一株福氏志贺氏菌噬菌体的分离鉴定及其生物学特性

【背景】志贺氏菌是一类能引起人和动物腹泻的致病菌,由于抗生素滥用导致其耐药问题日益严重,寻找新的抗菌药物和治疗方法成为目前亟待解决的问题。【目的】检测志贺氏菌对肉鸡的致病性,分离纯化出一株可裂解强致病性志贺氏菌的噬菌体,并对其生物学特性进行研究。【方法】从病鸡肠道黏膜分离志贺氏菌;以健康肉鸡为动物模型进行攻毒,测定强致病性菌株的耐药性;并以此为宿主菌分离噬菌体,聚乙二醇(Polyethylene Glycol,PEG)沉淀法纯化浓缩噬菌体后,用透射电子显微镜观察其形态特征。利用双层平板法测定噬菌体的宿主谱、最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线、pH和热稳定性对噬菌体活性的影响。【结果】分离得到26株志贺氏菌,分别命名为BDS1-BDS26,其中BDS8致病性最强,经鉴定属于福氏志贺氏菌,而且存在多重耐药性,灌喂后的肉鸡出现严重腹泻和血便;解剖病症主要表现为心脏肥大、肠系膜出血明显等。以BDS8为宿主菌,分离得到噬菌体ΦDS8。透射电镜结果显示噬菌体ΦDS8的头部呈二十面体形状,直径61±2 nm,尾长165±2 nm,属长尾噬菌体科。噬菌体ΦDS8在pH 4.0-10.0、50℃以下范围内能保持...     

五株克雷伯氏菌噬菌体的生物学特性及比较基因组学研究

【目的】耐药性克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)的细菌作为人类感染的重要病原,是临床治疗重要的挑战。本研究对多株克雷伯氏菌裂解性噬菌体的生物学特性和基因组特征进行比较分析,为其应用提供更多科学数据。【方法】使用双层平板法从人类和动物新鲜粪便、污水中分离纯化裂解性克雷伯氏菌噬菌体;通过磷钨酸染色和透射电镜观察其形态;采用双层平板噬菌斑法确定其宿主范围,测定温度和pH稳定性、一步生长曲线和体外抑菌效果等生物学特性;基于全基因组测序对分离株进行比较基因组学分析;通过体内抑菌试验评估噬菌体对多重耐药变栖克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella variicola) BS375-3感染的大蜡螟(Galleria mellonella)幼虫的保护作用。【结果】5株噬菌体分别属于Schitoviridae (pKP-BM327-1.2)、Autographiviridae (pKP-M186-2.1、pKP-M186-2.2和pKV-BS375-3.1)、Drexlerviridae (pKP-BS317-1.1)家族;噬菌体pKV-BS375-3.1可裂解受试菌中的8株,pKP-BM327-1.2可裂解受试菌中的3株,pKP-M186-2.1、pKP-M186-2.2和pKP-BS317-1.1则分别裂解受试菌中的1株;5株噬菌体感染10-20 min后即进入指数增长期,在-20-37 ℃、pH 6-10环境下均能够保持稳定活性;感染变栖克雷伯氏菌BS375-3后经噬菌体pKV-BS375-3.1处理[感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI)=100]的大蜡螟幼虫96 h内存活率达到80% (8/10);5株噬菌体基因组长度在42-77 kb之间,未携带抗生素抗性基因和毒力基因,基于内溶素(endolysin)的溯源分析显示该蛋白在克雷伯氏菌噬菌体中呈现多样性,属内呈保守性。【结论】5株克雷伯氏菌噬菌体均具有较好的体外抑菌活性,生物学特性稳定,endolysin在噬菌体属内呈现保守性。宿主谱宽、潜伏期短的噬菌体pKV-BS375-3.1在治疗Klebsiella pneumoniae和K. variicola临床感染方面具有潜在应用前景。     

