Predatory Mites in Tropical Australia: Local Species Richness complementarity1

Although little supporting data is available, mites (Acari) are often considered to be one of the ‘hyperdiverse’ taxa in tropical ecosystems. To test this assumption, we sampled single guilds of predatory mites (Hydracarina and Mesostigmata) in three different habitats (fresh water, rotting fungi, and forest foliage) across a range of sites in monsoonal, wet-tropical, and subtropical Australia. Most species (61%) were collected at a single site; as a result, all seven collector's curves rose steeply with little indication of reaching asymptotes. Regional faunas ranged from 87–94 percent distinct and of the 247 species identified, 114 (46%) were previously unknown in Australia and appear to be new. Even within taxonomically well-studied groups, such as the Hydracarina and Phytoseiidae, we found many new species (32% and 60%, respectively). Our results suggest that the diversity of tropical mites is very high and comparable to that of many insect taxa. We propose a simple model to explain our results, i.e. that in the tropics, high levels of complementarity between sites amplify local mite species richness. We tested this model by additional sampling, comparing within-site to between-site complementarity, and contrasting temperate with tropical foliar Mesostigmata. As predicted by the model, collecting at new sites continued to accumulate new species, complementarity was significantly greater between-sites than within-sites (72 vs. 25%), and temperate collections were more homogeneous and less diverse than tropical collections.     

中国蝎目名录(蛛形纲:蝎目)

本文根据我国蝎目种类已有的记述,归纳列出5科9属19种和亚种的学名、引证及其地理分布,以供今后研究参考.     

华东叶螨—新属—新种（蜱螨目：叶螨科）

作者在研究园林叶螨时,在安徽黄山发现了属于叶螨族Tetranychini Reck,1950的一新属新种,属订名为忻叶螨属Xinella gen.nov.,,以示作者对复旦大学忻介六教授的崇高敬意和感谢。忻叶螨属Xinella Ma et Wang,新属 模式种:黄山忻叶螨Xinella huangshanensis,新种。     

Parasitism of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) by larval mites (Acari: Parasitengona) in Adelaide, South Australia

Larval mites (Acari) from the cohort Parasitengona were collected from adult female mosquitoes captured in Adelaide, South Australia, from 1997 to 2000. Larvae from three families were identified: Arrenuridae, Hydryphantidae and Erythraeidae. Arrenurid larvae were associated with mosquitoes that use ground pools for larval habitat, while hydryphantids were associated with tree-hole and container-breeding species. Only a single erythraeid record was made. The overall prevalence of parasitism was very low (0.27% of 19 280 mosquitoes) and ranged from 0 to 5.6% for the 16 mosquito species collected. New mite–host records are presented.     

中国广叶螨属二新种：蜱螨亚纲：叶螨科

本文记述广叶螨属２新种,武夷广叶螨Ｅｕｒｙｔｅｔｒａｎｙｃｈｕｓ ｗｕｙｉｓｈａｎｅｎｉｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和青刚广叶满Ｅ．ｃｙｃｌｂａｌａｎｏｐｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

Repellency and toxicity of extract from Francoeria crispa (Forsk.) to Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to characterise the activity of the extract Francoeria crispa (Forsk.) (Family: Compositae) against the citrus brown mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein). Ethyl acetate was tested for preparing the crude extract of F. crispa. The extract was tested for its toxicity against eggs and adult females of the pest E. orientalis. Ethyl acetate extract of F. crispa affected the behaviour, toxicity and fecundity of females under laboratory conditions. The extract had similar toxic effects on egg stage and adult females of E. orientalis (LC₅₀ = 0.00050 g/ml), respectively. Leaf discs treated with increasing concentrations of ethyl acetate extract of F. crispa showed a high percentage of repellency (97.45%), respectively. Treated females with LC₅₀ concentration of ethyl acetate extract showed a higher remarkable percentage of mortality as well as a reduction in the total number of eggs laid during 7 days. Ten isolated fractions of ethyl acetate crude extract from F. crispa were detected. The results clearly indicate that the isolate number (10) was the most toxic isolate on eggs and females of E. orientalis (LC₅₀ = 0.00014 and 0.000125 g/ml), respectively.     

