Studies on pathogenesis of buffalo pox virus in rabbits: quantitative assay of virus in different organs

The buffalo pox virus was found to multiply in the skin, the primary site of inoculation with an eclipse phase of 12 hr. The virus was then detected in the skin after 15 hr followed by its appearance in regional lymph nodes 36 hr postinoculation. Primary viremia was detected 48 hr postinoculation, followed by detection of virus in the lungs, liver, and spleen. The virus multiplied in the lungs on day 4 and in the liver and spleen on day 5 postinoculation and its release led to secondary viremia. In a follow-up from day 7 to 14 postinoculation, the virus was detected in the kidneys, stomach, intestines, and gonads.     

Suppression of Reticuloendothelial Function in the Rat with Cyclophosphamide

Effects of cyclophosphamide immunosuppressive therapy upon reticuloendothelial function in the rat have been studied. Numerous side effects including leukopenia, hematuria, diarrhea, hemorrhagic cystitis, and petechial hemorrhage in the lungs and the small bowel were observed. Studies utilizing (32)P-labeled bacteria revealed no change in the ability of the liver, spleen, lungs, or kidneys to ingest Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Utilization of labeled Staphylococcus aureus revealed an impairment of splenic uptake in animals receiving the maximal dose of 100 mg/kg. However, the liver, lungs, and kidneys were not affected. Although no generalized defect in the ingestive powers of these organs was observed, the ability of the lungs and kidneys from treated animals to kill ingested bacteria was significantly impaired. Regardless of the bacterium employed, the lungs and kidneys revealed a decrease in bactericidal ability with increasing drug dosages. Neither the liver nor the spleen from treated animals exhibited any decrease in bactericidal effect. Possible causes of this reduction in the bactericidal ability of alveolar and renal tissue following immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide are discussed.     

Pathogenicity of the Trudeau Strain of Mycobacterium sp. 607 for Mice

A study was made of the pathogenic properties of the Trudeau Culture Collection strain (T-67) of Mycobacterium sp. 607 for mice. The organism was highly pathogenic for CF1 mice upon intravenous injection. The animals succumbed soon after intravenous injection of a 14 x 10(6) viable cellular units. The T-67 strain proliferated in the kidneys of the animals but was unable to reproduce in the lungs, liver, and spleen. Destruction of the organisms in the latter organs commenced 24 hr after injection. Tissue bacterial counts showed that the mycobacteria were similarly destroyed in the kidneys after an interval of from 7 to 9 days after injection of the organisms. Histopathological examination of the tissues indicated that the lethal effects of the organism were due primarily to kidney damage. The liver, lungs, and spleen were similarly involved but to a lesser degree. The unique characteristics of the T-67 strain of Mycobacterium sp. 607 are discussed.     

Histopathology of natural Ebola virus subtype Reston infection in cynomolgus macaques during the Philippine outbreak in 1996.

We investigated the livers, spleens, kidneys and lungs collected from 24 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) naturally infected with Ebola virus subtype Reston (EBO-R) during the Philippine outbreak in 1996, in order to reveal the histopathologic findings. These macaques showed necrotic hepatocytes with inclusions, slight to massive fibrin deposition in splenic cords, depletion of lymphoid cells in the white pulp of the spleen, and fibrin thrombi in some organs. Immunohistochemical analysis using anti-leukocyte antigen L1 antibody revealed an increase in blood-derived macrophages/monocytes in the livers, kidneys and lungs of EBO-R infected macaques. EBO-R NP antigens were detected in the macrophages/monocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts in the liver, spleen, kidney and lung. These results indicate that EBO-R infection is characterized by systemic coagulopathy and an increase in blood-derived macrophages/monocytes in accordance with the EBO-R propagation in macrophages/monocytes.     

