天然草地管理措施对植物病害的影响研究进展

放牧、围封、刈割和焚烧是天然草地管理的最主要方式,植物病害是草地生产力的主要限制因素之一,综合考虑生态和经济效益,探讨利用方式对天然草地植物病害的影响,进而采取合理的管理措施,有效降低草地病害危害、提高草地生产力和生态服务功能。分析了放牧、围封和焚烧等草原管理措施对植物病害的影响。放牧对草地植物病害的发生有双重影响,对多数病害而言,放牧可清除草地植被中的病株,减少初侵染源而降低植物病害的发生;但对物理传播的病害,放牧通过家畜传播病原侵染植物,导致病害大面积发生。刈割阻止真菌的进一步侵入与定殖,从而减少草地病害的发生机会;另一方面,刈割形成有利于病原真菌孢子传播的条件,病原真菌通过刈割工具传播到刈割造成的叶片伤口上,为侵入植物体内提供了方便。草地围封增加了植物物种的多度同时降低植物多样性,有利于病害发生。冬末春初植被返青前,焚烧草地可清除枯枝落叶,减少越冬的病原物,降低病害的发生。同时对该领域的研究进行了展望,对今后研究提出了建议。     

An assessment of opportunities to dissect host genetic variation in resistance to infectious diseases in livestock

This paper reviews the evidence for host genetic variation in resistance to infectious diseases for a wide variety of diseases of economic importance in poultry, cattle, pig, sheep and Atlantic salmon. Further, it develops a method of ranking each disease in terms of its overall impact, and combines this ranking with published evidence for host genetic variation and information on the current state of genomic tools in each host species. The outcome is an overall ranking of the amenability of each disease to genomic studies that dissect host genetic variation in resistance. Six disease-based assessment criteria were defined: industry concern, economic impact, public concern, threat to food safety or zoonotic potential, impact on animal welfare and threat to international trade barriers. For each category, a subjective score was assigned to each disease according to the relative strength of evidence, impact, concern or threat posed by that particular disease, and the scores were summed across categories. Evidence for host genetic variation in resistance was determined from available published data, including breed comparison, heritability studies, quantitative trait loci (QTL) studies, evidence of candidate genes with significant effects, data on pathogen sequence and on host gene expression analyses. In total, 16 poultry diseases, 13 cattle diseases, nine pig diseases, 11 sheep diseases and three Atlantic salmon diseases were assessed. The top-ranking diseases or pathogens, i.e. those most amenable to studies dissecting host genetic variation, were Salmonella in poultry, bovine mastitis, Marek's disease and coccidiosis, both in poultry. The top-ranking diseases or pathogens in pigs, sheep and Atlantic salmon were Escherichia coli, mastitis and infectious pancreatic necrosis, respectively. These rankings summarise the current state of knowledge for each disease and broadly, although not entirely, reflect current international research efforts. They will alter as more information becomes available and as genome tools become more sophisticated for each species. It is suggested that this approach could be used to rank diseases from other perspectives as well, e.g. in terms of disease control strategies.     

环介导等温扩增技术的应用进展

环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)是一种新式核酸扩增技术,它依靠一种具有链置换活性的DNA聚合酶与2对特殊设计的引物,在等温条件下即可高效快速地完成扩增反应。相较于传统扩增检测方法,LAMP技术具有特异性强、灵敏度高、操作简单快速等优点,更能在现场快速检测和基层应用中广泛推广,目前LAMP技术已广泛应用于植物病害检测、动物病害检测、食品安全检测等领域。基于此,简要介绍了LAMP技术的基本原理、反应产物的检测方法,重点阐述了LAMP技术的改进与发展,综述了近年来其在科研生产中的应用进展,并对其发展前景进行了展望,以期为LAMP技术的进一步发展提供合理的研究方向。     

Integrating natural and social science perspectives on plant disease risk, management and policy formulation

Plant diseases threaten both food security and the botanical diversity of natural ecosystems. Substantial research effort is focused on pathogen detection and control, with detailed risk management available for many plant diseases. Risk can be assessed using analytical techniques that account for disease pressure both spatially and temporally. We suggest that such technical assessments of disease risk may not provide an adequate guide to the strategies undertaken by growers and government to manage plant disease. Instead, risk-management strategies need to account more fully for intuitive and normative responses that act to balance conflicting interests between stakeholder organizations concerned with plant diseases within the managed and natural environments. Modes of effective engagement between policy makers and stakeholders are explored in the paper, together with an assessment of such engagement in two case studies of contemporary non-indigenous diseases in one food and in one non-food sector. Finally, a model is proposed for greater integration of stakeholders in policy decisions.     

