A reconsideration of the evidence for Escherichia coli STa (heat stable) enterotoxin-driven fluid secretion: a new view of STa action and a new paradigm for fluid absorption

1. Summary, 7
2. Introduction, 8
3. Existing model of net fluid transport, 8
4. A new model for net fluid absorption, 10
5. Evidence for the new model for net fluid absorption, 12
5.1 Evidence from altering ambient carbon dioxide levels, 13
5.2 The role of carbonic anhydrase in net fluid absorption, 14
5.3 Evidence from perfusion with antibiotics, 14
5.4 Evidence from chronic animal models of diarrhoeal disease and resection studies, 14
5.5 Evidence from oral rehydration solution studies, 15
5.6 Evidence from numerical calculations, 16
5.7 Evidence from gene product deletion studies, 17
6. Lack of evidence for the present model of Sta-driven intestinal secretion, 17
6.1 Changes in short circuit current in Ussing chamber studies, 17
6.2 Evidence from T 84 cell studies, 17
6.3 Proxy in vivo systems, 18
6.4 Short duration perfused in vivo loops, 18
6.5 Notional bicarbonate secretion in vivo and in vitro , 19
7. Reconciliation of the new model for fluid absorption with STa action, 21
7.1 Experimentally based evidence, 21
7.2 Clinical evidence from enzyme deletion, 22
8. Acknowledgements, 23
9. References, 23     

Bacteriophages as indicators of enteric viruses and public health risk in groundwaters

1. Introduction, 5
2. Direct virus detection, 6
3. Bacteriophages, 6
3.1 Somatic coliphages, 8
3.2 F⁺-specific bacteriophages, 9
3.3 Bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis ,14
4. Summary, 15
5. Critical issues that must be addressed, 15
6. Acknowledgements, 15
7. References, 16     

Book Reviews

Book Reviewed in this article:
DFG-ökotoxikologie von Pflanzenschutzmitteln-Mitteilungen I, 1994
Bennett, W. F. (ed) .
Arit, K. Enzian, S. and Pallut, B.
Ettl, H., G. Gärtner .
Blume, H.-P., Felix-Henningsen, P., Fischer, W. R., Frede, H.- G., Horn, R., Stahr, K.
Mielke, H.
Goodman, R.N., Novacky, A.J.
Karg, W., Freier, B.
Müller, R. et al .
Landsmann, J., Casper, R.
Shigo, A. L.
P etrini , O. and G. B. O uelletre (eds), Host Wall Alterations by Parasitic Fungi .     

Buchbesprechungen / Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this articles:
Sinclair, J. B. (Herausgeber) , Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 2nd edition.
Bach, W., J. Pankrath, S. H. Schneider (Herausgeber), Food-Climate Inter-actions.
Palti, J. , Cultural Practices and Infectious Crop Diseases.
Finck, A. , Fertilizers and Fertilization.
Turner, P. D. , Oil palm diseases and disorders.
Watkins, G. M. (ed.) , Compendium of cotton diseases.
Webster, H. S., Jr. , Plant Protection.
Robinson, D. G., and H. Quader (Ed.) , Cell Walls '81.
Progress in Botany (Fortschritte der Botanik) . Morphology — Physiology — Genetics — Taxonomy — Geobotany.
Maggenti, A. , General Nematology.
Chapeville, F., and A. L. Haenni (Ed.) , Chemical Recognition in Biology.
Rhodes-Roberts, M., und F. A. Skinner , Bacteria and Plants.
Michel, H,-G., und H. Umgelter , Pflanzenschutz im Garten.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Botanical Histochemistry: Principles and Practice . By W illiam A. J ensen .
The Biology of Cilia and Flagella . By M. A. S leigh .
Dünnschicht-Chromatographie . Edited by E gon S tahl .
Plant Embryology. A Symposium .
The Morphology of Pteridophytes . By K. R. S porne .
Introductory Mycology . By C. J. A lexopoulos .
Residue Reviews , Vol. 1. Edited by F. A. G unther .
Energy Exchange in the Biosphere . By D avid M. G ates .
Pathology of Trees and Shrubs with Special Reference to Britain . By T. R. P eace .
Modern Methods of Plant Analysis . Vol. V. Edited by H. F. L inskens and M. V. T racey .
The Growth of Plants . By G. E. F ogg .
An Introduction to Plant Physiology . By W. O. J ames .
Die Physiologische Uhr. Zeitmessung in Organismen mit ungefähr Tagesperiodischen Schwingungen . By E. B ünning .     

REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article:
Speciation in Tropical Environments . Ed. by R. H. L owe -M c C onnell .
Determination of Angiosperm Families by means of a Punched-Card System . By B. H ansen and K. R ahn.
Numerical Taxonomy . Ed. by A. J. C ole.
Flowers of Europe—a Field Guide . By O. P olunin.
Spring Flora of Minnesota, including Common Cultivated Plants . By T homas M orley.
The Early Development of Irish Society: the Evidence of Aerial Photography . By E. R. N orman and J. K. S. S t J oseph.
Plant Pathology . By G. N. A grios.
Mycological Studies honoring John N. Couch . Ed. by W. J. K ock.
Common Edible Mushrooms . By C lyde M. C hristensen .
Fungal Parasitism . By B rian J. D everall.
The Algae—A Review . By G. W. P rescott .
An Introduction to the Principles of Plant Physiology , By W. S tiles and E. C. C ocking .
Perspectives in Phytochemistry . Ed. by J. B. H arborne and T. S wain .
Introduction to Plant Physiology . By J acob L evitt .
Root Growth . Ed. by W. J. W hittington .
Statistics and Experimental Design . By G eoffrey M. C larke .
Ecological Aspects of the Mineral Nutrition of Plants . Ed. by I. H. R orison et al.
Evolution and Phylogeny of Flowering Plants . By J. H utchinson .     

Physical Anthropology

Book reviewed in this article:
The Roots of Prejudice. Arnold Rose.
Racial Myths. Juan Comas.
Race and Psychology. Otto Klineberg.
Race and Culture. Michel Leiris.
Race and Biology. L. C. Dunn.
The Significance of Racial Differences. G. M. Morant.
Race and History. Claude Lévi-Strauss.     

Book Reviews

Book reviews in this article:
Wetzel, Th. Integrierter Pflanzenschutz und Agroökosysteme.
The Indian Experience
Nagarajan, S. and K. Muralidharan Dynamics of Plant Diseases.
70. Geburtstages von Herrn Prof. Dr. J. Kranz Biochemie des Bodens.
McIntosh R. A., C. R. Welling, and R. F. Park . Wheat rusts—an Alias of Resistance Genes.
Haider, K. Biochemie des Bodens.
Kimber, D., McGregor, D. I., (eds) Brassica Oilseeds: Production and Utilization.
Oropeza, C, F. W. Howard, and G. R. Ashlninier (Eds); Lethal Yellowing: Research and Practical Aspects.
Kreuzer, J Kreuzers Gartenpflanzenlexikon 'Kurz und bũndig'.
Spatz, G. , Freiflächenpflege.
W. Eschiich , Rezension: Funktionelle Pflanzenanatomie .
Iecraemer, W. The family Trichodoridae: Stubby Root and Virus Vector Nematodes.     

Reviews of Publications

book reviewed in this article:
Macroevolution. Pattern and Process , by S. M. Stanley.
A World List of Mammadian Species , by G. B. Corbet & J. E. Hill.
Indole and Biogenetically Related Alkaloids , edited by J. D. Phillipson & M. H. Zenk.
Comparative Ecology , by Y. Itô (edited and translated by J. Kikkawa).
The I.B.P. Survey of Conservation Sites: an Experimental Study , edited by A. R.
Man, the Promising Primate , by Peter J. Wilson.
The Pleistocene Mammals of North America , by Bjorn Kurten & Elaine Anderson.
British Gardeners , by Miles Hadfield, Robert Harling & Leonie Highton.
The Functioning of Freshwater Ecosystms , by E. D. LeCren & R. H. Lowe-McConnell.
I Fiori della Alpi by F. Rasetti.
The Oligocene Rodents of North America , by Albert E. Wood.
The Fossil Hunters in Search of Ancient Plants , by Henry N. Andrews.
Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, Vol. I , by C. R. Metcalfe & L. Chalk.     