一株新型旱獭源性宽谱大肠杆菌噬菌体的分离鉴定及基因组分析

[目的]分离喜马拉雅旱獭肠内容物样本中的噬菌体,并研究其生物学特性和基因组特征。[方法]以大肠杆菌为宿主菌,利用双层琼脂平板法从喜马拉雅旱獭肠内容物样本中分离噬菌体;用透射电镜观察形态特征;测定其最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线、酸碱耐受度及宿主裂解谱等生物学特性,并进行全基因组测序。[结果]从喜马拉雅旱獭肠内容物样本中分离得到一株裂解性大肠杆菌噬菌体,命名为vB_EcoM_TH18,其噬菌斑呈无晕环的透亮圆形,透射电镜观察发现该噬菌体头部直径为(90±5) nm,尾部长度为(115±5) nm;最佳感染复数为1;一步生长曲线显示其潜伏期为10 min,110 min后进入平台期,平均裂解量为15 PFU/mL;在pH 4.5-9.5的范围内具有稳定活性;可裂解多种致病型和血清型大肠杆菌和宋内志贺氏菌,无法裂解沙门氏菌、屎肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌及鲍曼不动杆菌;基因组测序结果表明,其基因组长度为133 882 bp,GC含量为39.95%。基因组共注释到210个编码序列(CDS)和13个tRNAs,不含毒力基因及耐药基因。BLASTn比对结果表明该基因组与Avunavirus属噬菌体Av-05同源性为95.17%。基于噬菌体全基因组、主要衣壳蛋白和终止酶大亚基分别构建系统进化树,结果表明vB_EcoM_TH18是一株肌尾噬菌体科(Myoviridae) Avunavirus属的新型噬菌体。[结论]从喜马拉雅旱獭肠内容物中成功分离并鉴定了一株新型宽谱大肠杆菌噬菌体vB_EcoM_TH18,可裂解多种致病型和血清型的大肠杆菌及宋内志贺菌。     

鲍氏志贺氏菌的一个新血清型

本文报告在1986年从二例急性菌痢患者的脓血便中分离的二株同一血清型的志贺氏菌。用目前所有志贺氏菌型别的诊断血清鉴定这二株菌以及用志贺氏菌各血清型的代表株检查该二株菌制备的抗血清,其结果一致。仅与痢疾志贺氏菌8型和鲍氏4型有低效价的凝集,与大肠杆菌O6、O7和O150也无交叉,因此是一个新的志贺氏菌血清型,此二株菌能引起豚鼠角膜炎,侵入上皮细胞,琼脂糖电泳显示大质粒存在,是有侵袭力的毒株。鉴于该型菌株发酵甘露醇,而与福氏志贺氏菌无抗原关系,因此为鲍氏志贺氏菌。 由于现在已有鲍氏1—18型,建议该新血清型为鲍氏志贺氏菌19型(Shigella boydii serotype 19)。     

应用肠杆菌科诊断噬菌体检测志贺氏菌的评价

应用肠杆菌科诊断噬菌体对2280株疑似志贺氏菌进行了检测,同时进行了常规鉴定。结果表明,志贺氏菌属Sh噬菌体10³RTD对属内裂解率为100%,1RTD为99.9%;65株与志贺氏菌分型血清呈现凝集的非志贺氏菌,10³RTD裂解率为12.3%,1RTD为4.6%。裂解模式的测定表明,2215株志贺氏菌分属于7个裂解模式,仅模式3中3株鲍氏5型为文献[2,3]所未列入,余者完全一致。Sh10³RTD裂解的非志贺氏菌均可用1RTD和裂解模式排除     

志贺氏菌链霉素依赖菌株回复突变的研究——Ⅰ.体外回复突变率

南斯拉夫Mel氏应用志贺氏菌链霉素依赖菌株(Streptomycin-dependent Shigella strains,以下简称S~d)制备口服痢疾活菌苗进行预防菌痢的现场效果考核,取得满意的结果。目前,国内已引进南斯拉夫福氏志贺氏菌2a(Shigella flexneri 2a)S~d菌苗株,并选育出国内常见流行型福氏志贺氏菌1b、3a、4a及宋内氏志贺氏菌(Shigella sonnei)的S~d菌株,进行口服预防效果观察。     

PB1样铜绿假单胞菌噬菌体PHW2的生物学特性

【背景】铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)是一种引起医院感染、急性感染和慢性感染的常见条件致病菌。多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌仍然是引起严重医院感染的常见病菌,其临床治疗面临严峻挑战。噬菌体具有特异性杀菌的能力,在防治铜绿假单胞菌耐药菌方面具有应用前景。【目的】分离能裂解碳青霉烯类耐药的铜绿假单胞菌的噬菌体,分析其生物学特性和基因组特征,为噬菌体治疗储备资源。【方法】采集环境水样,用双层琼脂平板法分离噬菌体,对其形态、一步生长曲线、感染复数等生物学特性进行研究;使用IlluminaMiSeq平台测定噬菌体的全基因组序列,利用Newbler3.0、GeneMarkS、BLASTp、Mauve2.4.0等生物信息软件进行拼接、注释和比较基因组学分析。【结果】分离到一株噬菌体PHW2,该噬菌体属肌尾病毒科成员,可裂解7株碳青霉烯类耐药的铜绿假单胞菌;其最佳感染复数为0.1。一步生长曲线结果显示,其感染宿主菌PA001的潜伏期为100 min,裂解期为360 min,裂解量为25 PFU/cell;噬菌体PHW2在温度25-50℃和pH 6.0-8.0范围内稳定;紫外照射7 ...     

