黄玛草蛉对两种蚜虫的捕食效能

实验室条件下研究了黄玛草蛉2龄与3龄幼虫对甘蓝蚜以及玉米蚜成虫的捕食功能反应。结果表明:黄玛草蛉2龄与3龄幼虫对2种蚜虫的捕食量均随着猎物密度的增加而增加,寻找效应随着猎物密度的增加而减小。不同龄期幼虫对2种蚜虫的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型,黄玛草蛉2龄与3龄幼虫对玉米蚜最大理论日捕食量分别为120.48头、185.18头;黄玛草蛉2龄与3龄幼虫对甘蓝蚜最大理论日捕食量分别为60.60头、86.95头。在相同猎物种类下,黄玛草蛉3龄幼虫对2种蚜虫的捕食量均高于黄玛草蛉2龄幼虫;在相同猎物密度下,黄玛草蛉2龄幼虫与3龄幼虫对玉米蚜的捕食量均高于甘蓝蚜。     

黄玛草蛉捕食米蛾卵的功能反应与数值反应

针对天敌控害潜能评价和天敌昆虫大量饲养的基础理论问题,以一种重要的捕食性天敌黄玛草蛉Mallada besalis Walker捕食米蛾卵的功能反应和数值反应研究为例,开展研究。结果表明,黄玛草蛉幼虫对米蛾卵的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型方程,其捕食量在一定范围内随着猎物密度的增加而增加,最后趋近一个稳定值,且与是否供水有关,供水时3龄幼虫的理论捕食能力最大,为3205.1粒卵/d。数值反应研究结果表明,不同密度的米蛾卵对黄玛草蛉的生长、发育、繁殖有着显著的影响。随着猎物密度增大,黄玛草蛉幼虫的发育速率、雌虫的产卵量、孵化率及雌性比增大,成虫的寿命延长,最后趋于稳定。米蛾卵密度5、10、20、30、50卵/d。分别是黄玛草蛉幼虫存活、幼虫化蛹、成虫羽化、后代卵孵化及世代延续的临界值。并讨论了功能反应和数值反应研究在天敌利用研究中的侧重点和重要性。     

黄玛草蛉幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食能力

【目的】明确本地优势天敌黄玛草蛉Mallada basalis对入侵我国的重大农业害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵及低龄幼虫的捕食能力和生防潜力。【方法】在实验室条件下采用功能反应模型评价了黄玛草蛉2和3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵及1和2龄幼虫的捕食能力。【结果】黄玛草蛉幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食量均随猎物密度的升高而增加,最后趋于捕食饱和状态,而其捕食率随猎物密度的升高而逐步下降,对不同发育阶段的草地贪夜蛾均表现为Ⅱ型功能反应。黄玛草蛉2龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵及1和2龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率a分别为0.150, 0.084和0.094,处理时间Th分别为0.282, 0.333和0.519 h,理论日最大捕食量T/Th分别为85106粒、72072头和46.242头;黄玛草蛉3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵及1和2龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率分别为2.018, 0.288和0.259,处理时间分别为0.102, 0.311和0.375 h,理论日最大捕食量分别为235294粒、77170头和64000头。【结论】黄玛草蛉2和3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫均具较强的捕食能力,其中黄玛草蛉3龄幼虫比2龄幼虫具有更强的捕食效率。     

梨园芳香植物间作区蚜虫与天敌类群的相互关系

在梨园中设置不同种类的芳香植物间作处理区、自然生草区和清耕区(对照),研究不同芳香植物间作区蚜虫及其天敌类群组成、种群时序动态与时间生态位指数的变化,并进行灰色关联分析。结果表明,不同芳香植物间作处理区蚜虫及其天敌类群数量、时序特征、时间生态位宽度与重叠指数存在明显差别。在梨树年生长周期中,薄荷、孔雀草和罗勒间作区的梨黄粉蚜、绣线菊蚜、梨二叉蚜与天敌类群的时序变化趋势相似,但发生的时段及数量与对照区存在显著差异。各个处理区中3种蚜虫的时间生态位宽度指数均较小,而天敌类群的时间生态位宽度指数较大;芳香植物间作区中蚜虫(孔雀草间作区的绣线菊蚜除外)及捕食性天敌的生态位宽度指数均大于对照区。各个处理区中蚜虫及(与)天敌之间的时间生态位重叠指数差异明显。各处理区中不同的天敌类群对某一特定的蚜虫的关联度相似,而不同间作处理区某一特定的天敌类群对3种蚜虫的关联度存在明显差异。芳香植物间作改变了梨园生态环境中的蚜虫及其天敌类群数量和组成,害虫种群数量明显减少,益害比(1∶1)明显大于自然生草区(1∶2.1)和清耕区(1∶3.3)。结论:芳香植物间作能有效降低蚜虫种群数量,是一种农业防治蚜害的优选方法。     