REVIEWS

The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. By J. M. D alziel .
Overseas Plant Products. By J. H. H olland .
Les Plantes Alimentaires. IV. Les Plantes à Boissons. By D. Bois.
General and Economic Botany. By E. E. S tanford .
British Grasses and their Employment in Agriculture. By S. F. A rmstrong .
Leguminous Forage Plants. By D. H. R obinson .
The Potato. By W illiam S tuart .
Soil Conditions and Plant Growth. By Sir E. J ohn R ussell .
The Biochemistry of Cellulose, the Polyuronides, Lignin, etc. By A. G. N orman .
An Outline of Cytological Technique for Plant Breeders. Special Bulletin of the Imperial Bureau of Plant Genetics, School of Agriculture, Cambridge.
A Manual of Entomological Equipment and Methods, Part II. By A lvah P eterson .
Insects of the British Woodlands. By R. N eil C hrystal .
The Dragonflies of the British Isles. By C ynthia L ongfield .
Oyster Biology and Oyster-culture, being the Buckland Lectures for 1935. By J. H. O rton , D. S c , F.L.S.     

Reviews of Publications

Book reviewed in this article:
Flowers of the Himalaya , by Oleg Polunin and Adam Stainton.
A Guide to the Vegetation of Britain and Europe , by Oleg Polunin and Martin Walters.
The Experimental Biology of Bryophytes, edited by A. F. Dyer & J. G. Duckett.
A Birdwatcher's Miscellany, edited by Rob Hume.
The Moths and Butterjlies of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 10, Noctuidae (Part II) and Agaristidae, edited by J. Heath.
Atlas of Butterjlies in Britain and Ireland, by J. Heath, E. Pollard & J. A. Thomas.
Colour Identification Guide to Butterjlies of the British Isles, revised edition by T. G. Howarth.
The World of Butterjlies, An Illustrated Encyclopaedia, by V. Sbordoni & S.Forestiero.
Colour Identijcation Guide to Moths of the British Isles, by Bernard Skinner.
The Biology of Buttegies, edited by R. I. Vane-Wright & P. R. Ackery.
Australian Grasses, by Nancy T. Burbidge, revised by Surrey W. L. Jacobs.
Collins Guide to Grasses, Sedges, Rushes and Ferns, by R. Fitter & A. Fitter. Collins.
Grasses of the Soviet Union, by N. N. Tsvelev, edited by A. A. Fedorov.
The European Garden Flora, Volume 2, Monocotyledons (Part ZZ), edited by S. M Walters et al.
Grasses, 3rd edition, by C. E. Hubbard, revised by J. C. E. Hubbard.     

