泽泻科的花粉形态研究

本文对泽泻科11属27种代表植物的花粉进行了光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察。在系统描述了该科及各属植物花粉形态的基础上,将泽泻科植物的花粉划分为3种类型,即少果泽苔草型、慈菇型和泽泻型。根据花粉形态特征的比较,并依据泽泻科植物祖先类群的花粉具有船形、具单沟萌发孔、花粉外壁具明显的刺状纹饰、覆盖层完整无通道等特征,作者认为泽泻科植物花粉形态的如下演化趋势是明显的：由船形演化为卵球形、球形和多面体球形;由单沟萌发孔经过一无孔的中间类型演化为散孔类型;孔膜由光滑演化为具颗粒和小刺;萌发孔不内陷进化到内陷;花粉粒外壁的刺状纹饰逐渐过渡为颗粒状纹饰或者消失,以及覆盖层由无通道到具细通道和通道。     

中国无患子科的花粉形态及其系统学意义

利用扫描电镜对国产无患子科(狭义,Sapindaceae)23属30种1变种植物的花粉形态进行了观察。结果显示,该科花粉粒多为扁球形,部分为长球形,少数为球形或近球形,极面观多为三角形;从花粉萌发孔类型看,大多数种类具三沟孔,有的形成合沟,少数仅具三孔而无沟;从花粉外壁纹饰看,多数花粉外壁具网状或条纹状雕纹,少数花粉的外壁具刺状或颗粒状纹饰。花粉形态特征支持文冠果亚科(Xanthoceroideae)以及广义鳞花木属(Lepisanthes)概念,并支持仍将茶条木属(Delavaya)置于车桑子亚科(Dodonaeoideae)。观察发现黄梨木(Boniodendron minus)与栾树属(Koelreuteria),龙眼属(Dimocarpus)、荔枝属(Litchi)与韶子属(Nephelium)从花粉形态上表现出较近的亲缘关系。基于花粉形态特征编制了国产无患子科分属检索表。     

蜘蛛抱蛋亚族的花粉形态

本文研究并报道了百合科蜘蛛抱蛋亚族的花粉形态,主要结论如下：1．开口箭属含两种花粉类型即：(1)单槽、椭圆形;(2)无萌发孔、球形。具单槽、椭圆形花粉的种类含单型性核型,花形较小,柱头小而花柱短,雄蕊高于柱头;无萌发孔、球形花粉的种类则为单型性核型,花形较大,柱头常高度膨大,雄蕊常着生在花被筒基部。2．万年青属花粉为椭圆形,具单槽;蜘蛛抱蛋属花粉则为球形,无萌发孔;开口箭属花粉一部分与万年青属相似,另一部分则与蜘蛛抱蛋属雷同。3．蜘蛛抱蛋亚族中最原始的花粉类型为单槽椭圆形,具孔状或网状外壁纹饰。球形,无萌发孔,外壁具皱波状、瘤状或芽孢状纹饰的花粉为派生类型。4．蜘蛛抱蛋亚族种下花粉形状、萌发孔类型和外壁纹饰基本稳定,可作为分种特征。     

天仙子族(茄科)的花粉形态补充研究及其系统学意义

在扫描电镜下研究了茄科天仙子族7属及颠茄属、茄参属和枸杞属3属共10属23种植物的花粉形态学特征。结果表明:天仙子族的花粉粒形状为球形、近球形、扁球形和长球形;萌发孔类型有无萌发孔、不规则的拟孔、3沟、4沟、3～4沟、散沟和3孔沟;外壁纹饰为小刺状、瘤状、各式条纹状、条纹-穴状、条纹-网状、皱波状、细网状和网状。沟膜近光滑、具小颗粒、具小刺状突起或具瘤状突起。各属植物的花粉形态在萌发孔的有无、萌发孔的类型和外壁纹饰等方面有较大的差异,可以作为探讨属间分类和系统关系的重要依据。天仙子族植物花粉萌发孔的演化趋势为:无萌发孔→3、4沟→3孔沟。无萌发孔的山莨菪属是原始类群,三孔沟的马尿泡和天仙子等属是进化类群。还讨论了与前人研究结果不同之处和可能的原因。     

