泽兰实蝇雌雄成虫转录组及差异分析

[目的]泽兰实蝇Procecidochares utilis Stone是入侵杂草紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng的重要的专食性天敌,已成为控制紫茎泽兰的重要因子.本研究旨在获得泽兰实蝇转录组,并深入研究泽兰实蝇雌雄成虫差异表达基因.[方法]利用Illumina高通量测序技术对泽兰实蝇雌雄成虫进行转录组测序和生物信息分析.[结果]总共获得29 147条unigenes,平均长度为457 bp,同时将所得序列注释到七大数据库进行比对,共获得19 384条unigenes注释结果.分析发现11 331条差异表达基因;与雄成虫相比,雌成虫有2 640条unigenes表达量上调,8 691条unigenes表达量下调.[结论]本研究获得了泽兰实蝇转录组,为今后泽兰实蝇性别相关研究提供了序列支持.     

基于高通量测序的玉米象转录组分析

玉米象Sitophilus zeamais是一种世界性的储粮害虫,但其基因信息尚不完善.本研究利用高通量测序平台Illumina HiSeq TM2000对玉米象成虫进行转录组测序,总计获得64358条unigenes,总长度39481752 bp,最短201 bp,最长29046 bp,平均长度613 bp.将unigenes序列在7大数据库Nr、GO、Swissprot、KOG、Pfam、KEGG、TrEMBL中进行注释,分别有25271、20747、16477、12060、9471、3370、25500条unigenes获得注释.通过GO功能分类,共有20747条unigenes在GO数据库中生物学过程、细胞组分、分子功能3大类68个亚类功能组中找到对应.KOG结果显示,12606条unigenes归到25个基因家族.通过KEGG代谢通路分析,共有3370条unigenes被注释,分别归属于细胞进程、环境信息进程、遗传信息进程、新陈代谢和有机体系统5大类代谢途径,共33个亚类274个功能通路.进一步的数据分析,共鉴定出146081个SNP位点和5002个简单序列重复(SSR)位点.本研究获得的玉米象转录组信息,为玉米象的功能基因挖掘提供了重要的信息资源.     

阿尔泰蝠蛾(鳞翅目:蝙蝠蛾科)幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析

[目的]本研究旨在通过转录组测序技术分析低温胁迫引起的阿尔泰蝠蛾Hepialus altaicola Wang幼虫基因转录差异及上调表达基因的主要功能类群和参与的主要代谢通路.[方法]采用Illumina HiSeq TM 2500测序平台对阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫进行转录组测序、组装,利用Blast软件进行数据库比对和基因功能注释,用DEGSeq R软件包分析4℃低温处理与室内适温饲养试虫的差异表达基因,并对上调表达基因进行GO和KEGG代谢途径富集分析.[结果]经序列拼接后共获得100300个unigenes,总长度81600309 bp,平均长度813 bp,N50长度1719 bp.与7大数据库同源比对,共获得34691(34.59％)条unigenes.低温胁迫转录组分析得到11569个差异表达基因(DEGs),7158条基因上调,4411条基因下调.富集到47个GO类群,217个KEGG途径.其中代谢过程、催化、结合活性类群占有重要比例,核糖体、碳代谢、剪接体等途径显著富集.另外,热激蛋白、昆虫表皮蛋白、海藻糖酶、超氧化物歧化酶等非生物胁迫相关基因显著上调表达.[结论]阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析揭示,代谢过程、细胞过程、生物调节、对刺激的反应等生物学过程相关基因和部分非生物胁迫响应基因显著上调表达,提示蝠蛾幼虫可能从抗氧化防御、分子伴侣、体温调节和维持细胞的渗透平衡等多方面应对低温胁迫.     

大垫尖翅蝗转录组分析

【目的】大垫尖翅蝗Epacromius coerulipes(Ivanov)是广泛分布的草原蝗虫之一,但其基因资源缺乏。为了获得大垫尖翅蝗的基因数据,对其进行了转录组测序和分析。【方法】利用Illumina公司paired-end转录组的测序技术进行从头组装。【结果】总计获得了63 033条unigenes,平均长度为772 bp,N50为1 589 bp。通过BLAST搜索,确定有25 132条(39.87%)unigenes与NCBI数据库已知的蛋白质相匹配,其中有24 841,16 490,11 558和8 013条unigenes成功注释到Nr,Swiss-Prot,GO和COG数据库中。KEGG数据库中,7 218条unigenes形成218条代谢或信息通路。其中,189条unigenes参与外源性物质或药物的代谢通路。进一步分析显示,213条unigenes被确认为可能参与外源性物质的解毒作用,29条unigenes被确定为编码杀虫剂的目标蛋白。此外,检测到5 696条简单重复序列。【结论】该转录组测序分析将为进一步研究大垫尖翅蝗的基因功能分析及杀虫剂的抗药性机制分析奠定分子基础。     