Buchbesprechungen / Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this articles:
Omar, M. H. , Meteorological factors affecting the epidemiology of the cotton leaf worm and the pink boll worm.
Omar, M. H. , The economic value of agrometeorological information and advice.
Reinert, J., and M. M. Yeoman , Plant Cell and Tissue Culture.
Hassal, K. A. , The Chemistry of Pesticides; Their Metabolism, Mode of Action and Uses in Crop Protection.
Wetzel, T. , und E. Fuchs (Wiss. Redaktion), Schaderreger in der industrie-maEigen Getreideproduktion.
Dorffling, K. , Das Hormonsystem der Pflanzen.
Zentmyer, G. A. , Phytophthora cinnamomi and the diseases it causes.
Advances in Agricultural Microbiology , edited by N. S. SUBBA RAO.
Wareing, P. F. , Plant Growth Substances 1982.
Kreuter, M.-L. , Biologischer Pflanzenschutz: naturgemafie Abwehr von Schad-lingen und Krankheiten.
Schaufele, W. R., Deleplanque & Cie (Hrsg.), Schadlinge und Krankheiten der 2iickcrriibe.
Loewus, F. A., and W. Tanner , Plant Carbohydrates I.
Hoppe, W., W. Lohmann, H. Markl, H. Ziegler (Hrsg.), Biophysik.
Mace, M. E., A. A. Bell and C. H. Beckmann (eds.). Fungal Wilt Diseases of Plants.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Statistical Methods . By G. W. S nedecor .
Report of the Fourth International Grassland Congress . Edited by R. O. W hyte .
Studies on Wheat Grown under Constunt Conditions: a Monograph on Growth . By IF. L. van de S ande -B akhuyzen .
Phytohormones . By F. W. W ent and K. V. Thimann.
A Review of the Literature on Stock-Soion Incompatibility in Fruit Trees, with Particular Reference to Pome and Stone Fruits . By G. K. Argles.
Forest Bibliography to 31st December , 1933. Compiled and publiehed by The Department of Forestry, University of Oxford.
Applied Mywlogy and Baderiology . By L. D. G alloway and R. B urgess .
A List of Missouri Fungi . By W. E. M aneval .
Technique of Grass Seed Production at the Welsh Plant Breeding Station . By G wilym E vans .
Production of Grass Seed . Herbage Publication Series.
Collection of Native Grass Seed in the Great Plains, U.S.A . By F. J. C rider and M. M. H oover .
Production of Legum Seed .
Weeds, Weeds, Weeds . By Sir C harles V ernon B oys .
Recent Advances in Entomology . By A. D. I mms .     

Book Notes

Science in Alaska: Selected Papers of the Alaskan Science Conference of the National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Edited by Henry B. Collins.
The Indians of California in 1852. John Walton Caughey
Tupari; Unter Indios im Urwald Brasiliens. Franz Caspar.
Bloodstoppers and Bearwalkers. Richard M. Dorson.
La Familia Rural Haitiana. Remy Bastien.
Beilräge zur Völkerkunde Nordamerikas. Robert H. Lowie.
A Arte dos Indios Kadiuéu. Darcy Ribeiro.
Earliest Evidence of Banana Culture. Philip K. Reynolds.
Ancient South-east Asian Warfare. H. G. Quaritch Wales.
History of the Luapula. Ian Cunnison.
Marriage in a Changing Society. J. A. Barnes.
Recueil de Textes Falachas. A. Z. Aešcolv.
Time's Arrow and Evolution. Harold F. Blum.
The Idea of Conflict. Kurt Singer.
An Autobiographical Study. Sigmund Freud. Authorized Translation by James Strachey.
'Twixt the Cup and the Lip. Margaret Cussler and Mary L. De Give.     

American Social Insects. A Book about Bees, Ants, Wasps, and Termites. Charles D. Michener and Mary H. Michener

Beiträge zur Gesellungs und Völkerwissenschaft . Prof. Dr. Richard Thurnwald zu seinem achtzigsten Geburtstag gewidmet.
Chippewa Child Life and Its Cultural Background . Sister M. Inez Hilger.
The Wolf Ritual of the Northwest Coast . Alice Henson Ernst.
The Sandpaintings of the Kayenta Navaho , Leland C.
Three Navaho Households: A Comparative Study of Small Group Culture . John M. Roberts.
Falasha Anthology , translated from Ethiopic Sources with an Introduction. Wolf Leslau.
Marriage and the Family in Caucasia . Louis J. Luzbetak, S.V.D.
The Persian Language . Reuben Levy.
Race-Relations in Ancient Egypt: Greek, Egyptian, Hebrew, Roman . S. Davis.
Paleontology and Modern Biology . D. M. S. Watson.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
The Rabbit . By HARRY V. THOMPSON and ALASTAIR N. WORDEN.
The Distribution and Abundance of Animals . By H. F. ANDREWARTHA and L. C. BIRCH.
Biology of the Laboratory Mouse . Edited by GEORGE D. SNELL.
Features of Evolution in the Flowering Plants . By RONALD GOOD.
Tobacco Diseases with Special Reference to Africa . By J. C. F. HOPKINS.
Bibliographie der Pflanzenschutz-Literatur 1950. Edited by J. BÄRNER.
Principles of Fungicidal Action . By JAMES G. HORSFALL.
Progress in Nuclear Energy . Series VI. Biological Sciences . Vol. 1. Edited by J. C. BUGHER, J. COURSAGET and J. F. LOUTIT.
Bacterial Diseases of Plants . By C. STAPP.
The Biology of the Heteroptera . By N. C. E. MILLER.
Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth . Edited by W. L. THOMAS.     