中国酸模属植物花粉形态研究

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜对１５种,透射电镜对２种国产酸模属植物的花粉进行观察与研究。本属花粉为球形或近球形,大小为１５～４０×１８～４０μｍ。具３孔沟、４斜孔沟、散孔沟、散沟等;沟或外沟狭长,几达两极,内陷或不内陷,内孔圆形、稍横长或纵长;表面具皱波状纹饰;外壁厚１．０～３．５μｍ,外层明显厚于内层。在透射电镜下,花粉外壁分３层：覆盖层最厚,具穴状或穿孔,颗粒状或刺状纹饰,内面均匀;柱状层明显,厚,小柱为钝圆锥体或圆柱状,基层和内层不分,最薄,但在萌发孔处明显增厚。根据花粉形态,本属花粉可以分成７个组,它们是：小酸模组、滨海酸模组、酸模组、土大黄组、荒地酸模组、巴天酸模组和钝叶酸模组。对萌发孔分布规律的研究,基本支持Ｗｏｄｅｈｏｕｓｅ（１９３１）的观点,同时据花粉萌发孔演化的规律,认为本属花粉可能是蓼科花粉由少数萌发孔向多数萌发孔演化的过渡类型。     

中国鸢尾属花粉形态研究

本文借助光学显微镜和扫描电镜,对我国产鸢尾属Iris L．32种植物的花粉形态进行 了观察。该属植物的花粉为舟形或近球形。萌发孔可分为远极单沟、远极单沟-拟沟、二合 沟及无萌发孔等类型。外壁主要为网状纹饰,少数具瘤状或鼓槌状纹饰。本文依据花粉形态 和其它器官特征,对本属花粉外壁及萌发孔的演化趋势及某些种的分类地位进行了探讨。     

中国木犀属花粉形态研究及其系统学意义

观察了中国木犀属4组21种植物的花粉形态。花粉为圆球形或近长球形,外壁表面均具网状纹饰。大多数种类都具有三孔沟的萌发孔,极少四孔沟,或六萌发孔。内孔明显或不明显,有9种植物同时存在具三孔沟和具三沟二种类型的花粉及中间过渡类型(显脉木犀同时存在具三拟孔沟和具四拟孔沟)。很多特点表明,木犀属花粉的萌发孔在木犀科中处于由简单萌发孔向复合萌发孔过渡的阶段。根据网眼从沟间区中央到沟边是否变细,可将本属花粉分为两大类型,与分组有一定的对应关系。综合一些花粉特征,可发现本属花粉形态差异较明显,与一般形态差异有一定的相关性。花粉形态在木犀属具有一定的系统学意义。     

大风子科13个种的花粉形态

利用光镜和扫描电镜对大风子科 9属 1 3个种的花粉形态进行了观察。花粉形状长球形或圆球形 ,除大风子属 (Hydnocarpus)萌发孔为三拟孔沟 ,其余均为三孔沟 ;外壁纹饰在不同属、同属不同种间表现出明显的多样化 ,基本上可分为粗网状、细网状、穿孔状、穴状4种类型。研究认为花粉形态对于该科与近缘科以及属下的划分具有一定的意义     

中国鸡矢藤属花粉形态

用扫描电子显微镜对中国鸡矢藤属(Paederia L.)6种1变种植物的花粉进行观察。结果表明:鸡矢藤属植物的花粉均为单粒,辐射对称,小型或中型,极面观3-裂圆形至钝三角形,赤道面观呈长圆球形或近长球形,具3个萌发沟,无内萌发孔。外壁纹饰网状、细网状或穿孔状,孔边缘具小刺状突起或无。臭鸡矢藤(P.foetida)和白毛鸡矢藤(P.pertomentosa)具有花粉二型现象,其中白毛鸡矢藤(P.pertomentosa)是首次报道。花粉二型现象与花柱二型现象可能没有直接的关联性,与前人的观点一致。推测鸡矢藤属外壁纹饰的可能演化趋势为:穿孔、网状、细网状→粗网状;网眼内无棒状突起→网眼内有棒状突起。鸡矢藤属花粉的外壁纹饰变化较大,且无内萌发孔,是茜草科花粉过渡类型的特征。     

