH removal on day 30. The results showed that plant growth regulators may have potential for use to enhance HCH phytoremediation.     

源库调节对厚皮甜瓜植株生长和抗氧化特性及果实产量品质的影响

以厚皮甜瓜品种‘中甜1号’为材料,设V1F2(主蔓顶部留1条顶蔓+单株留2果,下略)、V2F2、V3F2、V1F3、V2F3、V3F3共6个处理,以不留顶蔓、每株只留1果为对照,以研究源库关系中主蔓顶部留蔓数和单株留果数对厚皮甜瓜植株生长、叶片抗氧化特性及果实产量和品质的影响。结果显示:(1)随生育期的延长,增加单株留果数使厚皮甜瓜植株茎粗、节间长、最大功能叶长明显受到抑制,而顶蔓数量对上述3项生长指标无显著影响。(2)留2个果时,叶片O2.-产生速率略低于CK,MDA含量高于CK;留3个果时,叶片中O2.-产生速率和MDA含量最高;在所有处理中,以留果2个的POD活性最低,以留果3个的SOD活性最低。(3)每株留2果时,增加顶蔓数能提高果实品质,而每株留3果同时增加顶蔓数时,果实品质下降,尤以第3果品质最差。研究表明:留果数量对厚皮甜瓜植株生长和叶片抗氧化性影响大于留顶蔓数量,每株留2蔓2果有利于植株生长,可增强叶片抗氧化能力,延缓叶片衰老,从而提高单株产量,改善果实品质。     

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Flower-Opening of Pharbitis nil

Flower buds of Pharbitis nil (due to open the next morning)cut from plants in the field before noon open very slowly bothin darkness and at a low temperature (20°C), unlike thebuds cut in the evening. On cool cloudy days, even the budscut in the evening open very slowly. Addition of sucrose, mineralnutrients or plant growth regulators other than ABA to the waterin which the cut buds were placed did not promote flower-openingunder such conditions, but addition of ABA (10–100 µM)greatly promoted it. IAA (100 µM) given alone or in combinationwith ABA suppressed floweropening completely. Mature flowerbuds placed in an ABA solution opened even under continuouslight at 25°C just as those kept in darkness without ABA;flower-opening occurred about 12 h after the application ofABA. ABA given to the buds in darkness at 25°C and thatgiven in continuous light at 20°C also advanced the timeof flower-opening. The action mechanism of ABA is discussed. ¹ This paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Joji Ashida,the first president of the Japanese Society of Plant Physiologist. (Received October 28, 1982; Accepted January 7, 1983)     

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis of Peucedanum terebinthaccum

The influence of different plant growth regulators including 2,4-D,ZT, 6-BA and ABA on somatic embryogenesis and the amount of endogenous ABA at different stages of embryogenesis was investigated. The effect of each plant growth regulator changed according to the stage of embryogenesis. The amount of endogenous ABA was rather high in single cell stage, decreased at cell clump and embryogenic cell clump stages and dramatically increased at globular embryo stage. It decreased again as the embryo developed. This change in amount of the endogenous ABA explained very well the difference in the effect of exogenous ABA when applied at different stages of embryogenesis.     

Biocontrol of Pests of Apples and Pears in Northern and Central Europe - 3. Predators

