分化细胞经特定因子诱导重编程为多能干细胞

胚胎干细胞在再生医学领域有着十分诱人的应用前景。但是现有胚胎干细胞建系技术不能避开对卵细胞的操作, 成为ES细胞临床应用的障碍。通过反转录病毒载体系统, 在小鼠和人类高度分化细胞中表达干细胞因子Oct4, Sox2, Klf4和/或c-Myc等基因, 再经过干细胞标志因子Nanog或Oct4筛选, 可以获得与ES细胞特性十分近似的诱导多能干细胞系。这种不依赖于卵细胞的多能干细胞建系方法无疑是干细胞实验技术的重大进展, 也是对现有重编程理论假设的突破。综述了诱导多能干细胞系建系实验结果, 并对诱导重编程的机制和诱导多能干细胞系的临床应用前景进行了讨论。     

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral T Cells Using Sendai Virus in Feeder-free Conditions

Recently, iPSCs have attracted attention as a new source of cells for regenerative therapies. Although the initial method for generating iPSCs relied on dermal fibroblasts obtained by invasive biopsy and retroviral genomic insertion of transgenes, there have been many efforts to avoid these disadvantages. Human peripheral T cells are a unique cell source for generating iPSCs. iPSCs derived from T cells contain rearrangements of the T cell receptor (TCR) genes and are a source of antigen-specific T cells. Additionally, T cell receptor rearrangement in the genome has the potential to label individual cell lines and distinguish between transplanted and donor cells. For safe clinical application of iPSCs, it is important to minimize the risk of exposing newly generated iPSCs to harmful agents. Although fetal bovine serum and feeder cells have been essential for pluripotent stem cell culture, it is preferable to remove them from the culture system to reduce the risk of unpredictable pathogenicity. To address this, we have established a protocol for generating iPSCs from human peripheral T cells using Sendai virus to reduce the risk of exposing iPSCs to undefined pathogens. Although handling Sendai virus requires equipment with the appropriate biosafety level, Sendai virus infects activated T cells without genome insertion, yet with high efficiency. In this protocol, we demonstrate the generation of iPSCs from human peripheral T cells in feeder-free conditions using a combination of activated T cell culture and Sendai virus.     

Generation of Integration-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Hair-derived Keratinocytes

Recent advances in reprogramming allow us to turn somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Disease modeling using patient-specific hiPSCs allows the study of the underlying mechanism for pathogenesis, also providing a platform for the development of in vitro drug screening and gene therapy to improve treatment options. The promising potential of hiPSCs for regenerative medicine is also evident from the increasing number of publications (>7000) on iPSCs in recent years. Various cell types from distinct lineages have been successfully used for hiPSC generation, including skin fibroblasts, hematopoietic cells and epidermal keratinocytes. While skin biopsies and blood collection are routinely performed in many labs as a source of somatic cells for the generation of hiPSCs, the collection and subsequent derivation of hair keratinocytes are less commonly used. Hair-derived keratinocytes represent a non-invasive approach to obtain cell samples from patients. Here we outline a simple non-invasive method for the derivation of keratinocytes from plucked hair. We also provide instructions for maintenance of keratinocytes and subsequent reprogramming to generate integration-free hiPSC using episomal vectors.     

诱导性多能干细胞研究技术的现状与前景

2006年Takahashi研究小组成功地将小鼠的胚胎成纤维细胞和鼠尾成纤维细胞重编成为诱导性多能干细胞(iPSC),开创了体细胞重编程的全新方法,所得iPSC具有和胚胎干细胞相似的生物学特性,不仅解决了人类胚胎干细胞研究所面临的伦理学困境和免疫排斥问题,而且进一步深化了对细胞多能性和基因组重编程的认识,再次掀起了干细胞研究的热潮。iPSC结合基因治疗和细胞治疗的成果已经应用到动物疾病模型上。iPSC能够自我更新并维持未分化状态,可分化为3个胚层来源的所有细胞,参与形成机体所有组织和器官,体外定向诱导能够分化出各种成体细胞,在理论研究和临床应用等方面都极具应用价值。但iPSC技术也存在一系列问题需要研究解决。     

诱导多能干细胞及其在神经退行性疾病研究中的应用

用干细胞转录因子OCT4、SOX2、c-MYC和KLF4进行体细胞重编程产生具有胚胎干细胞特性的诱导多能干细胞(iPS细胞)是干细胞研究领域的突破性进展。近年来,iPS细胞的研究从产生方法、重编程机理及实际应用方面不断取得进展。由于iPS细胞的产生可取自体细胞,因而克服了胚胎干细胞应用的伦理学和免疫排斥等缺陷,为iPS细胞的临床应用开辟了广阔的前景。该文将对iPS细胞的产生方法、重编程机理及其在神经性退行性疾病的研究与应用进行文献综述,反映近几年iPS细胞最新研究成果,并阐述了用病人iPS细胞模型探讨帕金森氏病、老年性痴呆症、脊髓侧索硬化症、脊髓肌肉萎缩症及舞蹈症等5种常见神经性退行性疾病发病机理的研究现状。     