Intensity of peroxidation processes and activity of antioxidant enzymes in rat tissues at high chromium level in the diet

The data on the influence of chromium in different tissues of rats at its consumption with mixed fodder in the form of CrCl3 x 6H2O on the intensity of peroxidation processes and activity of antioxidant enzymes are presented. The degree of high chromium content in the studied tissues of rats at its addition to mixed fodder in the amount of 200 microg/kg during 30 days was established. Chromium content in the rat tissues decreased in the order: the spleen, heart, kidneys, lungs, brain, liver, skeletal muscle. In all tissues of rats fed with mixed fodder with chromium addition, except for skeletal muscles, content of lipid peroxidation products--hydroperoxide and TBARS-products decreased. The content of lipid peroxidation products decreased in the spleen, kidneys, liver and lungs. Also in all organs and tissues of rats the activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase increased at the action of chromium. In the brain and kidneys the level of reduced glutathione increased. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher not only in the heart and skeletal muscles of animals and is probably equal in the lungs and liver, and in other organs--the brain, kidneys and spleen in animals of the studied group the enzyme activity was lower as compared to animals of the control group. Obtained results demonstrate the regulatory influence of chromium on free radical process in the rat tissues.     

不同周龄SD大鼠脏器重量及其变化趋势分析

目的分析不同周龄SD大鼠的脏器重量及其变化趋势,为评判药物毒性反应提供理论参考。方法分别选取试验第13、26、52、78和104周对照组动物脑、脾脏、心脏、肺脏、肝脏、肾脏、肾上腺、睾丸、卵巢的重量数据并分析。结果从13～104周SD雌鼠脑、脾脏、心脏、肺脏、肝脏、肾脏、肾上腺、卵巢的重量呈升高趋势。从13～104周SD雄鼠脑、脾脏、心脏、肺脏、肝脏、肾脏重量均重于雌鼠,但雌鼠肾上腺重量、脏体比和脏脑比均显著高于雄鼠。结论本研究首次在国内建立了符合我国实验动物现状的,不同周龄SD大鼠的脏器重量背景数据和参考值范围,并分析了不同周龄SD大鼠脏器重量变化趋势。     

Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in experimentally infected bats.

Colonial bats (Myotis supp. and Eptesicus sp.) were infected with eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus by subcutaneous inoculation or by the bite of infected mosquitoes. Bats were maintained in an environment simulating conditions encountered in hibernacula or in summer maternal colonies. Virus was detected in the blood of hibernating bats at irregular intervals over a 42-day observation period; viremia perhaps was influenced by the amount of disturbance (arousal) involved in the blood sampling process. Target organs included brown fat, spleen, lung, kidneys, pancreas, and liver. Neutralizing antibody was not detected in sera collected from these bats between days 4 and 42 post-inoculation. In nonhibernating bats, virus was recovered from mammary glands, brown fat, pancreas, lungs, kidneys, and liver, in addition to blood. Attempts to infect bats orally or to transmit virus to suckling mice by the bite of viremic bats were unsuccessful. Virus was transmitted from viremic chickens to E. fuscus by the bite of Culiseta melanura and Aedes aegypti.     

Changes in Macro- and Microelement Composition in the Organisms of Irradiated Animals

We studied the content of Al, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, Pb, S, and Zn in the liver, kidneys, lungs, and spleen of mice with total radiation dose of 7.5 Gy using atomic emission spectral analysis with an inductively coupled argon plasma. The qualitative content of macro- and microelements and coordination between their concentrations statistically determined from coefficients of linear correlation differ between the tissues of the irradiated and control animals. Radiation damage decreases phosphorus content in all studied organisms and is a marker of disturbed conjugated oxidative phosphorylation. The most significant radiation-induced disturbance of macro- and microelement balance was detected in the spleen; it features decreased content of phosphorus, magnesium, and cobalt, as well as increased content of zinc and aluminum and considerably increased iron content. The revealed macro- and microelements disbalance in spleen, liver, kidneys, and lungs can be considered as a test for primary biological response to radiation damage.     