Crossing the kingdom border: Human diseases caused by plant pathogens

Interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts are varied and complex, encompassing open-field scale interactions to interactions at the molecular level. The capacity of plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi to cause diseases in human and animal systems was, until recently, considered of minor importance. However, recent evidence suggests that animal and human infections caused by plant pathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses may have critical impacts on human and animal health and safety. This review analyses previous research on plant pathogens as causal factors of animal illness. In addition, a case study involving disruption of type III effector-mediated phagocytosis in a human cell line upon infection with an opportunistic phytopathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, is discussed. Further knowledge regarding the molecular interactions between plant pathogens and human and animal hosts is needed to understand the extent of disease incidence and determine mechanisms for disease prevention.     

The use of expert opinion to assess the risk of emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases in Canada associated with climate change

Global climate change is predicted to lead to an increase in infectious disease outbreaks. Reliable surveillance for diseases that are most likely to emerge is required, and given limited resources, policy decision makers need rational methods with which to prioritise pathogen threats. Here expert opinion was collected to determine what criteria could be used to prioritise diseases according to the likelihood of emergence in response to climate change and according to their impact. We identified a total of 40 criteria that might be used for this purpose in the Canadian context. The opinion of 64 experts from academic, government and independent backgrounds was collected to determine the importance of the criteria. A weight was calculated for each criterion based on the expert opinion. The five that were considered most influential on disease emergence or impact were: potential economic impact, severity of disease in the general human population, human case fatality rate, the type of climate that the pathogen can tolerate and the current climatic conditions in Canada. There was effective consensus about the influence of some criteria among participants, while for others there was considerable variation. The specific climate criteria that were most likely to influence disease emergence were: an annual increase in temperature, an increase in summer temperature, an increase in summer precipitation and to a lesser extent an increase in winter temperature. These climate variables were considered to be most influential on vector-borne diseases and on food and water-borne diseases. Opinion about the influence of climate on air-borne diseases and diseases spread by direct/indirect contact were more variable. The impact of emerging diseases on the human population was deemed more important than the impact on animal populations.     

口蹄疫新型疫苗及其免疫特性研究进展

口蹄疫是世界性重大动物疫病,接种疫苗是预防该病的重要策略之一。随着现代分子生物学技术的发展,对一些新型口蹄疫疫苗如亚单位疫苗、活载体疫苗、核酸疫苗、可饲疫苗、多表位疫苗等的研究和探索已全面展开。我们简要介绍了近年涌现的口蹄疫新型疫苗,以为口蹄疫分子疫苗的设计提供参考。     

微生物组与动物疫病防控

微生物组研究的发展推动了人类不断探索人体微生物群与疾病之间的相关性。然而,微生物组学在动物疫病防控中的研究尚处于起步阶段。本文对动物疫病防控领域中微生物组研究所发挥的6个作用进行了阐述：揭示疾病与菌群的相关性,鉴定新发病原体,确立有益于维持机体健康生长的菌群,筛选疾病防控的新药物和新制剂,开发新疫苗或改进疫苗的使用效果,提出更简单有效的防控措施。     

Examining the Links between Biodiversity and Human Health: An Interdisciplinary Research Initiative at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s mission to protect human health and the environment, the agency seeks to conduct research on the structure and function of ecosystems and to improve our understanding of the processes that contribute to the sustained health of the nation’s ecosystems and the well-being of human populations. Changes in biodiversity can profoundly impact the ability of ecosystems to provide clean water, energy, food, recreation, and other services that contribute to human well-being. In addition, changes in biodiversity can affect the transmission of infectious disease to humans, particularly vectorborne diseases such as malaria and Lyme disease. The Environmental Protection Agency’s new initiative supports interdisciplinary research to characterize the mechanisms that link biodiversity and human health and to use this knowledge to develop integrative tools and approaches for quantifying and predicting these relationships. Research on these links can have an important impact on our view of biodiversity and how we manage resources to protect human and ecosystem health. Disclaimer: This work was funded in part under Grant #CX3-832328 with the American Association for the Advance of Science (AAAS). The views expressed do not necessarily reflect the views of the Environmental Protection Agency.     