异色瓢虫防治菜花蚜虫效果试验

为评价异色瓢虫对菜花上蚜虫的防治效果以指导生产,以不同的益害比放置异色瓢虫的卵卡用于控制菜花上的蚜虫。试验结果表明,当益害比为1∶10时防效最佳,释放后5 d防效可达61.36%,释放后28 d平均防效仍有59.23%,对菜花蚜虫的防治具有较好的持效性。     

大草蛉对草地贪夜蛾捕食潜能研究

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith于2018年底至2019年初入侵我国后,迅速扩散,并在半年内对西南地区的玉米生产造成为害。田间调查和观测研究表明,田间虽然可见该害虫的天敌,但由于天敌种群数量低,无法形成有效控害的模式。为研究大草蛉对草地贪夜蛾的控害潜能,本研究进行了捕食功能反应试验。结果表明,大草蛉成虫对草地贪夜蛾卵以及大草蛉3龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的捕食效应均能够很好的拟合HollingⅡ功能反应模型。其中,大草蛉成虫对贪夜蛾卵的理论日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为1115.56头、1.004和0.0009 d。大草蛉幼虫对贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的理论日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为358头、1.074和0.003 d。结果表明大草蛉具备对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫进行有效控害的潜力,为应用天敌昆虫防治草地贪夜蛾提供了理论依据。     

黄玛草蛉对木瓜粉蚧的捕食作用评价

为明确黄玛草蛉Mallada basalis(Walker)对木瓜粉蚧Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink的捕食作用,在实验室条件下观察了黄玛草蛉2龄、3龄幼虫对木瓜粉蚧2龄、3龄若虫及成虫的捕食选择偏好,同时采用捕食功能反应方法评价了黄玛草蛉2龄、3龄幼虫对木瓜粉蚧各虫态的捕食效能.结果表明,黄玛草蛉2龄、3龄幼虫偏好捕食木瓜粉蚧若虫,对木瓜粉蚧各虫态的捕食量均随着猎物密度的增加而增加符合HollingⅡ模型.其中,黄玛草蛉3龄幼虫具有较高的捕食能力,其对木瓜粉蚧2龄、3龄若虫及成虫的日最大捕食量分别为116头、81头和19头,a/Th值(a为瞬时攻击率,Th为处置单头猎物时间)分别为284.76、134.26和28.38.黄玛草蛉幼虫对猎物的寻找效应随猎物密度的增加而呈线性下降,且在相同猎物密度条件下,黄玛草蛉3龄幼虫对猎物的搜寻效应明显高于2龄幼虫.研究结果表明,黄玛草蛉对木瓜粉蚧具有较好的捕食能力.     

巴氏新小绥螨防治温室辣椒蓟马效果评价

实验通过释放不同益害比的巴氏新小绥螨防治温室辣椒蓟马,结果表明:在蓟马发生初期释放巴氏新小绥螨,可有效控制蓟马虫量增长,释放7 d后益害比为1∶20的处理防效可达到94.86%,效果显著;益害比为1∶5、1∶10和1∶20的各处理在各时期均无显著差异,而益害比为1∶40的处理在释放后5 d、7 d和14 d防治效果均显著低于以上3个处理,综合考虑选择益害比1∶20为最佳释放量。     