噬菌体ΦEc-SL25对大肠埃希菌临床分离株裂解作用的研究

目的分离鉴定大肠埃希菌噬菌体并分析其裂解特性,为噬菌体疗法应用于大肠埃希菌感染提供实验依据。方法采用双层琼脂噬斑法从污水中分离噬菌体,通过透射电镜观察噬菌体的形态学特征,利用限制性酶切图谱初步分析噬菌体的基因组,测定噬菌体对宿主菌的最佳感染复数和一步生长曲线,分析噬菌体对宿主菌的裂解谱,观察噬菌体在不同的pH及温度下对宿主菌的裂解特性,SDS-PAGE分析噬菌体的主要和次要蛋白。结果通过噬斑法从污水中分离出1株能裂解大肠埃希菌的噬菌体,命名为ΦEc-SL25;电镜显示,噬菌体ΦEc-SL25的形态特征符合有尾病毒目、管尾病毒科噬菌体;ΦEc-SL25的最佳感染复数为0.01;一步生长曲线表明,噬菌体ΦEc-SL25的潜伏期为5 min,爆发期为10 min;ΦEc-SL25对26株大肠埃希菌的裂解率可达30.8%;在温度70℃20min时以及在pH 4~10的范围内,噬菌体ΦEc-SL25仍保持其裂解活性;蛋白电泳可观察到2条主要蛋白带和至少3条次要蛋白。结论噬菌体ΦEc-SL25是一种潜伏期短、裂解较性强的毒性噬菌体,可用于开发针对大肠埃希菌感染的生物制剂。     

一株新的多重耐药福氏志贺菌噬菌体生物学特性及基因组分析北大核心CSCD

抗生素的大量使用和滥用造成细菌耐药性问题愈发严峻,噬菌体疗法作为一种精准治疗多重耐药病原菌的有效方法开始被人们日益重视。采用双层琼脂平板法从活性污泥中分离出多重耐药福氏志贺菌(Shigella flexneri)噬菌体P003,鉴定为肌尾噬菌体科(Myoviridae)。通过生物学特性测定表明P003的最佳感染复数为10,潜伏期约10 min;在4-70℃、pH 3.0-10.0的条件下保持活性。全基因组测序表明,噬菌体基因组长约68 721 bp,GC含量46.14%,预测编码99个开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),未发现已知耐药基因和毒力基因。全基因组多序列线性与进化树分析结果表明,P003与大肠杆菌噬菌体有较近的亲缘关系,但不能侵染大肠杆菌。从活性污泥原位分离到一株新的多重耐药福氏志贺菌噬菌体P003,为利用噬菌体疗法防治多重耐药病原菌S.flexneri感染提供了新的菌种资源。     

一株产L-天冬氨酸酶大肠埃希氏菌的噬菌体分离和生物学特性

【目的】从大肠埃希氏菌CICC 11021S发酵液中分离一株噬菌体,对其生物学特性进行研究。【方法】采用双层平板法分离噬菌体CICC 80003;利用透射电镜观察噬菌体形态;提取噬菌体基因组,核酸内切酶处理并进行凝胶电泳;分析噬菌体最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线、p H和温度稳定性、宿主谱。考察CICC 80003对CICC 11021S生长和L-天冬氨酸酶活力的影响。【结果】CICC 80003噬菌斑圆形透明,有明显晕环;头部规则,直径约50-60 nm,尾部长约120-130 nm;基因组能被核酸内切酶Bam H I和Mlu I切开;最佳感染复数0.1,潜伏期5 min,裂解期25 min,平均裂解量约86个;最适p H值8.0;90°C温育15 min,噬菌体全部失活;能裂解大肠埃希氏菌和沙门氏菌的部分菌株。发生噬菌体污染时,CICC 11021S无法正常生长,基本检测不到L-天冬氨酸酶活力。【结论】CICC 80003属于长尾噬菌体科ds DNA噬菌体,液体环境中能够彻底裂解大肠埃希氏菌CICC 11021S。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.