Reviews

Book Reviewed in this article:
Botanical Microtechnique and Cytochemistry. By G. P. Berlyn and J. P. Miksche.
Annual Review of Plant Physiology. Ed. by W. R. Briggs.
Mechanical Design in Organisms. By S. A. Wainwright, W. D. Biggs, J. D. Currey & J. M. Gosline.
Uptake of Ions by Plant Roots. By D. J. F. Bowling.
Phytochrome and Photomorphogenesis. By Harry Smith.
Water and Plants. By Hans Meidner and D. W. Sheriff.
Physiological Aspects of Dryland Farming. Edited by U. S. Gupta.
Pollen: Biology, Biochemistry, Management. By R. G. Stanley and H. F. Linskens.
The Evolutionary Significance of the Exine. Ed. by I. K. Ferguson and J. Muller.
Cell Division in Higher Plants. Ed. by M. M. Yeoman.
Intercellular Communication in Plants: Studies on Plasmodesmata Ed. by B. E. S. Gunning & A. W. Robards.
Methods in Plant Ecology. Ed. by S. B. Chapman
Ökologie DER Pflazen By Walter Larcher.
Progress in Botany. Vol. 37. Ed. by H. Ellenberg, K. Esser, H. Merxmüller, E. Schnepf & H. Ziegler.
British Botanical and Horticultural Literature before 1800. By Blanche Henrey.     

REVIEWS

Book Reviwed in this article:
The History of the British Flora. By Sir H arry G odwin .
The Euphorbiaceae of Borneo. By H. K. A iry S haw .
Ecology of Plants in the Tropics. (Studies in Biology No. 58, Institute of Biology.) By D aniel H. J anzen .
Pacific Plant Areas. Volume 3. Ed. by M. M. van B algooy .
The Liverworts of New Zealand. By K. W. A llison and J ohn C hild .
Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants. Basic principles and techniques. By V. A. K rasilov .
Plant Propagation , 3rd edn. By H udson T. H artmann and D ale E. K ester .
The Lytic Compartment of Plant Cells. By PH. M atile .
Plant Pathogenesis. By H. W heeler .
Phytotronics in Agricultural and Horticultural Research. Ed. by P. C houard and N. de B ilderling .
Phytoplankton. By A. D. B oney .
Krankheiten und Schädlinge an Getreide und Mais. By C. B uhl .     

Buchbesprechungen / Book Reviews

Bergmann, W. (Hrsg.)
Mengel, K.
Dürschner. U.
Fenemore, P. G.
Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology     

REVIEWS

Environmental Control of Plant Growth . Edited by L. T. E vans .
Flora of the British Isles, Illustrations. Part 3. Boraginaceae to Compositae . Drawings by S ybil J. R oles .
The Germination of Seeds . By A. M. M ayer and A. P oljakoff -M ayber .
Chromosome Botany and the Origins of Cultivated Plants . By C. D. D arlington .
Recherches Physiologiques sur le Repos Vegetatif de la Vigne (Vitis vinifera L .): La Dor-mance des Bourgeons et le Mecanisme de sa Disparition . By R. Pouget.
Radiation Induced Chromosome Aberrations . Edited by S heldon W olff .
John Clayton, Pioneer of American Botany . By E dmund and D orothy S mith B erkeley .
The Absorption of Solutes by Plant Cells . By D. H. J ennings .
Woody Flora of Taiwan . By HUI-LIN LI.
The Annual Species of Medicago. By C haia C lara H eyn .
The Flowering Process . By F rank B. S alisbury .
General Microbiology . By R oger J. S tanier , M ichael D udoroff and E dward A. A delberg .
The Biochemical Approach to Life . By F. R. J evons .