黄玛草蛉幼虫对埃及吹绵蚧若虫的捕食功能和数值反应

本文研究了黄玛草蛉Mallada basalis (Walker)捕食埃及吹绵蚧Icerya aegyptiaca(Douglas)若虫的功能反应和数值反应。功能反应研究结果表明,黄玛草蛉2龄和3龄幼虫对埃及吹绵蚧若虫的捕食反应均属HollingⅡ型,拟合方程分别为Na=0.6885×No/1+0.6885×0.0433No和Na=1.2085×No/1+1.2085×0.0200No,相关系数R2分别为0.9867和0.9858,理论日最大捕食量分别为23.09和50.00。数值反应研究结果表明,不同埃及吹绵蚧若虫密度对黄玛草蛉的生长、发育、繁殖有着显著影响。随着猎物密度增大,黄玛草蛉幼虫发育速率、雌虫产卵量、孵化率及雌性比增大,成虫寿命增加,最后趋于稳定。埃及吹绵蚧若虫密度5、10、15、20、30头分别是黄玛草蛉幼虫存活、幼虫化蛹、成虫羽化、后代卵孵化及世代延续的临界值。猎物密度为30、40、50头时,黄玛草蛉能正常生长发育和繁殖,种群的性比、成虫寿命、产卵量及孵化率有一定的差异,但差异不显著。      

12种杀虫剂及5种天敌昆虫对梧桐木虱的田间控害评价

梧桐木虱是一种危害园林植物梧桐的重大害虫。本研究分别测定了12种杀虫剂和5种天敌昆虫对梧桐木虱的防治效果。结果表明: 12种杀虫剂中噻虫嗪和吡虫啉对梧桐木虱的防治效果最好,螺虫乙酯次之。在喷雾法、注射法和灌根法等3种施药方式中,应尽量避免使用喷雾法,优先选择注射法,在条件允许的情况下可使用灌根法作为补充手段。5种天敌昆虫中以中华通草蛉和赤星瓢虫对梧桐木虱的防治效果最佳,在长期防治效果上可以起到代替杀虫剂的作用。因此,中华通草蛉及赤星瓢虫可作为园林环境中长期安全环保防治梧桐木虱的重要方法,而以注射法使用噻虫嗪和吡虫啉可作为短期快速防治手段。     

Thrombomodulin is found on endothelium of arteries, veins, capillaries, and lymphatics, and on syncytiotrophoblast of human placenta

We have used antibodies to human thrombomodulin isolated from placenta to investigate the distribution of this cofactor for protein C activation in human tissues. Thrombomodulin was found on endothelial cells of arteries, veins, capillaries, and lymphatics by immunocytochemical staining using an avidin-biotin peroxidase method. Thrombomodulin was not detected on sinusoidal lining cells of liver or on postcapillary high-endothelial venules of lymph node, although the latter contained another endothelial antigen, von Willebrand factor. Other cells noted to contain thrombomodulin antigen are those of the syncytiotrophoblast in placenta. The thrombomodulin in syncytiotrophoblast was primarily on the plasma membrane surface that forms the maternal blood sinus. Syncytiotrophoblast also stained with antibodies to von Willebrand factor, which implies that these cells have multiple endothelial functions. Thrombomodulin antigen was found in all organs studied, with the notable exception of brain.     

Effects of Antimycin, Glucose Deprivation, and Serum on Cultures of Neurons, Astrocytes, and Neuroblastoma Cells

The resistance of cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells, primary cultures of rat cerebellar neurons, and rat brain astrocytes to a block of aerobic metabolism was studied. Parameters such as lactate production and ATP content were measured in the presence of antimycin A and under various conditions of glucose, oxygen, and serum supply. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) All cell types studied were characterized by an active production of lactate; (2) Incubation of the various cell types in the absence of glucose at normal oxygen tension did not affect ATP levels; (3) Respiration blocked by antimycin led to a Pasteur effect; (4) Neuroblastoma cells, but not the other cell types, were fully resistant to inhibition of respiration provided that sufficient glucose was supplied; (5) In the absence of glucose no stores of energy or utilizable substrate were present in the cell types studied when respiration was blocked; (6) In the presence of fetal calf serum anoxic neurons showed irreversible signs of degeneration.     

