大家白蚁的分布及其检疫的重要性

近几年,我国口岸动植物检疫部门从选境植物检疫中截获并已定名的有害白蚁计10种,其中大家白蚁是《中华人民共和国进境植物检疫危险性病、虫、杂草名录》中二类危险性害虫。该种家白蚁分市广,适应性强,比其它种类白蚁危害更严重,我国至今没有发现这种家白蚁的自然分布,然而它已多次入侵我国11处地域,其中多数是它的适生地域,对我国、特别是南方的经济建设构成潜在的威胁。本文也对该种白蚁的植物检疫预防措施提出了相应要求。     

“一带一路”沿线国家生物技术发展趋势研究

“一带一路”贯穿亚欧非大陆,联结活跃的东亚经济圈和发达的欧洲经济圈,以及中间经济发展潜力巨大的广大腹地国家与地区,“一带一路”战略将对中国未来国内外的政治、经济、文化、科技发展产生重大深远影响。本报告分析了“一带一路”沿线国家的科技发展基础条件,研究了“一带一路”沿线国家在生物技术领域取得的基础研究进展和专利技术研发进展的总体情况,综述了“一带一路”沿线国家生物技术产业发展现状和国际专利布局情况,并针对中国与“一带一路”沿线国家在生物技术领域进一步深化合作互利共赢提出了发展建议。     

“一带一路”对我国农业昆虫与害虫防治的影响及相应植保人才培养改革与探索

“一带一路”的实施，对我国农业昆虫与害虫防治的影响深远，既给动植物检疫带来了挑战，也带来了机遇，对迁飞性害虫的预测预报要求更加准确、顺畅，防控更加高效，新型害虫防控剂的研究与开发面临更多机遇，农药、植保器械的市场需求加大。农业昆虫与害虫防治学科属于植物保护学科，本文以植物保护专业为例，通过分析“一带一路”战略对我国植保学科发展的影响，提出相关教学改革建议和措施。建议从课程设置、小语种复合人才培养、植保国际班、跨文化交际等几个方面进行探索和实践，培养适合“一带一路”发展需要的植保类新型人才，促进我国和“一带一路”沿线国家植保领域的共同繁荣大发展。     

全球入侵白蚁及中国的白蚁入侵问题

经济全球化和交通运输的发展,已促使入侵白蚁种类从1969年的17种增加到现在的27种,使入侵分布地大小和数量不断增加,并从最初的人造环境发展到半自然环境直至目前甚至侵入了自然生态系统。本文阐述了入侵白蚁的定义和基本特征,对入侵白蚁的种类、起源地和入侵分布地进行了归纳总结;针对我国的白蚁入侵问题进行了分析。我国已有外来入侵白蚁4种,检疫机构截获境外白蚁72种,其中包含多种潜在危险种。要有效控制新蚁种的成功入侵以及国内已有入侵种分布区的扩大,一方面要重视白蚁检疫工作,另一方面也要加强对入侵生物学相关理论的研究。     

对挖巢方法消灭家白蚁(Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki)的商榷

一、前言 挖巢消灭家白蚁,是我国民间传统性防治白蚁方法之一。我国防治白蚁的主要方法大致分为浙江方法和广东方法:浙江法以掘取蚁巢而闻名,广东法则以利用砷素剂等化学药品防治为特长。例如浙江省东阳和义乌一带,有不少包治白蚁的土专家,这些土专家每当冬季,常串乡执旗“包捉白蚁”等字样。解放初期仅浙江东阳一县仍留有七、八家专治白蚁的土专家,他们都是以挖巢为主要方法消灭家白蚁的(据蔡邦华报导)。     

大湄公河次区域薇甘菊的防控技术

薇甘菊是大湄公河次区域的重要恶性入侵杂草,其种群跨境入侵扩张备受区域各国政府的高度重视和社会广泛关注。2011年以来在我国相关农业科研机构、团队和专家的科技支撑下,中国云南与周边五国科研机构成立“大湄公河次区域植物保护工作组”。本文简要介绍工作组围绕该入侵杂草在生态异质性条件下种群扩展与灾变过程的预警监测、阻截防控带建设、替代控制与选择性除草剂协同应用取得的阶段性成效,为积极主动融入国家“一带一路”倡议的实施,服务于中国云南的经济国境线、绿色国境线和生态国境线发挥建设性作用。     

台湾乳白蚁种群兵蚁量度特征变异及其分类学意义分析

台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus是我国南方木材及其建筑结构最主要的有害白蚁,也是世界重要的入侵性物种。台湾乳白蚁兵蚁品级的量度特征是其描述鉴定的重要依据,本文对台湾乳白蚁兵蚁主要量度特征数据进行了整合,并就台湾乳白蚁11个地理种群兵蚁品级的主要量度特征进行了比较,探讨了台湾乳白蚁相应量度特征的分类学意义。     

台湾乳白蚁跟踪信息素粗提物活性与应用研究

台湾乳白蚁是我国为害最凶的一种白蚁。对它的防治早就引起国内外白蚁工作者的广泛重视。目前越来越多的做法是将“诱”与“杀”两个步骤合二为一。也有许多学者已将白蚁的跟踪信息素用于白蚁的诱集上作了研究。本文介绍了台湾乳白蚁跟踪信息素粗提物生物活性,包含信息素的提取、跟踪反应、引诱效应、感受距离测定,以及在台湾乳白蚁防治上的实际应用等。     

近年来中国热带地区外来有害昆虫的种类特征及入侵分析

我国热带地区是外来入侵物种发生与危害的重灾区,近年来外来有害昆虫入侵所引发的生物灾害及生态安全问题日趋严峻。在海南省、广东省、广西壮族自治区、云南省、福建省外来入侵昆虫的调查结果及文献资料的基础上,整理分析了中国热带地区外来入侵昆虫的种类构成、分布、原产地及首次发现地。据统计,2000-2014年我国热带地区的外来入侵昆虫种类共计23种,隶属于6目11科,数量最多的为半翅目(13种,56.52%),其中以粉蚧科和粉虱科居多;热带地区的外来入侵昆虫在不同地区之间的物种数量差异较大,其中海南省最多(19种,82.61%),其后依次为广东省(16种,69.57%)、云南省(14种,60.87%)、广西壮族自治区(12种,52.17%),而福建省最少(9种,占39.13%);在入侵我国热带地区的外来有害昆虫中,原产于亚洲、北美洲的种类最多均为6种,占26.09%,南美洲占21.74%,而从非洲、大洋洲、欧洲传入的分别占8.70%、4.35%、4.35%;外来入侵昆虫的首次发现地位于广东省的有9种,占39.13%,出现在海南省和云南省的各占30.43%、21.74%,出现在广西壮族自治区的为8.70%。阐明我国热带地区外来有害昆虫的种类特征及入侵现状,可为该地区外来入侵昆虫的监测与防控提供一定的依据。     

“一带一路”经济植物应用与开发(非洲篇)

本文报道了"一带一路"非洲国家与我国在经济植物方面的交流历史,介绍了这一地区重要的经济植物。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.