大鼠老化过程大脑皮层细胞核、染色质转录研究

 本实验对不同鼠龄(4—,16—17—,33—34—和99—103周)大鼠老化动物模型进行脑细胞核、染色质体外转录研究,结果表明:(1)大脑皮层细胞核、染色质转录活性在老化过程中呈下降趋势,其中RNA聚合酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ活性与染色质模板效率变化一致,说明染色质模板活性降低是导致细胞核转录功能减退的原因之一。(2)幼年鼠染色质RNA和NHCP含量高于老年鼠,提示染色质结合蛋白及RNA可能参与不同生理时期脑神经元染色质结构和功能的调节。(3)老年鼠脑染色质DNA抗DN-aseⅠ酶解能力增强,提示衰老导致转录活性染色质区域减少。     

衰老过程中鼠肝细胞核体外重组的转录活性

本文以０．３５ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＣｌ抽提不同年龄鼠肝细胞,将抽提后细胞核分别与抽提物、纯化的染色质高迁移率非组蛋白（ＨＭＧ）及组蛋白Ｈ１进行重组。结果发现,０．３５ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＣｌ抽提后老年鼠肝细胞与断乳鼠肝细胞核抽提物重组转录活性高于其与自身或青年鼠肝细胞核抽提液重组者。还发现高迁移率非组蛋白可提高抽提后鼠肝细胞核转录活性,对断乳鼠的作用最强;但不影响未经抽提的细胞核转录活性。相反,组蛋白Ｈ１则可抑制各年龄组鼠肝细胞核的转录活性。     

衰老过程中鼠肝细胞核体外重组的转录活性

本文以０．３５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＫＣｌ抽提不同年龄鼠肝细胞,将抽提后细胞核分别与抽提物、纯化的染色质高迁移率非组蛋白（ＨＭＧ）及组蛋白Ｈ１进行重组。结果表现,０．３５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＫＣｌ抽提后老年鼠肝细胞与断乳鼠肝细胞核抽提物重组转录活性高于其与自身或青年鼠肝细胞核抽提液重组者。还发现高迁移率非组蛋白可提高抽提后鼠肝细胞核转录活性,对断乳鼠的作用最强;但不影响未经抽提的细胞核转录活性。相反,组蛋白Ｈ１则可     

RNA聚合酶活性变化在DEN诱发大鼠肝癌细胞核体外转录中的调节作用

DEN诱发大鼠肝癌的细胞核RNA体外转录合成显著增强,染色质结合型和游离型RNA聚合酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ活性均高于正常肝细胞,而结合型酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ的活性几乎各占总活性的50％(正常肝细胞结合型酶Ⅰ约占70％),表明Ⅱ类基因的转录增强更明显。肝癌细胞核中转录活性RNA聚合酶Ⅱ的分子数为正常肝细胞核的1.8倍,同时RNA聚合酶Ⅰ和Ⅱ催化转录的延长速度为正常肝细胞核的1.3和2.2倍。结果表明,肿瘤细胞不仅有较多的活性RNA聚合酶分子,而且催化转录(延长)的速率也增高。     

γ-线辐射对大鼠肝脾染色质及转录活性染色质模板活性的影响

 本文从染色质及转录活性染色质的模板效率探讨辐射对核转录活性影响的机制。实验结果表明:(1)肝脾染色质模板功能的变化分别平行与肝脾细胞核转录活性的变化提示,辐射至少部份是通过改变染色质的模板功能而影响细胞核的转录活性;(2)体外照射下,活性染色质模板活性较非活性染色质改变明显,提示射线可能主要是通过影响活性染色质区域的模板功能而改变核合成RNA的能力。     

喂二乙基亚硝胺大鼠肝染色质体外转录的研究

在二乙基亚硝胺(DENA)诱发大鼠肝癌过程中,无论在E.Coli RNA聚合酶或大鼠肝RNA聚合酶Ⅱ作用下,肝染色质的体外转录活性都比正常大鼠的高,并有随肝脏恶化程度而增高的趋势。进一步研究证明在RNA聚合酶Ⅱ作用下,喂DENA大鼠肝染色质的转录起始点数量比正常肝的多;而在E.Coli RNA聚合酶作用下,两种染色质的转录起始点数量未见明显差异,但喂DENA大鼠的肝染色质转录的RNA链较长。癌变过程中,肝染色质组蛋白及非组蛋白含量都无明显改变,而RNA含量则较正常肝略有增高。     