阿尔泰蝠蛾(鳞翅目:蝙蝠蛾科)幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析

[目的]本研究旨在通过转录组测序技术分析低温胁迫引起的阿尔泰蝠蛾Hepialus altaicola Wang幼虫基因转录差异及上调表达基因的主要功能类群和参与的主要代谢通路.[方法]采用Illumina HiSeq TM 2500测序平台对阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫进行转录组测序、组装,利用Blast软件进行数据库比对和基因功能注释,用DEGSeq R软件包分析4℃低温处理与室内适温饲养试虫的差异表达基因,并对上调表达基因进行GO和KEGG代谢途径富集分析.[结果]经序列拼接后共获得100300个unigenes,总长度81600309 bp,平均长度813 bp,N50长度1719 bp.与7大数据库同源比对,共获得34691(34.59％)条unigenes.低温胁迫转录组分析得到11569个差异表达基因(DEGs),7158条基因上调,4411条基因下调.富集到47个GO类群,217个KEGG途径.其中代谢过程、催化、结合活性类群占有重要比例,核糖体、碳代谢、剪接体等途径显著富集.另外,热激蛋白、昆虫表皮蛋白、海藻糖酶、超氧化物歧化酶等非生物胁迫相关基因显著上调表达.[结论]阿尔泰蝠蛾幼虫低温胁迫转录组分析揭示,代谢过程、细胞过程、生物调节、对刺激的反应等生物学过程相关基因和部分非生物胁迫响应基因显著上调表达,提示蝠蛾幼虫可能从抗氧化防御、分子伴侣、体温调节和维持细胞的渗透平衡等多方面应对低温胁迫.     

基于高通量测序的发芽苦荞转录组学研究北大核心CSCD

采用新一代高通量测序技术Illumina Solexa Hiseq 2500对发芽荞麦转录组进行测序,结合生物信息学方法开展基因表达谱研究和功能基因预测。通过测序,获得了42 953 962个序列读取片段(reads),包含了5.37 Gb碱基序列信息。对reads进行序列组装,获得45 278个单基因簇(unigenes),平均长度862 bp,序列信息达到了39 Mb。另外,从长度分布、GC含量、表达水平等方面对unigenes进行评估,数据显示测序质量好,可信度高。数据库中的序列同源性比较表明,2 127个unigenes与其他生物的己知基因具有不同程度的同源性。发芽苦荞转录组中的unigenes与细胞进程、细胞和蛋白结合相关。将unigenes与KOG数据库进行比对,根据其功能大致可分为24类。以KEGG数据库作为参考,依据代谢途径可将unigenes定位到328个代谢途径分支,包括核糖体代谢通路、碳水化合物代谢等,并且筛选出38条参与GABA合成的氧化磷酸化代谢的unigenes。SSR位点查找发现,从71 366个unigenes中共找到7 141个SSR位点。SSR不同重复基序类型中,出现频率最高的为A/T,其次是AAG/CTT和AT/AT。     

携带与未携带松材线虫的松墨天牛转录组差异表达基因分析

【目的】本研究旨在建立携带与未携带松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus的松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus成虫各组织的转录组数据库,揭示松墨天牛对松材线虫响应的转录组整体表达特征。【方法】以携带和未携带松材线虫的松墨天牛成虫的表皮、气管和脂肪体为材料,采用Illumina HiSeq^TM 2000测序平台开展转录组测序,利用Trinity软件对RNA-Seq数据进行从头组装,利用NCBI数据库进行基因注释。通过DEG-Seq分析携带和未携带松材线虫的松墨天牛成虫中的差异表达基因,对上调表达基因进行GO和KEGG代谢途径富集分析,并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术对部分差异表达的基因包括ENV, CDK1, HSP70-C, HSP70, HSP75, DUO, PABPN1和IGFP基因的表达水平进行验证。【结果】测序过滤后共获得55 059条单基因簇(unigene),平均长度为1 536 bp。将unigene与数据库中的序列进行BLASTX比对,成功注释24 354条unigenes,其中4 022条unigene在GO数据...     

基于高通量测序的发芽苦荞转录组学研究

采用新一代高通量测序技术Illumina Solexa Hiseq 2500对发芽荞麦转录组进行测序,结合生物信息学方法开展基因表达谱研究和功能基因预测。通过测序,获得了42 953 962个序列读取片段(reads),包含了5.37 Gb碱基序列信息。对reads进行序列组装,获得45 278个单基因簇(unigenes),平均长度862 bp,序列信息达到了39 Mb。另外,从长度分布、GC含量、表达水平等方面对unigenes进行评估,数据显示测序质量好,可信度高。数据库中的序列同源性比较表明,2 127个unigenes与其他生物的己知基因具有不同程度的同源性。发芽苦荞转录组中的unigenes与细胞进程、细胞和蛋白结合相关。将unigenes与KOG数据库进行比对,根据其功能大致可分为24类。以KEGG数据库作为参考,依据代谢途径可将unigenes定位到328个代谢途径分支,包括核糖体代谢通路、碳水化合物代谢等,并且筛选出38条参与GABA合成的氧化磷酸化代谢的unigenes。SSR位点查找发现,从71 366个unigenes中共找到7 141个SSR位点。SSR不同重复基序类型中,出现频率最高的为A/T,其次是AAG/CTT和AT/AT。     

