固定化巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素G酰化酶酶促合成头孢氨苄的研究

β—内酰胺系列抗菌素抗菌谱广、疗效高、毒副作用小,国际上研究与应用日渐广泛深入。头孢氨苄(Cephalexin)是重要的半合成抗菌素之一,由头孢霉素母核7—氨基脱乙酰氧基头孢烷酸(简称7-ADCA)和侧链结构物苯甘氨酸或其甲酯(PGME)经酰化而生成。酰化有化学法和酶法两种。采用青霉素G酰化酶或a—氨基酸酯酶或,a—氨酰转移酶的酶法,具有工艺操作简单、无需基团保护、环境污染轻等优点。继日本人于70年代初试验成功酶法之后,80年代初我们开展了这方面研究。制备方面,胞外酶优于胞内酶;使用方面,固定化酶优于固定化细胞。在用具有青霉素G酰化酶活性的固定化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)细胞合成头孢氨苄的基础上,又研究了用固定化巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)BP931胞外青霉素G酰化酶酰化合成头孢氨苄的条件。本文报道这一研究结果。     

革兰氏阴性菌中β-内酰胺酶诱导表达调控机制研究进展

β-内酰胺类抗生素是应用最广的一类抗菌药物。β-内酰胺酶能将β-内酰胺类抗生素水解,其诱导表达是革兰氏阴性菌对该类抗生素产生耐药性的最主要原因。文中重点综述了革兰氏阴性菌中β-内酰胺酶诱导表达的两种调控机制。在经典的ampR-ampC调控系统中,β-内酰胺酶的诱导表达与肽聚糖循环密切相关,并且LysR型转录因子AmpR发挥核心的调控作用。近年来发现β-内酰胺类抗生素能激活双组分系统,从而诱导β-内酰胺酶的表达。最后,讨论了革兰氏阴性菌中β-内酰胺类耐药今后的研究方向。     

一株产多种β-内酰胺类抗生素酰化酶菌株的筛选

为了从大量的候选菌株中快速筛选头孢菌素酰化酶产生菌,设计并合成了一系列头孢菌素酰化酶的底物类似物。这些酰胺类的底物类似物由二部分组成,一部分为与头孢菌素相同或相似的侧链,另外一部分为发色基团或便于检测的基团。它们被酰化酶水解酰胺键以后可以方便快速的检测,因此用于对大量菌株进行快速筛选。采用这些化合物筛选到6株酰化酶阳性菌株。其中菌株ZH0650能够同时水解GL7ACA和多个底物类似物。进一步研究表明,该菌至少产生3种酰化酶,ADNABA酰化酶,青霉素G酰化酶和头孢菌素C酰化酶。我们初步纯化了ADNABA酰化酶和青霉素G酰化酶,并对头孢菌素C酰化酶的活力进行了鉴定。这是首次报道的可以产生青霉素G酰化酶和头孢菌素酰化酶等多种酰化酶的菌株,具有良好的应用前景。     

大肠杆菌AE109青霉素G酰化酶的分离纯化及性质研究

 由发酵培养液所得大肠杆菌AE109菌体,先经高渗休克处理,继经D-苯甘氨酸-Sepharose 4B和DEAE-纤维素柱层析分离纯化得到青霉素G酰化酶,酶制品在非变性条件下的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳上呈一条区带,而且可以结晶。在SDS变性条件下解离为α和β两个亚基。 酶性质的研究结果表明,由大肠杆菌工程菌AE109菌株所得青霉素G酰化酶与其亲本大肠杆菌AS1.76菌株所得青霉素G酰化酶性质相同。     

一株产多种β-内酰胺类抗生素酰化酶菌株的筛选

为了从大量的候选菌株中快速筛选头孢菌素酰化酶产生菌,设计并合成了一系列头孢菌素酰化酶的底物类似物。这些酰胺类的底物类似物由二部分组成,一部分为与头孢菌素相同或相似的侧链,另外一部分为发色基团或便于检测的基团。它们被酰化酶水解酰胺键以后可以方便快速的检测,因此用于对大量菌株进行快速筛选。采用这些化合物筛选到6株酰化酶阳性菌株。其中菌株ZH0650能够同时水解GL-7ACA和多个底物类似物。进一步研究表明,该菌至少产生3种酰化酶,AD-NABA酰化酶,青霉素G酰化酶和头孢菌素C酰化酶。我们初步纯化了AD-NABA酰化酶和青霉素G酰化酶,并对头孢菌素C酰化酶的活力进行了鉴定。这是首次报道的可以产生青霉素G酰化酶和头孢菌素酰化酶等多种酰化酶的菌株,具有良好的应用前景。     

bla_(TEM-116)型超广谱β-内酰胺酶的表达、纯化及其应用

为大量获取低成本的TEM-116超广谱β-内酰胺酶,并分析其降解环境中β-内酰胺类抗生素残留物的可行性,本研究在Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)菌株中表达了重组TEM-116超广谱β-内酰胺酶,经亲和层析纯化、柱复性与分子筛层析纯化,得到了高纯度的目的蛋白,对其理化性质进行了分析。结果表明,重组TEM-116超广谱β-内酰胺酶的分子量、比活性分别为30kDa和476IU/mg,与天然酶性质相近。重组酶在体内外对多种青霉素、头孢菌素类药物均具有较高降解效率:10IU酶可清除1L发酵液中7000mg的青霉素G;320IU酶可清除1L尿液中各200mg的青霉素G、氨苄青霉素和头孢唑林混合抗生素;1.0～2.5IU的酶可在4℃～37℃温度范围内清除1L牛奶中80U的青霉素G;2.0×104～2.3×104IU/(kg·bw)的酶能够清除小鼠体内8.0×104～9.1×104μg/(kg·bw)的青霉素G。     

反应温度调控生物催化立体选择性的研究进展

立体选择性调控是手性生物催化的重要内容。反应温度调节作为一种简单、便捷的立体选择性调控方式已在生物催化制备手性化学品中发挥了重要作用。分析了温度引起酶立体选择性变化的机理,并综述了该方法在脂肪酶、酯酶、醇脱氢酶、青霉素G酰化酶和脱卤酶等酶催化反应中的应用。     

肠杆菌科细菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药机制的研究现状

肠杆菌科细菌是革兰阴性杆菌中最常见的一类细菌,在一定条件下可引起医院和社区感染。临床首选β-内酰胺类抗生素来抗感染,但由于抗生素的不合理使用导致肠杆菌科细菌产生相应的灭活酶及水解酶或菌株细胞结构改变,从而破坏β-内酰胺环使其对抗生素作用的敏感性下降甚至耐药,给临床抗感染治疗带来了极大的挑战;为更好地指导临床用药,拟就肠杆菌科细菌的耐药表型、对β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药机制做一综述。     

重组毕赤酵母产青霉素G酰化酶的分批发酵动力学研究

构建了重组毕赤酵母产青霉素G酰化酶的分批发酵动力学模型。实验考察了分批发酵过程中甘油消耗、甲醇浓度、菌体浓度、溶氧、补料时间对青霉素G酰化酶活力的影响。应用Matlab软件,对菌体生长、基质消耗和产物生成方程进行最优参数估算和非线性拟合,得到相应的动力学模型。模型的计算值与实验值能较好地拟合,表明所建模型能较好反映重组毕赤酵母产青霉素G酰化酶的分批发酵过程。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.