Suitability of the spider mite Tetranychus evansi as prey for Phytoseiulus persimilis

Expeirments conducted to evaluate the suitability of T. evansi as a source of food for P. persimilis revealed that the primary factor responsible for the low oviposition rate and survivorship of the predator when fed T. evansi was the low amount of food ingested. P. persimilis detected and initiated feeding on T. evansi equally as well as on T. urticae. However, a feeding depressant was apparently responsible for a longer time spent by P. persimilis feeding on eggs of T. evansi than on eggs of T. urticae. Eggs of the former prey were totally consumed only occasionally. The depressant effect influenced subsequent feeding on T. urticae, increasing the time required for consumption and the number of partially consumed eggs for at least 3 days.

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Résumé Les expérience d'évaluation de l'adéquation de T. evansi comme proie pour P. persimilis ont montré que le principal facteur responsable des faibles taux de ponte et de survie du prédateur alimenté sur T. evansi est la faible quantité d'aliments ingérés. P. persimilis avait découvert et commencé à s'alimenter sur T. evansi aussi bien que sur T. urticae. Cependant, un facteur réduisant la prise de nourriture a été responsable du temps plus important consacré à s'alimenter sur oeufs de P. persimilis que sur oeufs de T. urticae. Les oeufs de la première proie n'ont été que rarement consommés intégralement. Cet effet dépressif a influencé l'alimentation ultérieure sur T. urticae, en augmentant le temps nécessaire pour la consommation et le nombre d'oeufs partiellement utilisés au moins pendant les trois jours suivants.

     

革螨新同物异名(蜱螨亚纲:中气门亚目)

The present paper reports new synonyms ofgamasid mites （2 genera and 28 species）.     

Classifying Life-Style Types of Phytoseiid Mites:Diagnostic Traits

Several traits are useful for identifying life-style types of predaceous phytoseiid mites when either 2 (diet generalist-specialist) or 4 (specialist I and II-generalist III and IV) type models [McMurtry J.A. and Croft B.A. 1997. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 42: 291-321] are considered. Traits useful for both models are developmental time and oviposition rates when feeding on several food types. Discriminating for the 2-types model are dorsal shield setae lengths, and intra- and inter-specific predation. Another trait useful for both models is feeding preferences of adult female phytoseiids on eggs versus larvae of Tetranychus urticae Koch. In this paper, we review established and other traits that need more study such as mouthpart types, other morphological features, spider mite webbing effects, distributions relative to prey-foods, plant-host relationships including domatia and sap feeding, density-dependent responses to prey and predator-prey ratios required for biological control. Uses of life-style data in biological control decision-making are discussed.     

Checklist of Chironomidae records from China

A checklist is presented of Chironomidae from China listing 230 species belonging to 75 genera.     

Prey stage preference and functional response of the predatory mite Galendromus flumenis to Oligonychus pratensis

The Banks grass mite, Oligonychus pratensis (Banks) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a serious pest in dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in the New World. Currently O. pratensis is managed using the miticide, Savey, and alternative strategies are necessary to remove pressure from a single control method due to the risk of resistance evolution. For this purpose, studies are underway to develop biological control strategies using the predatory mite, Galendromus flumenis (Chant) (Acari: Phytoseiidae). The current study determined the consumption rate of G. flumenis at constant densities of O. pratensis eggs, larvae, protonymphs and deutonymphs, and defined the functional response of predator females. The predator consumed significantly more eggs than other prey stages, and displayed a type II functional response on all prey stages. The highest attack rate and shortest handling time were obtained for predators feeding on prey larvae and eggs, respectively. The proportions of prey consumed by G. flumenis were higher at lower densities for all stages of Banks grass mite, implying that G. flumenis should be more effective at suppressing Banks grass mite populations at lower densities. Therefore, in an augmentative release program, G. flumenis would need to be released early in the infestation.     

Resistance to the two-spotted spider mite (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus urticae</Emphasis>) by acylsucroses of wild tomato (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum pimpinellifolium</Emphasis>) trichomes studied in a recombinant inbred line population

Trichome-based host plant resistance is a complex mechanism that could be used in tomato breeding to control arthropod pests. The aims of this work were to evaluate the plant traits (density of trichomes and acylsucrose production) and the functional relationships of these traits with mortality, repellence, and oviposition of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). We used a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between the wild tomato, Solanum pimpinellifolium L. ‘TO-937’, and the cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. Multiple regression analyses showed that high acylsucrose content and high type-IV trichome density increased mortality and repellence, and reduced oviposition of T. urticae. Single regression analyses showed that a logistic model best explained the relationship between mortality or repellence and acylsucrose content, whereas a negative-exponential model best described the relationship between oviposition and acylsucrose content. Linear models were the best-fits for the three resistance variables with trichome IV density. Probit analysis was used to estimate acylsucrose effective doses, and revealed that 31 and 10% of the RILs produced acylsucrose above the effective doses for 90% mortality or repellence, respectively. Altogether, these results indicate that S. pimpinellifolium may be a suitable genetic source of resistance to spider mites to be used in cultivated tomato.     