An Experimental Study of the Pharmacokinetics of the Antitumor Drug Aurumacryl

The distribution of the antitumor drug aurumacryl (intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 100 mg/kg) in the bodies of animals with Lewis lung carcinoma was studied. The determination of aurumacryl in the tumors and organs (blood, liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen, and brain) of mice was carried out for 48 h by measuring the gold content in the test tissues using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We found the preferential accumulation of the drug in the kidneys with an extremely low gold content in the brain and a relatively uniform distribution of aurumacryl between the tumor, liver, lung, and spleen tissues.

     

Tryptophan force-feeding: Changes in the activities of acetylcholinesterase in various tissues of well-fed normal and adrenalectomized rats

The activity of acetylcholinesterase in the liver, heart, spleen, lungs and kidneys of well-fed normal and adrenalectomized rats was measured following a single tube-feeding of tryptophan. In well-fed normal rats, 30 min after tryptophan force-feeding, the enzyme activity in the heart and lungs was stimulated by 28 and 25% as compared to the water-fed control while in well-fed adrenalectomized rats acetylcholinesterase acticity in the heart, liver spleen and lungs was 40, 31, 22 and 15% increased, respectively over that of the corresponding control. In both groups of rats the enzyme activity in the kidney was unaffected by tryptophan. In the liver, spleen and heart of well-fed adrenalectomized rats the pattern of response for acetylcholinesterase to a tryptophan dose, over a period of 24-hr. was found to be biphasic. In well-fed adrenalectomized rats the tryptophan-mediated stimulation of acetylcholinesterase activity in the heart was found to be insensitive to actinomycin-D. The tryptophan-mediated stimulation of acetylcholinesterase activity in the heart of well-fed normal and adrenalectomized rats could not be related to the presence of an activator.     

Susceptibility of congenitally immunodeficient mice to a nonencapsulated strain of Cryptococcus neoformans.

The susceptibility of congenitally immunodeficient mice to a nonencapsulated strain of Cryptococcus neoformans (strain M7) was evaluated. Gnotobiotic mice with defined congenital defects in innate immunity (beige) or cell-mediated immunity (athymic) or with combined defects in innate and cellular immunity (beige athymic) were i.v. challenged with C. neoformans M7. The nonencapsulated strain of C. neoformans produced a persistent low-grade infection in the brains of all immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice used in this study. Immunocompetent mice (nu/+;bg/+) and immunodeficient bg/bg mice readily cleared nonencapsulated cryptococci from their kidneys, liver, lungs, and spleen. In contrast to nu/+ mice, nu/nu mice had a reduced capacity to clear nonencapsulated cryptococci from their kidneys and liver after i.v. challenge. Both bg/bg-nu/nu and bg/bg-nu/+ mice developed a low-grade infection in their kidneys, liver, lungs, and spleen, which was maintained throughout the 21-day study. Persistent infections were not due to reversion to an encapsulated state. These data indicate that a capsule may not always be necessary for C. neoformans to survive, in vivo, in tissues of immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice.     

Effect of amino acids on transformation of glucose oxidase as antigen in tissues of immunized animals

The effect of certain amino acids on transformation of glucoseoxidase as an antigen in different tissues of the animals immunized with it showed that the used glucoseoxidase of the fungus Penicillium vitale Pidopl. et Bilaj possesses antigenic properties peculiar to this enzyme isolated from other sources. 1.5 minutes after a single administration of the antigen to nonimmunized rabbits it is determined in them in descending amounts in such an order: blood, lungs, liver, kidneys, lymphatic nodes. The same order is for immunized animals, but the enzyme quantity 1.5 minutes after the last injection is lower considerably in the kidneys, spleen, lymphatic nodes and in blood serum and changes slightly in the lungs and liver. The preliminary loading of animals under experiment immunized with amino acids accelerates essentially disappearance of the antigen under determination (glucoseoxidase in the given case) in the studied tissues. The data obtained testify to the fact that acceleration of antigen disappearance may be not related to interaction with antibodies.     