中华大仰蝽转录组学研究及SSR新标记开发

【目的】中华大仰蝽Notonecta chinensis为中国和日本冲绳分布的重要水生天敌昆虫,可用于蚊虫的生物防治。本研究旨在建立中华大仰蝽转录组数据库,挖掘其基因信息。【方法】采用高通量测序平台Illumina NextSeq500对中华大仰蝽进行转录组测序、de novo组装及生物信息学分析;利用MISA软件基于转录组unigenes数据进行SSR新分子标记筛选。毛细管电泳检测SSR多态性。【结果】总计获得34782282条clean reads(NCBI SRA数据库登录号:SRR13259254),组装成37801条unigenes,N50为913 bp。将unigenes与已知数据库比对进行基因功能注释,分别有36474,32470,27781,35079和5638条序列注释到nr,Swiss-Prot,GO,eggNOG和KEGG数据库。通过GO数据库注释,unigenes的功能可分为生物学过程、细胞组分和分子功能三大类,其中参与细胞、细胞部分及结合功能的unigenes比例较大。eggNOG数据库注释结果显示,37801条unigenes归到25个基因家族,注释到未知功能的最多。KEGG代谢通路富集分析显示,5638条unigenes注释到245个代谢通路,注释到核糖体的数目最多。此外,用MISA软件在转录组测序数据中的37801条unigenes中搜索到3124个SSR位点(占总unigenes的8.26%),发生频率为7.07%。通过PCR筛选出16个SSR位点。7个中华大仰蝽地理种群3个位点NcCF/NcCR,NcKF/NcKR和NcLF/NcLR的多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.870,0.902和0.857,具高度多态性。【结论】本研究成功获得了中华大仰蝽转录组数据,为其基因功能分析提供了分子理论基础;SSR新标记的开发为中华大仰蝽遗传多样性分析、隐存种鉴定及基因图谱构建提供了更丰富的候选分子标记。     

大蜡螟触角转录组及嗅觉相关基因分析

【目的】大蜡螟Galleria mellonella Linnaeus是世界范围内蜂群中普遍存在的害虫,给世界养蜂业带来了巨大的危害。本研究旨在建立大蜡螟触角转录组数据库,挖掘大蜡螟嗅觉相关基因,为今后利用嗅觉基因靶标防治大蜡螟提供分子生物学信息数据。【方法】利用高通量测序平台(Illumina HiSeqTM 2500)对大蜡螟触角进行转录组测序和组装,通过筛选转录组数据库,鉴定出嗅觉相关基因。【结果】成功构建了大蜡螟触角转录组,经序列拼接获得188 278条unigenes,平均长度为781 bp,N50为1 161 bp。使用BLAST软件将大蜡螟触角unigenes序列与7大公共数据库比对,共注释到108 047条unigenes,其中NR数据库注释的unigenes最多,为78 746条,占41.82%,且NR注释的大蜡螟unigenes中与家蚕Bombyx mori类似基因最多,为18.4%。将unigenes与GO数据库比对发现,共有69 794条unigenes注释到GO数据库中,按照其所参与的生物过程、细胞组分和分子功能对其进行GO功能分类,共含有55个亚类,其中参与结合和催化功能及代谢过程的unigenes比例较大;KEGG代谢途径分析表明,14699条unigenes形成231条代谢通路,其中被注释在信号传导通路中的unigenes最多,为2 401条,占16.33%。进一步基因注释分析,鉴定得到226个候选嗅觉相关基因,包括52个气味结合蛋白(Odorant binding proteins,OBPs)基因,36个化学感受蛋白(Chemosensory proteins,CSPs)基因,80个气味受体(Odorant receptors,ORs)基因,56个离子型受体(Ionotropic receptors,IRs)基因和2个感觉神经元膜蛋白(Sensory neuron membrane proteins,SNMPs)基因;通过比较雌、雄大蜡螟转录组鉴定出114个差异表达基因,包括5个嗅觉相关基因(OBP8、OBP17、CSP3、CSP34和OR15);114个差异表达基因中,66个基因在雌蛾触角中高表达,48个基因在雄蛾触角中高表达。【结论】本研究获得了大蜡螟触角转录组数据,并鉴定出候选嗅觉相关基因,结果为进一步研究大蜡螟的基因功能及嗅觉感受机制奠定分子基础。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418