Influence of chelation and oxidation state on vanadium bioavailability,and their effects on tissue concentrations of zinc,copper, and iron

Today, vanadium compounds are frequently included in nutritional supplements and are also being developed for therapeutic use in diabetes mellitus. Previously, tissue uptake of vanadium from bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV) (BMOV) was shown to be increased compared to its uptake from vanadyl sulfate (VS). Our primary objective was to test the hypothesis that complexation increases vanadium uptake and that this effect is independent of oxidation state. A secondary objective was to compare the effects of vanadium complexation and oxidation state on tissue iron, copper, and zinc. Wistar rats were fed either ammonium metavanadate (AMV), VS, or BMOV (1.2 mM each in the drinking water). Tissue uptake of V following 12 wk of BMOV or AMV was higher than that from VS (p<0.05). BMOV led to decreased tissue Zn and increased bone Fe content. The same three compounds were compared in a cellular model of absorption (Caco-2 cells). Vanadium uptake from VS was higher than that from BMOV or AMV at 10 min, but from BMOV (250 μM only, 60 min), uptake was far greater than from AMV or VS. These results show that neither complexation nor oxidation state alone are adequate predictors of relative absorption, tissue accumulation, or trace element interactions.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

Effects of the administration of corticosterone,parathyroid hormone,or both,and of their withdrawal,on rat bone and cartilage histomorphometric parameters,and on osteoprotegerin and RANKL mRNA expression and proteins

We have studied the effects of the treatment with corticosterone (CORT), parathyroid hormone (PTH), or both (CORT + PTH), and of their withdrawal (CORT-rec and CORT + PTH-rec), on the osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL) localization and expression and on histomorphometric parameters in primary and secondary spongiosa of rat femur and tibia metaphyses. In the secondary spongiosa of the CORT group, the bone remodeling and the OPG/RANKL mRNA ratio decreased. In the PTH group, the bone turnover and the structural and connectivity indices increased, and the OPG/RANKL mRNA ratio fell; this ratio rose, however, in the primary spongiosa. In the CORT + PTH group, remodeling values intermediate between those of the CORT and PTH groups, were detected in the secondary spongiosa, where OPG and RANKL mRNA rose. Return towards control values was found in the recovery groups. The Cartilage Growth Plate Width was reduced in the CORT and CORT + PTH groups and returned to normal values in the recovery groups, while it was not affected by PTH. Independently of treatments, both OPG and RANKL mRNA and proteins were co-localized in the same cartilage and bone cells and in several bone marrow cells. In conclusion, the catabolic effects induced by CORT treatment occur together with an OPG fall and a RANKL rise. In the PTH group in which the bone turnover increase, the OPG and RANKL mRNA expressions differ in the primary and secondary spongiosa, confirming that the bone tissue in these sites can have different metabolic trends.     

Effects of thiazolidinediones on differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis

Thiazolidinediones induce adipocyte differentiation and thereby limit proliferative potential; hence, early investigations focused on their ability to modulate cellular proliferation and apoptosis. Several lines of evidence indicate significant thiazolidinedione-mediated antitumor activity. An emerging view is that some antitumor effects are totally or partially peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) dependent, whereas others are PPARgamma independent. The aim of this review is to examine the current evidence about the molecular mechanisms by which thiazolidinediones augment cellular differentiation, inhibit cellular proliferation, and induce apoptosis. We first address the role of thiazolidinediones and/or PPARgamma on Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway as it affects cellular differentiation and then discuss other pathways that are also involved in differentiation as well as proliferation and apoptosis.     

Studies on the effects of certain salts on germination,on growth of root,and on metabolism

Summary The effects of different concentrations of KCl, K₂SO₄, MgCl₂ and MgSO₄ on the growth in length of the first seminal root of wheat, and on the change in fresh and oven-dry weight of the seedling and its component parts have been studied. The effect of mannitol was also investigated for comparison and to study the osmotic action. The effect of salts on root growth was dependent on salt species; all effects were specific to ions and not due to osmotic activity of solution. The growth of wheat roots was suppressed by concentrations of salts much lower than those required to suppress germination. All solutions of KCl from 0.1 to 50 me/l checked the growth of the root; the retardation increased with increase of concentration. In K₂SO₄ there was a slight activation of root growth for one day in 0.1 and 0.5 me/l; then the growth was suppressed after that. In all other concentrations from 1 to 50 me/l the growth was retarded. In MgCl₂ or MgSO₄ there was some activation of root elongation in 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 me/l; but higher concentrations retarded root growth.