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs include modeling pathogenesis of human genetic diseases, autologous cell therapy after gene correction, and personalized drug screening by providing a source of patient-specific and symptom relevant cells. However, there are several hurdles to overcome, such as eliminating the remaining reprogramming factor transgene expression after human iPSCs production. More importantly, residual transgene expression in undifferentiated human iPSCs could hamper proper differentiations and misguide the interpretation of disease-relevant in vitro phenotypes. With this reason, integration-free and/or transgene-free human iPSCs have been developed using several methods, such as adenovirus, the piggyBac system, minicircle vector, episomal vectors, direct protein delivery and synthesized mRNA. However, efficiency of reprogramming using integration-free methods is quite low in most cases.Here, we present a method to isolate human iPSCs by using Sendai-virus (RNA virus) based reprogramming system. This reprogramming method shows consistent results and high efficiency in cost-effective manner.     

Ultra-High-Frequency Reprogramming of Individual Long-Term Hematopoietic Stem Cells Yields Low Somatic Variant Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

1. Download high-res image (215KB)
2. Download full-size image

     

诱导性多潜能干细胞(iPS cells)——现状及前景展望

主要从 iPS细胞发展历程、获得 iPS细胞的几个关键步骤 (如基因导入方式、诱导 iPS细胞所需因子组合与小分子化合物运用和体细胞种类选择等)、病人或疾病特异性 iPS细胞、iPS细胞体内外诱导分化与其衍生物的临床应用和制备无遗传修饰的(genetic modification-free) iPS细胞的可行性与前景等方面对 iPS细胞最新研究进展做评述．日本和美国研究小组先后用4种基因将小鼠(2006年8月)和人(2007年11～12月)的体细胞在体外重编程为诱导性多潜能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS cells),此后在短短两年多时间内,iPS 细胞的研究和关注度呈爆炸式增长．体细胞重编程、去分化和多潜能干细胞来源等一系列热点问题再次成为干细胞和发育生物学等研究的热点和焦点．与胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ES cells)一样,iPS细胞在体内可分化为3个胚层来源的所有细胞,进而参与形成机体所有组织和器官．迄今,在体外已由 iPS细胞定向诱导分化出功能性的多种成熟细胞．因此,iPS细胞研究不仅具有重要理论意义,而且在再生医学、组织工程和药物发现与评价等方面极具应用价值．     

体细胞重编程为诱导多能干细胞

诱导多功能性干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS细胞）是通过导入特定的转录因子（如Oct3/4、Sox2、c-Myc和Klf4等）将体细胞诱导重编程为多能性干细胞,其功能与胚胎干细胞相似.iPS细胞的建立,在生命科学领域引起了新的轰动.目前,iPS细胞的研究领域在转录因子的优化、iPS细胞的筛选、载体的运用、体细胞种类的选择和iPS细胞的应用等方面取得突破进展,但仍然存在致癌性、效率低等一系列急需解决的问题.     

人诱导性多潜能干细胞(iPS细胞)系的建立

掌握建立人iPS细胞系(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)的技术,以便为人肿瘤细胞重编程为iPS细胞建立技术平台.在人胚胎干细胞的培养条件下,通过携带Oct4、Sox2、c-Myc、Klf44个混合因子的慢病毒感染人皮肤成纤维细胞(CCD-1079SK细胞),从而诱导成干细胞样的克隆.根据人胚胎干细胞的特性进行如下鉴定:克隆形态、碱性磷酸酶活性、核型和CCD-1079SK细胞来源的克隆拟胚体(embryoid bodies,EBs)形成及分化等.结果显示,在人胚胎干细胞的培养环境中,导入Oct4、Sox2、c-Myc、Klf44个因子的CCD-1079SK细胞产生了一株iPSC克隆,这株iPSC克隆在细胞形态、增殖能力、胚胎细胞特异性表面抗原以及基因表达与人胚胎干细胞相似,此外,iPSC克隆在体外悬浮培养中形成拟胚体并分化成3个胚层.人iPS细胞系的成功建立为利用iPS细胞技术开展肿瘤细胞重编程研究奠定了坚实基础.     

体细胞直接转化为多能干细胞的新方法

胚胎干细胞具有自我复制、高度增殖、多向分化潜能、可植入性和重建能力等特征.对于诸如青少年糖尿病、帕金森综合症和心脏病等需要通过细胞移植来治疗的疾病而言,从人的囊胚内细胞团获得胚胎干细胞系是最理想的供体来源.然而,目前实验和医疗还要考虑到利用人类胚胎的一些伦理问题和组织排异反应.避免这些问题的可能途径就是通过已分化体细胞的重新编程来直接转化为诱导性多能干细胞,它们具有类似ES细胞的功能.目前,获得诱导性多能干细胞的设想已初步实现了从老鼠到人的突破.以下主要对体细胞直接转化为诱导性多能干细胞的研究现状、方法和转录因子在诱导体细胞重新编程中发挥的作用等内容进行了概述,以期为干细胞研究者进行更深入的研究提供一定的借鉴.     