γ-射线对大鼠小肠粘膜上皮细胞RNA合成的影响及其机理的研究

本文观察了15戈瑞γ-射线全身照射后,大鼠小肠粘膜上皮细胞核体外转录活性,从染色质结合的RNA聚合酶和可溶性RNA聚合酶活性变化探讨辐射对核转录活性的抑制机理。实验结果表明:(1)照后2小时、8小时和24小时,核转录活性分别下降22.7％、20.8％和28.2％;(2)染色质结合的RNA聚合酶活性变化与细胞核转录活性变化基本平行,提示核转录活性降低与核内染色质损伤有关;(3)照后24小时,核分离的可溶性RNA聚合酶抑制58％,提示辐射至少部分是通过抑制RNA聚合酶而影响细胞核转录活性;(4)在细胞核和分离的RNA聚合酶都观察到RNA聚合酶Ⅱ抑制程度大于RNA聚合酶Ⅰ和酶Ⅲ,酶活性下降主要表现在RNA聚合酶Ⅱ提示不同类RNA聚合酶对辐射的敏感性不同,酶Ⅱ对辐射更敏感。     

大鼠小肠粘膜上皮细胞体外转录系统

作者用改良的Bronstein法分离纯化大鼠小肠粘膜上皮细胞核,建立了粘膜上皮细胞核、染色质和RNA聚合酶体外转录系统,并对它们的转录活性和某些因素的影响进行了一些比较研究。实验结果提示肝素可提高细胞核、染色质的转录活性,抑制分离的可溶性RNA聚合酶活性。鹅膏蕈碱可抑制核和染色质转录活性。精胺在低浓度(＜10mmol／L)对RNA聚合酶有加强作用,而高浓度有抑制作用,表明上述系统适用于转录调控的研究。     

大鼠大脑皮层细胞核体外转录模型

本文用改良的 Giuffrida法分离纯化大鼠大脑皮层细胞核,产率为41—52％,具有很高的体外转录活性。参照Blatti硫酸铵浓度法建立了大鼠大脑皮层细胞核体外转录模型,能分别测定真核基因三类 RNA聚合酶转录活性,并对有关问题进行了讨论,指出本系统具有操作简便、省时、省实验材料等优点,适用于大脑皮层细胞核体外转录调控的研究。     

γ线全身照射对大鼠肝癌细胞核RNA合成的影响及其机制的研究

作者观察了8Gy γ线全身照射正常和DEN诱发的肝癌大鼠其肝(癌)细胞核RNA合成的辐射生物效应,发现:<1>正常大鼠在受照射后4h出现一过性的RNA合成增高期,而后表现为抑制,出现双相效应;而肝癌大鼠在受照后4和18h均表现为強烈抑制;<2>在抑制了内源性染色质模板后,转录外源模板的游离型RNA聚合酶出现与染色质结合型酶相似的辐射效应,提示射线可直接影响RNA聚合酶;<3>在照射后4和18h,RNA聚合酶Ⅱ的活性变化率显著高于酶Ⅰ,提示酶Ⅱ及其复合体成分对射线更敏感;<4>肝癌大鼠在受照射后其核RNA合成的抑制与转录活性RNA聚合酶分子数目的减少以及酶的催化效率(延长速度)减低有关,而正常大鼠则是通过不同的机制实现。     

Effect of hypophysectomy on liver nuclear ribonucleic acid synthesis in aging rats.