湖北省泽泻科、水鳖科、眼子菜科及茨藻科植物花粉形态研究

本文利用光镜及扫描电镜对湖北省泽泻科、水鳖科、眼子菜科及茨藻科11属29种1变种1变型植物(另加采于湛江的软骨草)的花粉形态进行了研究,发现泽泻科植物花粉具多个圆形萌发孔,外壁表面为小刺状纹饰;茨藻科植物花粉具远极单槽,表面为绉波状纹饰;眼子菜科及本文研究的水鳖科植物花粉均无萌发孔,分别具网状和小刺状饰纹饰。1.茨藻科植物花粉最原始,泽泻科花粉较进化,眼子菜科花粉较水鳖科花粉进化;2.泽泻属与泽苔草属花粉较慈姑属花粉原始;3.鞘叶眼子菜亚屈花粉较眼子菜亚属的花粉处于更高演化阶段;4.多孔茨藻花粉在该科中最原始。本文工作尚对易变形水生植物花粉形态研究方法进行了尝试。     

VASCULAR PATTERNS IN STEMS OF ARACEAE: SUBFAMILY MONSTEROIDEAE

Analysis of stem vasculature in representatives of subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae) by cinematographic techniques based on serial sections shows three main patterns of organization. One group of five genera (Rhaphidophora, Epipremnum, Amydrium, Scindapsus, Monstera) is characterized by simple vascular bundles and axial bundles which are derived by basal aggregation of small bundles branching from existing axial bundles. Another group of two genera (Stenospermation, Rhodospatha) is characterized by compound vascular bundles which are made by rather irregular association of individual collateral bundles. These two groups correspond to the tribe Monstereae. The last group which corresponds to the tribe Spathiphylleae includes two genera (Spathiphyllum, Holochlamys) with amphivasal vascular bundles which are highly condensed and irregularly anastomosing. In part, this division is correlated with habit and habitat. Some members of the first group resemble genera within the subfamily Pothoideae quite closely and indicate that the two subfamilies are not clearly circumscribed. Compound bundles in Rhodospatha and Stenospermation do not have the precise organization previously reported for the Pandanaceae.     

A Study on Aroids in Gaoligong Mountains

高黎贡山是云南与缅甸北部交界的山脉。这一地区的植物区系深受科学界的注意。由于地形险峻,自然植被保存完好,但研究的也较少。高黎贡山是特有现象最丰富的地区。这里有天南星科植物58 种,属于11个属,以南星属为主,含35种。天南星科植物中,10种为高黎贡山所特有,6种为分布到高黎贡山的云南特有种,7种为分布到高黎贡山的中国特有种。植物地理学研究表明高黎贡山的植物区系是东亚植物区系的一部分,是东喜马拉雅植物区系的起源地之一。     

Hydroxycinnamoyl acid amides and aromatic amines in the inflorescences of some araceae species

Hydroxycinnamoyl acid amides (HCA's) were found to be important components in the inflorescences of different Araceae species. HCA's occurred in large amount in spathes and in the male and female flowers, and were totally absent from the sterile flowers, commonly found on Araceae spadices. Differences in the distribution of HCA's were noted between male and female flowers. Thus the amount of neutral HCA's was always greater in the male than in the female flowers and the female flowers generally contained more basic HCA'S. In the inflorescences of some Araceae species in the Monsteroideae and Philodendroideae (genera Monstera, Raphidophora and Philodendron), the aromatic amines tyramine and dopamine were very abundant, with concentrations ranging from 1 to 4 mg of each amine per g fr. wt.     

EVOLUTIONARY AND ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF STARCH STORAGE IN POLLEN OF THE ARACEAE

Starch content was qualitatively assessed for pollen of 79 of the 111 currently recognized genera of the family Araceae—one of three monocot families known to exhibit both starchy and starchless pollen. Although 73% of the genera investigated had exclusively starchy pollen, character correlation suggests that starchless pollen is the primitive type for the family Araceae, as well as for monocots in general. Pollen starch content is a highly conservative character at the generic level in Araceae; only a single genus (Schismatoglottis) clearly exhibits both character states. The distribution of starchy pollen among aroid genera is consistent with what have here been termed Bakers' Starch Laws. Aroid pollen below a certain critical diameter—17-25 μm—is almost invariably starchless. Larger pollen is nearly always starchy, except where insect pollinators may use pollen nutritionally. There is strong evidence that the trend from starchless to starchy pollen in Araceae is reversible, according to the constraints imposed by the aforementioned factors.     