Understanding the importance of autophagy in human diseases using Drosophila

Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent intracellular degradation pathway that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various human diseases, either positively or negatively impacting disease outcomes depending on the specific context. The majority of medical conditions including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, infections and immune system disorders and inflammatory bowel disease could probably benefit from therapeutic modulation of the autophagy machinery. Drosophila represents an excellent model animal to study disease mechanisms thanks to its sophisticated genetic toolkit, and the conservation of human disease genes and autophagic processes. Here, we provide an overview of the various autophagy pathways observed both in flies and human cells(macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy), and discuss Drosophila models of the above-mentioned diseases where fly research has already helped to understand how defects in autophagy genes and pathways contribute to the relevant pathomechanisms.     

Efficacy of European starling control to reduce <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmonella enterica</Emphasis> contamination in a concentrated animal feeding operation in the Texas panhandle

Background  

European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) are an invasive bird species known to cause damage to plant and animal agriculture. New evidence suggests starlings may also contribute to the maintenance and spread of diseases within livestock facilities. Identifying and mitigating the risk pathways that contribute to disease in livestock is necessary to reduce production losses and contamination of human food products. To better understand the impact starlings have on disease transmission to cattle we assessed the efficacy of starling control as a tool to reduce Salmonella enterica within a concentrated animal feeding operation. We matched a large facility, slated for operational control using DRC-1339 (3-chloro-4-methylaniline hydrochloride, also 3-chloro p-toluidine hydrochloride, 3-chloro-4-methylaniline), with a comparable reference facility that was not controlling birds. In both facilities, we sampled cattle feed, cattle water and cattle feces for S. enterica before and after starling control operations.     

硼抑制植物病害作用及机制的研究进展

硼不仅是植物生长必需的营养元素,也可减少和降低植物病害的发生。本文总结了硼抑制植物病害发生的作用机制：参与植物细胞壁和膜形成,增强植物细胞稳定性;诱导植物产生系统获得性抗性;诱导植物细胞产生适量的酚类和过氧化物;抑制病原菌菌丝生长,扭曲病原菌菌丝结构形态;破坏病原茵活性氧代谢系统,加快膜脂过氧化作用;与生防菌协同控制植物病害发生等。另外,还探讨了矿质元素防治植物病害可能存在的问题以及应用前景,以期为进一步的研究提供参考。     

PET/CT影像技术在神经退行性疾病动物模型研究中的应用

PET和CT影像技术是肿瘤、痴呆症、心脑血管病等的重要临床诊断技术,近年发展的小动物PET/CT成为对人类疾病动物模型,尤其是小动物模型进行比较医学研究的最新工具,能够活体无创的、动态的、定量的从分子水平观察动物的生理生化变化,进行代谢显像、受体显像、基因表达显像等。已经广泛应用于对神经退行性疾病的研究中.本文介绍了近年来一些小动物PET/CT在退行性疾病的研究中的最新应用。     

Are Neglected Plants the Food for the Future?

Malnutrition, poor health, hunger, and even starvation are still the world's greatest challenges. Malnutrition is defined as deficiency of nutrition due to not ingesting the proper amounts of nutrients by simply not eating enough food and/or by consuming nutrient-poor food in respect to the daily nutritional requirements. Moreover, malnutrition and disease are closely associated and incidences of such diet-related diseases increase particularly in low- and middle-income states. While foods of animal origin are often unaffordable to low-income families, various neglected crops can offer an alternative source of micronutrients, vitamins, as well as health-promoting secondary plant metabolites. Therefore, agricultural and horticultural research should develop strategies not only to produce more food, but also to improve access to more nutritious food. In this context, one promising approach is to promote biodiversity in the dietary pattern of low-income people by getting access to nutritional as well as affordable food and providing recommendations for food selection and preparation. Worldwide, a multitude of various plant species are assigned to be consumed as grains, vegetables, and fruits, but only a limited number of these species are used as commercial cash crops. Consequently, numerous neglected and underutilized species offer the potential to diversify not only the human diet, but also increase food production levels, and, thus, enable more sustainable and resilient agro- and horti-food systems. To exploit the potential of neglected plant (NP) species, coordinated approaches on the local, regional, and international level have to be integrated that consequently demand the involvement of numerous multi-stakeholders. Thus, the objective of the present review is to evaluate whether NP species are important as “Future Food” for improving the nutritional status of humans as well as increasing resilience of agro- and horti-food systems.     