Predators of apple and pear pests in northern and central Europe and their use as biological control agents are reviewed. Many natural enemy species are specialized feeders and are able to respond to the population dynamics of particular pest species. The most oustandingly successful example of this is the use of phytoseiid mites, particularly Typhlodromus pyri , against phytophagous pest mites in apple. This mite management strategy is now widespread throughout European apple growing regions. Another example is the use of Anthocoris nemoralis against pear psyllids, Cacopsylla pyricola and C. pyri . Several groups of naturally occurring polyphagous predators, such as chrysopids, coccinellids, syrphids and spiders, also prey on a number of pest species in orchards, contributing generally to the reduction in pest populations. However, they are unlikely alone to prevent pest damage fully and reliably. In seeking biological control opportunities for a particular pest, these polyphagous natural enemies are unlikely to be a high priority. An exception, due to its abundance in orchards, is the common earwig, Forficula auricularia , although this predator may also cause some fruit injury. Another option to consider when reviewing possibilities for biological control in orchards is the introduction of biological control agents. The success rate of this approach, using arthropod predators to control pests of field crops, has been generally poor. Furthermore, mass production methods for predators are likely to be difficult and very costly. The biological supplies industry is constantly seeking culture techniques, largely for arthropod biological control agents of pests of protected crops. It is possible that some future advance may be relevant to orchards, though currently available predators do not appear promising. A careful economic appraisal of the feasibility of use of any potential biological control agent would be prudent before embarking on research.     

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Calcium-stimulated Serine Transport into Tobacco Cells

The transport of serine into tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultured in liquid medium was examined. Transport was inhibited approximately 50% by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, indoleacetic acid, α-naphthalene acetic acid, and kinetin at a concentration of 10 micrograms per milliliter. Transport was not inhibited by 2,6-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and inhibited less than 25% by p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid at this concentration. Removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid from the transport medium resulted in an alleviation of inhibition. Gibberellic acid at concentrations from 2 to 20 micrograms per milliliter stimulated transport.

It was previously shown that inhibition of transport by La³⁺ was due to removal of Ca²⁺ from surface sites and inhibition of Ca²⁺ uptake by cells. None of the growth regulators tested had any significant effect on Ca²⁺ binding and/or transport.

A contributing factor to the low transport rates in the absence of Ca²⁺ is the increased rate of serine efflux. None of the growth regulators tested had any significant effect on the rate of serine efflux.

     

云南茶树地方品种农艺性状与品质性状遗传多样性分析

为发掘具有优异农艺性状与品质性状的茶树品种资源,对51份云南茶树地方品种进行农艺和品质性状遗传多样性分析。结果表明,云南茶树地方品种农艺和品质性状存在丰富的遗传变异,农艺性状变异系数平均为25.84%,多样性指数平均为1.94;生化成分变异系数平均为16.53%,多样性指数平均为1.88;茶叶感官审评红茶品质总分达87.5分～94.2分,绿茶品质总分达78.8分～91.5分,茶树品种红、绿茶适制性的多样性指数平均为0.92和0.94;聚类分析将供试材料分为3类：第Ⅰ类品种主要适合制作红茶,第Ⅱ类品种主要适合制作绿茶,第Ⅲ类为生化成分特异性品种。并从中筛选出18份优异品种资源,为今后的生产和育种提供利用。     

Nicotine Production by Tobacco Callus Tissues and Effect of Plant Growth Regulators

Relationships between callus origin and the nicotine contents as well as conditions of nicotine production in tobacco tissue cultures were investigated. Nicotine contents of callus tissues were remarkably affected by plant growth regulators in the culture medium. Thus, nicotine production was promoted by the regulators at lower concentrations, but gradually inhibited when the concentrations increased over an optimal region which was different among several kinds of the regulators. The nicotine contents also considerably depended on conditions of the callus induction as well as organ from which they were derived, at least just after callus induction. The differences due to the induction conditions were considered to be gradually lost during successive cultures. Thus, the nicotine contents appeared gradually to change to a certain level which mainly depended on the concentration of the regulators added to the culture medium. When such stabilized callus tissues were transferred to a culture medium containing another regulator or different concentration of the regulator, their nicotine contents rapidly changed to a new level depending on the culture conditions during a few successive cultures. The stabilized callus tissues grown on a medium containing 0.1 ppm α-NAA contained 0.5% of nicotine or more, which was almost the same level in root of the intact plant.     