Pollen-ovule ratios in some Neotropical Araceae and their putative significance

The correlation between pollen-ovule (P/O) ratio and breeding system has generally been analysed with respect either to pollination efficiency, or in terms of sex allocation theory. Pollen/ovule ratios were measured in nine species of Araceae belonging to two genera with bisexual flowers (Anaphyllopsis, Monstera) and three genera with unisexual flowers (Dieffenbachia, Philodendron, Montrichardia). The family Araceae with its unique inflorescence morphology allows the analysis of variations of the P/O ratio with respect to two basal morpho-functional pollination units: the flower or the inflorescence. We found a relationship between the value of the P/O ratio and the breeding system that is partially different from Cruden's results (1977). Some facultative xenogamous species have a higher P/O than the obligatory xenogamous species. A link was found between the P/O and the type of inflorescence, the floral cycle, and the mode of growth.     

天南星属植物的花粉形态

利用扫描电镜对天南星科天南星属（Arisaema)8组25种植物的花粉进行研究（其中,12种前人未观察过,12种中11种为我国特有）。结果显示：本属花粉形态基本一致,即球形,无萌发孔,无覆盖层,具微刺,是一个非常自然的类群。但各个种在花粉粒大小,刺长,刺的形状,刺基部上径,刺的密度和刺间纹饰方面差别较大,可以作为区别种的依据。这进一步证实了前人的结论。花粉形态支持学者们关于天南星属是本科最进化的类群之一的观点。天南星属花粉可能由线花组从花粉大小适中、刺密度居中向大或小、密或疏的方向发展;刺间表面纹饰对探讨组间演化关系意义不大。Murata等对于花粉刺间具较密颗粒为曲序组特征的界定可疑;把A.yunnanense Buchet、A.bathycoleum Hand.-Mazt.和A.prazeri Hook.f.归入曲序组似乎不妥。A.consanguineum Schott和A.fraternum Schott的花粉形态没有支持李恒对这两个种的归并。     

斑龙芋属(天南星科) 及近缘属植物的叶表皮形态

光镜、电镜下观察了天南星科天南星族下斑龙芋属2 个种及近缘属13 个种植物的叶表皮形态特征。实验结果显示, 4 属植物的叶表皮组成及其形态特征较相似, 属间不存在明显差异, 但某些特征在种间存在差异, 可作为种的鉴别特征。叶表皮特征支持将单籽犁头尖和昆明犁头尖两个种合并为一个种。15 个种的气孔器均具有2 个副卫细胞, Stebbins and Khush 认为这是气孔器类型中较具2 个以上副卫细胞更进化的一种类型, 而天南星科大多数族的气孔器都具有2 个以上的副卫细胞, 这也证明了天南星族是天南星科较进化的族。     

亚洲茜草科粗叶木属及其相关属植物花粉形态研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜研究了茜草科粗叶木属Lasianthus 16种2亚种、1变种及相关的5属5种的花粉形态。粗叶木属的花粉属于广孢型, 单粒。一般中等大小, 绝大多数为圆球形, 少数为近长球形或长球形。花粉形态特征, 特别是在萌发孔和外壁纹饰上表现出多样化。根据孔沟的数目或是否具有内孔, 可以将萌发孔分为(3-)4-(-5)孔沟和3孔。在所观察的这些种中, 萌发孔以3-4孔沟为主要类型, 比例为62.4%。外壁纹饰可分为细网状、粗网状和穴状。有部分种的花粉极面有穴状纹饰, 其余均为网状纹饰。网眼一般椭圆形、近圆形、三角形或者不规则形。少数外壁纹饰网脊上有颗粒状雕纹或模糊的颗粒, 网脊轮廓线呈波浪形, 一般凸出且平滑。大部分种的花粉具有沟膜, 沟膜上具有瘤状突起或小颗粒状, 沟边缘一般较平滑, 或粗糙, 有的种具有沟桥。