Combined action of antiblastoma preparations on lysozyme activity in animal organs]

The lysozyme activity in the spleen, kidneys and lungs of the mice treated with neocid, sarcolysine or Tio-Fef in therapeutic doses increased or remained at the control level by the 5th or 10th day after the drug administration. The use of sarcolysine per se or in combination with neocid increased the activity of lysozyme in the spleen, kidneys and lungs during the whole period of the experiment as compared to the control. The values of the lysozyme activity in the spleen and lungs of the animals treated with neocid in combination with sarcolysine were higher for 5 days, and in all organs examined were higher by the 10the day as compared to the animals treated with neocid alone. Increased lysozyme activity in the spleen, kidneys and lungs was observed under the effect of neocid in combination with sarcolysine as compared to the lysozyme activity in mice treated with sarcolysine per se (assay on the 10th day). Decreased lysozyme activity was determined in the spleen, kidneys and lungs by the 5th day and in the kidneys by the 10th day in the mice treated with sarcolysine in combination with Tio-Tel and in the spleen and lungs by the 5th and 10th days in the animals treated with neocid in combination with sarcolysine or Tio-Tef as compared to the animals treated with sarcolysine. The lysozyme activity in the kidneys under the effect of sarcolysine combination with Tio-Tef was lower by the 5th days and higher by the 10th day as compared to that under the effect of Tio-Tef.     

Lymphocyte migration in internally irradiated animals. Effect of internal beta radiation on the migration of spleen lymphocytes in CBA mice

The syngeneic transfer system was used to study migration of 51Cr-labelled spleen lymphocytes in mice after incorporation of beta-emitter, 35S-methionine. Migration of 51Cr-labelled lymphocytes to lymph nodes was stably decreased, and to liver, kidneys and lungs increased. The lymphocyte migration impairment was associated with the influence of beta-radiation on both the migratory properties of cells and the factors of their microenvironment responsible for the lymphocyte migration within the mouse body. No distinctions were observed in the character and manifestation of disturbances of the lymphocyte migration after the injection of 35S-methionine and gamma-emitter, 75Se-selenomethionine.     

不同周龄Balb／c小鼠脏器质量及其变化趋势分析

目的：测定不同周龄Balb／c小鼠主要脏器质量、脏器系数,并进行比较。方法：取120只3周龄、5周龄、7周龄的Balb／c小鼠,雌雄各半,精确测量小鼠体重和主要脏器质量,计算脏器系数。结果：①雌性与雄性Balb／c小鼠脏器质量相比较：3周龄时肝、脾有显著差异（P〈0．05）;5周龄时肝有非常显著差异（P〈0．01）,脾、肺有显著差异（P〈0．05）;7周龄时肝、肺及双肾有非常显著差异（P〈0．01）,心、脾有显著差异（P〈0．05）。②雌性与雄性Balb／c小鼠脏器系数相比较：3周龄时肝、脾有显著差异（P〈0．05）;5周龄时肝、脾有非常显著差异（P〈0．01）,膀胱有显著差异（P〈0．05）;7周龄时肺、双肾有非常显著差异（P〈0．01）,脾、膀胱有显著差异（P〈0．05）。结论：随着周龄的增长,Balb／c雌、雄性小鼠之间,存在差异的脏器也在增多。     

不同周龄Balb/c小鼠脏器质量及其变化趋势分析

目的:测定不同周龄Balb/c小鼠主要脏器质量、脏器系数,并进行比较。方法:取120只3周龄、5周龄、7周龄的Balb/c小鼠,雌雄各半,精确测量小鼠体重和主要脏器质量,计算脏器系数。结果:①雌性与雄性Balb/c小鼠脏器质量相比较:3周龄时肝、脾有显著差异(P0.05);5周龄时肝有非常显著差异(P0.01),脾、肺有显著差异(P0.05);7周龄时肝、肺及双肾有非常显著差异(P0.01),心、脾有显著差异(P0.05)。②雌性与雄性Balb/c小鼠脏器系数相比较:3周龄时肝、脾有显著差异(P0.05);5周龄时肝、脾有非常显著差异(P0.01),膀胱有显著差异(P0.05);7周龄时肺、双肾有非常显著差异(P0.01),脾、膀胱有显著差异(P0.05)。结论:随着周龄的增长,Balb/c雌、雄性小鼠之间,存在差异的脏器也在增多。     