中国口蘑属种类名录

通过系统的文献收集 ,汇总了口蘑属 (Tricholoma)在中国的 91个名称记录 ,并对其研究现状和分布进行了简述。文献调查结果表明 ,口蘑属种类广泛分布于中国的 2 7个省区 ,其中以黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、贵州、四川、云南、西藏 ,青海、甘肃、河北、山西和陕西等地的报道较多 ,其他地区如台湾、香港、安徽、福建、广东、广西、海南、河南、湖南、湖北、江苏、山东、新疆 ,浙江也有一些报道。根据《国际植物命名法规》和《真菌、地衣汉语学名命名法规》 ,作者订正了中文文献中的一些拉丁和汉语学名 ,同时对形态描述和鉴定等方面的问题也进行了简要的讨论。在已报道的口蘑属名称记录中 ,能够得到承认的本属名称有 43个种和 3个变种 ,属内其他种类名称的异名有 8个 ,而已经转移到其他属的有 3 0个 ,在命名法上模糊不清名称有 3个 ,错拼名称有 2个 ,另有未定名种 2个。目前能够承认的名称是酸涩口蘑 (T .acerbum)、白棕口蘑 (T .albobrunneum)、白口蘑(T .album)、银盖口蘑 (T .argyraceum)、黑鳞口蘑 (T .atrosquamosum)、橙柄口蘑 (T.aurantiipes)、金黄褶口蘑 (T .auratum)、傻松口蘑 (T .bakamatsutake)、欧洲口蘑 (T .caligatum)、灰环口蘑 (T.cingulatum)、银白口蘑 (T .colum betta)、油口蘑 (T .     

世界竹子清单更新

编研世界竹子清单(World Checklist of Bamboos,WCB)是竹学的一项基础性工作。文中更正了2016年由世界禾草权威英国皇家植物园——Kew园领衔出版的World Checklist of Bamboos and Rattans竹子部分统计数据,实际为1665种,而非其自述的1642种;持续汇集全球竹种,时间更新至2018年底,WCB(2018)已禀赋计130个竹属,包含1700个竹种。     

中国荔蝽科名录（半翅目：蝽总科）

报道中国荔蝽科目前已知种类,共36种,隶属2亚科12属。其中黄比蝽Pycanum ponderosum Stl,1854和圆肩达蝽Dalcantha inermipes Stl,1863为中国新记录种。提供了各种在中国的地理分布信息。     

Mites of the genus Holostaspella (Acari: Gamasida: Macrochelidae) in Indonesia

The genus Holostaspella of the family Macrochelidae consists of more than 30 species. Of these, seven species have been recorded from Indonesia. In the present study, we review the genus in Indonesia, record two species ( H. pulchella and H. similiornata ) for the first time from Indonesia, and describe two new species ( H. oblonga n. sp. and H. villosa n. sp.) on the basis of the specimens collected in Java and Sulawesi. A key to the species of the genus in Indonesia is also provided.     

Evolutionary adaptation to host plants in a laboratory population of the phytophagous mite Tetranychus urticae Koch

Summary For evolutionary expansion of host range to occur in an herbivore population, genetic variation in ability to survive on and/or accept new hosts must be present. To determine whether a population of the phytophagous mite Tetranychus urticae contained such variation, I established lines from the population on two hosts on which mites initially showed both high juvenile mortality and low acceptance, tomato and broccoli. In less than ten generations, mites from the line kept on each host showed both lower mortality and greater acceptance on it than mites from a control line kept on lima bean, a favorable host for T. urticae. Host acceptance was measured by the proportion of mites attempting to disperse from leaves of the host. The line kept on tomato but not the one kept on broccoli also increased in development rate on its host. These results and those of a similar previous experiment on cucumber indicate that T. urticae populations can adapt to a diversity of initially unfavorable hosts. T. urticae populations therefore should be able to respond to temporal and spatial variation in host availability by adapting to the most abundant hosts.