Involvement of Plant Hormones and Plant Growth Regulators on in vitro Somatic Embryogenesis

In spite of the importance attained by somatic embryogenesis and of the many studies that have been conducted on this developmental process, there are still many aspects that are not fully understood. Among those features, the involvement of plant hormones and plant growth regulators on deTermining the conversion of somatic onto embryogenic tissues, and on allowing progression and maturation of somatic embryos, are far away from being completely comprehended. Part of these difficulties relies on the frequent appearance of contradictory results when studying the effect of a particular stimulus over a specific stage in somatic embryogenesis. Recent progress achieved on understanding the interaction between exogenously added plant growth regulators over the concentration of endogenous hormones, together with the involvement of sensitivity of the tissues to particular hormone groups, might help clarifying the occurrence of divergent patterns in somatic embryogenesis, and in tissue culture in general. The aspects described above, emphasizing on the effect of the concentration of plant hormones and of the addition of plant growth regulators during the different phases of somatic embryogenesis, will be reviewed in this paper. Citations will be limited to review articles as much as possible and to individual articles only in those cases in which very specific or recent information is presented.     

木豆CMS杂交种资源农艺性状及品质性状分析

对自ICR ISAT成套引进最新培育成功的早、中熟组木豆CMS杂交种各6份,进行了农艺性状及品质性状分析。结果表明:(1)早熟组的成株率高,育性恢复好;其中ICPH2363的成株率、单株荚数、百粒重等性状均表现较好。(2)中熟组中有2份杂交种在成株率、株高、分枝数等性状上远超对照品种;特别是ICPH3381的分枝数极显著多于对照品种。(3)早熟组杂交种的粗蛋白、无氮浸出物等指标普遍高于对照品种;特别是ICPH2364各品质性状指标均较高,干子粒平均单产也高于对照,作为精饲料、配合饲料开发利用潜力较大。木豆CMS杂交种资源农艺性状令人满意,在我国亚热带省区应具有较好的推广利用价值。     

新引进意大利小麦品种农艺和品质性状的评价

对新引进的25份意大利小麦品种进行了主要农艺和品质性状的鉴定。结果表明这批材料在蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和植株高度、穗粒数等方面表现较优良,相关分析还表明较高的沉淀值、湿面筋含量和蛋白质含量与矮秆和较早熟存在一定的一致性。     

彩色棉种质资源农艺性状和纤维品质鉴定与分析

基于农艺性状和纤维品质对61份彩色棉种质材料进行鉴定分析,结果表明：材料间衣分、2．5％跨长、马克隆值呈极显著差异,整齐度、伸长率、比强度和单株铃数存在显著差异,株高、果枝数、单铃重差异不显著;供试材料纤维品质较差,除中国农业科学院棉花研究所选育的棕125、棕絮1号等材料外,大部分种质系2．5％跨长、比强度等指标不能满足纺织工业的需求,但仍有31份种质系单一性状较优,如棕2—63（IAA）、棕3-944等。采用类平均法对供试材料进行聚类分析,61份材料聚为7个类群,供试材料表现型性状相似较低,尤其部分基础彩色棉遗传材料与其他材料相似性极低,单独构成一类,如皱缩红鸡角叶棕絮、hunan绿等。综合分析表明,供试材料农艺性状和纤维品质较差,遗传多样性较丰富。     

藜麦在张家口地区试种的表现与评价

本研究对在张家口地区进行试种的4份藜麦材料进行了农艺性状与品质性状评价。试种藜麦株高范围为119.27~180.51 cm,生育期范围为103~118 d。子粒饱满,产量可达3 637.32 kg/hm2,蛋白质含量为14.79±0.72%,脂肪含量为7.57±1.17%,天冬氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸含量分别为1.37±0.06%、1.00±0.03%、1.47±0.08%,皂苷含量为2.12±0.50%。以上结果与文献对比结果表明,藜麦富含多种营养成分,且蛋白质含量丰富、氨基酸比例平衡、增产潜力大等特点能够充分表现,适宜在张家口地区以及生态条件类似的地区种植。