Differential expression of phospholipases D1 and D2 in mouse tissues

The differential expression of phospholipase D (PLD) isozymes, which include PLD1 and PLD2, was examined in various murine tissues, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, heart, lung, liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas, ileum, colon, adrenal gland, kidneys, testes, ovaries, and uterus. In Western blot analysis, only PLD1 was detected in the heart and ovary, while only PLD2 was detected in the pancreas and ileum. Both PLD1 and PLD2 were strongly expressed in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and lung, and both were also expressed in the liver, spleen, stomach, colon, kidney, testes, and uterus. Immunohistochemistry showed intense PLD immunostaining in the cerebrum, cerebellum, lungs, intestines, and testis, and weak PLD immunostaining in the liver, kidneys, spleen, and heart. These findings suggest that PLD1 and PLD2 are differentially expressed in the various organs of mice, and that each PLD isozyme plays a distinct role in each organ.     

Eosinophilia, granuloma formation, migratory behaviour of second stage larvae in murine Toxocara canis infection. Effect of the inoculum size

Experimental infection of mice with Toxocara canis provides one of the best models for immunological and pathological studies of the visceral larva migrans syndrome. Blood eosinophilia, the migratory behaviour of second stage larvae and granuloma formation were studied in Swiss mice infected with Toxocara canis. Eosinophilia, spleen, liver and lung indexes were followed during a primary infection with different inoculum sizes (500 and 1500 eggs) while the migratory behaviour of larvae was studied in a primary infection with 1500 eggs over a period of 4 months. In mice infected with three challenges of 1500 eggs in order to elicit a strong inflammatory reaction in the tissues, a histopathological study was carried out. The results showed that eosinophilia, spleen and lung indexes (but not the liver index) were influenced by the parasite inoculum size. The migratory behaviour study showed that larval recovery was maximal three days post-infection, from the liver and lungs; the peak recovery from the skeletal muscles and brain being on days 15 and 30 post-infection, respectively. The histopathological study revealed the formation of granulomas in all the tissues examined (liver, lungs, kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes, myocardium etc.) but not in nervous tissue or in the retina of the eye. Granulomas in the lungs were larger than those found in the liver. The implications of these results are discussed considering host-parasite inter-relations.     

Oxidation and reduction of glutathione in rat organs during the administration of ethonium

An intramuscular administration of ethonium in a dose of 5 and 10 mg/kg 4-6 h later decreases the level of the reduced glutathione and increases that of oxidized glutathione and the glutathione peroxidase activity in the liver and kidneys of albino rats. The duration of the preparation effect depends on the dose and organ, changes in the glutathione reductase activity in the liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen and heart are not found. Participation of ethonium in formation of peroxides in the organism tissues is shown possible.     

Prevalence of hydatid in buffaloes in India and report of a severe liver infection

Of 3200 buffaloes examined at Bareilly abattoir 915 (28.6%) were positive for hydatidosis. The hydatid infected organs were lungs (60%), liver (32%), spleen (4%), kidneys (2%), heart (0.9%) and brain (0.1%). The number of hydatid cysts encountered in lungs of an individual buffalo was 1-9 and 1-7 in liver. One buffalo liver showed severe hepatomegaly, cirrhosis and had an exceptionally high number of hydatid cysts. Infectivity studies in pups showed 16-29 per cent worm establishment with the presence of shelled eggs within the uterus of the parasite on day 45 post-infection.