Changes in RNA synthesis in liver nuclei were observed at different ages and after hypophysectomy and hormone replacement in female Sprague-Dawley rats. As determined by the incorporation of [3H]UMP into an acid-insoluble product, RNA synthesis decreased by about 75% in intact rats from 6 months to 24 months of age. This decline with age was not observed in liver nuclei from 24-month-old rats that had been hypophysectomized at 12 months and maintained on a minimal hormone-replacement therapy. Thyroid hormones and somatotropin (growth hormone) had an additive effect on RNA synthesis in liver nuclei from these hypophysectomized rats. The same hormones had no significant effect on intact, age-matched rats. With advancing age, nuclei of intact rats had an increase in the pool of free RNA polymerase and an apparent decrease in the enzyme activity bound to nuclear chromatin. There was no change in total enzyme with age. In hypophysectomized, hormone-treated rats, free RNA polymerase activity decreased and chromatin-bound activity increased. There was no difference in total nuclear RNA polymerase activity between operated or intact rats. However, the ratio of the bound to the free activity was different. These results suggest that the ability of RNA polymerase to bind to chromatin may be involved in the age-related decrease in liver nuclear RNA synthesis of intact rats.     

Quantitative solubilization of nonhistone chromosomal proteins without denaturation using zwitterionic detergents

Of three kinds of commercial zwitterionic detergents [SB 12, SB 14, and 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (Chaps)], SB 12 and Chaps were more useful than SB 14 because of high solubility and less interference with protein assay. Efficiency for protein solubilization at pH 6-9 was higher for SB 12 than for Chaps with either calf thymus chromatin or rat liver nuclei. At pH 9 and ionic strength (I) = 0.35, 1% SB 12 and 1% Chaps were capable of solubilizing about 70% and about 47% of total proteins in rat liver nuclei, respectively. Core histones in rat liver nuclei were extracted to a lesser extent with Chaps than with SB 12. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and isopeptidase activities were barely inactivated by 1% Chaps at pH 8-9, but isopeptidase activity was inhibited by 0.3% SB 12. These facts indicate that whereas SB 12 is effective for solubilization of whole nuclear proteins, Chaps is suitable for the selective extraction of nonhistone chromosomal proteins without denaturation.     

Developmental and regional variations in ribonucleic acid synthesis on cerebral chromatin

1. Chromatin was prepared from purified nuclei isolated from liver and cerebral regions of the rat. 2. The capacity of these preparations to promote RNA synthesis in the presence of bacterial RNA polymerase was determined. 3. The rate of RNA synthesis on chromatin was normally 12-21% of the rate observed with native DNA, but was markedly stimulated on addition of 200mm-ammonium sulphate. 4. At physiological concentrations (80mug./ml.), the brain-specific S-100 protein inhibited RNA synthesis on DNA and chromatin. 5. Cerebral chromatin from foetal and newborn animals was more active in RNA synthesis than were the analogous preparations from liver. 6. Cerebellar chromatin maintained a high rate of RNA synthesis during brain maturation. In contrast, RNA synthesis on chromatin from other brain regions and liver declined with age of the rat. 7. RNA synthesized on chromatin stimulated amino acid incorporation in an Escherichia coli ribosomal system and hybridized with homologous DNA. 8. RNA synthesized on chromatin from adult cortex or hindbrain hybridized with DNA to a greater extent than that synthesized on cerebellar chromatin. 9. The proportion of RNA formed on cerebral-cortical chromatin that hybridized with DNA increased with age of the rat. 10. The results indicate that the total amount and the types of RNA synthesized on cerebral chromatin vary regionally and during development.     

RNA synthesis in neuronal and glial cell nuclei from rat cerebral hemispheres during early postnatal development

RNA synthesis in rat cerebral hemispheres at 1, 5, and 10 days of age and the relative contribution brought by neuronal and glial nuclei to RNA synthesis was investigated. The experiments were carried out both in vivo (by i.p. injection of [³H]uridine) and in vitro (either by incubation of tissue slices with [³H]uridine or by determination of RNA polymerase activities). The labeling of RNA decreases from 1 to 10 days of age both in vivo and in vitro; the decrease is of the same extent in neuronal and glial nuclei. RNA polymerase activity Mg²⁺-dependent does not change significantly from 1 to 10 days of age either in total, in neuronal, or in glial nuclei, whereas the Mn²⁺-dependent activity increases significantly over the same developmental period studied. The significance of RNA polymerase assay as an index of in vivo RNA synthesis is discussed.