New insights into animal pathogenic oomycetes

Many species of oomycetes cause economic and environmental damage owing to their ability to infect a range of plants and animals. Although research on plant pathogenic oomycetes has flourished in recent years, the animal pathogenic oomycetes have received less attention. This is unfortunate because several species are responsible for devastating diseases in aquaculture and natural ecosystems and proper treatments are not available or are limited. Therefore, momentum is being created to revive research into this neglected group of pathogens. Here, we discuss the latest developments in our current understanding of the biology, host-pathogen interactions and environmental and economical impact of the animal pathogenic oomycetes and review the recent advances in this emerging field.     

老年性阿兹海默症发病机制与其果蝇模型

衰老机理的研究是揭示衰老的本质和防治老年性疾病的一个重要环节,同时也为抗衰老提供理论依据.诸多研究表明,阿兹海默症（Alzheimer’s disease,AD）等神经退行性疾病与衰老密切相关.在老年性AD病研究中,果蝇是一种通常被用于研究其发病机理与治疗方法的重要模型.本文就AD病的发病机制、与衰老相关通路的联系、以及果蝇模型在AD病中的研究进展进行了综述.为研究老年性AD病的机理和治疗提供参考.     

The Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms of Salidroside on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases: An Updated Review

The increasing incidence of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases has severely affected global human health and life safety. In recent years, some effective drugs with remarkable curative effects and few side effects found in natural compounds have attracted attention. Salidroside (SAL), a phenylpropane glycoside, is the main active ingredient of the plateau plant Rhodiola. So far, many animal experiments proved that SAL has good biological activity against some metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, most of these reports are scattered. This review systematically summarizes the pharmacological progress of SAL in the treatment of several metabolic (e. g., diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) and cardiovascular (e. g., atherosclerosis) diseases in a timely manner to promote the clinical application and basic research of SAL. Accumulating evidence proves that SAL has beneficial effects on these diseases. It can improve glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell and liver functions, and inhibit adipogenesis, inflammation and oxidative stress. Overall, SAL may be a valuable and potential drug candidate for the treatment of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, more studies especially clinical trials are needed to further confirm its therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms.     

Internal amplification controls have not been employed in fungal PCR hence potential false negative results

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is subject to false negative results. Samples of fungi with the genes of interest (e.g. a disease or mycotoxin) may be categorized as negative and safe as a consequence. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are involved in many fields of human activity such as antibiotic, toxin and food production. Certain taxa are implicated in human, animal and plant diseases. However, fungi are difficult to identify and PCR techniques have been proposed increasingly for this purpose. Internal amplification controls (IACs) will ameliorate the situation and need to become mandatory. These are nucleic acids that posses a sequence which will provide a PCR product (i) using the same primers employed for the target gene, and (ii) that will not coincide on the gel with the product of the target gene. Only one group of workers employed an IAC, to respond to potential inhibition, which was reported in 1995 from this present assessment of numerous reports. Inhibitors in cultures need to be minimized, and secondary metabolites are an obvious source. The fields reviewed herein include medical mycology, mycotoxicology, environmental mycology and plant mycology. The conclusion is that previous reports are compromised because IACs have not been employed in fungal PCR; future research must include this control at an early stage.     

Potential of resveratrol in the treatment of heart failure

The concept of food has expanded beyond its traditional role of survival and hunger satisfaction, to include a role in the prevention and treatment of disease. Polyphenols are classes of compounds that are synthesized by plants to serve a wide variety of functions including growth pollination and defense. These compounds have recently received increased attention in medical research. In this group, one of the most studied has been resveratrol (3,5,4,-trihydroxystilbene), a polyphenol, which is found predominantly in grapes and berries. Over the past two decades, researchers have studied the ability of resveratrol to prevent or reverse the development of abnormalities in heart structure and function in animal models of heart disease and heart failure. The results from animal studies have been promising, and very recently, this knowledge has been translated into examining the efficacy of resveratrol in humans with heart disease/failure. In this review we will discuss the current status of resveratrol research on cardioprotection.