诱导多潜能干细胞(iPSCs)的研究与应用进展

诱导多潜能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,iPSCs)是体细胞在外源因子作用下,经直接细胞核程序重整而重新获得多潜能的干细胞.iPSCs在疾病的模型建立与机理研究、细胞治疗、药物的发现与评价等方面有着巨大的潜在应用价值.在过去几年中,科学家们致力于改进体细胞重编程技术并取得许多突破.然而,为实现其在临床上的应用,必须克服体细胞重编程效率低和iPSCs成瘤风险两大挑战,而且重编程机制有待进一步阐明.结合iPSCs最新研究成果,评述了有关领域国内外研究进展,重点讨论当前存在问题,并展望未来研究方向.     

限定因子诱导胎猪成纤维细胞重编程为多能性细胞

尝试运用限定因子融合蛋白建立猪的诱导多能性干细胞．试验采用Oct4、Sox2、Klf4、c-Myc四种限定因子经慢病毒表达载体系统介导感染猪胎儿成纤维细胞,对表达外源限定因子的猪胎儿成纤维细胞进行培养传代,逐步分离培养出集落边缘界限清晰的细胞克隆,细胞集落生长状态稳定、核型正常、碱性磷酸酶检测为阳性,免疫细胞化学检测显示,Oct4、Nanog、SSEA-1蛋白表达为阳性,体内能够分化形成含有三个胚层的畸胎瘤．结果证实分离培养的细胞克隆为猪诱导多能性干细胞,为进一步完善诱导方案和深入研究应用猪诱导多能性干细胞奠定了基础．     

诱导性多能干细胞与肝样细胞分化

肝脏疾病正逐渐成为全球棘手的医疗问题。肝细胞是肝脏生理活动的主要承担者,在肝脏疾病的研究以及药物的研发和测试方面有着举足轻重的作用。然而,体外分离培养的原代肝细胞面临在体外不能无限增殖和稳定表达肝脏特异基因等问题。有强大的自我更新能力和三胚层分化潜能的诱导性多能肝细胞(iPSCs)能被诱导因子、外源基因和小分子化合物等定向诱导分化为功能性肝细胞。同时,还避免了伦理、宗教以及免疫排斥等诸多问题。本文简要综述了从不同策略诱导iPSCs成为功能性肝细胞的研究方法和成果,并对该领域进行小结和展望。     

Transfection,Selection, and Colony-picking of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells TALEN-targeted with a GFP Gene into the AAVS1 Safe Harbor

Targeted transgene addition can provide persistent gene expression while circumventing the gene silencing and insertional mutagenesis caused by viral vector mediated random integration. This protocol describes a universal and efficient transgene targeted addition platform in human iPSCs based on utilization of validated open-source TALENs and a gene-trap-like donor to deliver transgenes into a safe harbor locus. Importantly, effective gene editing is rate-limited by the delivery efficiency of gene editing vectors. Therefore, this protocol first focuses on preparation of iPSCs for transfection to achieve high nuclear delivery efficiency. When iPSCs are dissociated into single cells using a gentle-cell dissociation reagent and transfected using an optimized program, >50% cells can be induced to take up the large gene editing vectors. Because the AAVS1 locus is located in the intron of an active gene (PPP1R12C), a splicing acceptor (SA)-linked puromycin resistant gene (PAC) was used to select targeted iPSCs while excluding random integration-only and untransfected cells. This strategy greatly increases the chance of obtaining targeted clones, and can be used in other active gene targeting experiments as well. Two weeks after puromycin selection at the dose adjusted for the specific iPSC line, clones are ready to be picked by manual dissection of large, isolated colonies into smaller pieces that are transferred to fresh medium in a smaller well for further expansion and genetic and functional screening. One can follow this protocol to readily obtain multiple GFP reporter iPSC lines that are useful for in vivo and in vitro imaging and cell isolation.     

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs)¹. While improvements in several gene delivery methods have been described^2-9, transfection remains a capricious process for HESCs, and has not yet been reported in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this video, we demonstrate how our lab routinely transfects and nucleofects human iPSCs using plasmid with an enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) reporter. Human iPSCs are adapted and maintained as feeder-free cultures to eliminate the possibility of feeder cell transfection and to allow efficient selection of stable transgenic iPSC clones following transfection. For nucleofection, human iPSCs are pre-treated with ROCK inhibitor¹¹, trypsinized into small clumps of cells, nucleofected and replated on feeders in feeder cell-conditioned medium to enhance cell recovery. Transgene-expressing human iPSCs can be obtained after 6 hours. Antibiotic selection is applied after 24 hours and stable transgenic lines appear within 1 week. Our protocol is robust and reproducible for human iPSC lines without altering pluripotency of these cells.     

Derivation of Airway Basal Stem Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

1. Download : Download high-res image (184KB)
2. Download : Download full-size image