夏秋两季饲养条件下扬子鳄的行为谱和活动节律初步研究

2003年夏秋两季(7-11月间),采用扫描取样法和目标动物取样法,对饲养条件下扬子鳄的个体行为和活动 节律进行了研究。结果表明:夏秋两季饲养条件下扬子鳄的个体行为主要包括休息行为(水中休息、陆地休息、晒 太阳、挠痒、打哈欠、伸懒腰);运动行为(游泳、潜水、爬行、摆尾);摄食行为(摄食、漱口);冲突行为(打斗、对视);嬉 戏行为(嬉戏、堆积);吼叫行为;排泄行为等。 夏季,扬子鳄休息行为的时间最多,日变化规律显示:早晨6:00-7:00为休息高峰期;下午12:30-13:30为潜 水高峰期。秋季,用于晒太阳的时间最多,秋季早晨6:00-7:30为潜水高峰期,且一天中扬于鳄晒太阳活动出现三 次高峰即10:30-11:00,13:30-14:00,16:30-17:00。统计结果表明,夏秋两季潜水、晒太阳和休息3种个体行为差 异性较为显著。在30℃-36℃之间,扬子鳄潜水时间和温度之间呈线性关系。研究结果同时表明,长期人工饲养 对扬子鳄的某些弹性行为如摄食行为等产生了较大影响。在行为描述的基础上,对扬子鳄的有关行为机制进行了 探讨。而影响扬子鳄行为表达的生物因素主要包括年龄和食物资源;非生物因素主要包括空间和生境等。     

光周期变化对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵的影响

【目的】毛健夜蛾Brithys crini(Fabricius)可为害葱莲Zephyranthes candida等石蒜科绿化植物,前期研究表明不同光周期对其交配和产卵节律行为及交配率和产卵量均有显著影响。本实验期望探明间歇光照等复杂光照条件对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵的影响。【方法】在光照培养箱条件下(光源为白色日光灯,光照强度约为500 lx),观察了间歇光照长度(20,10,5,1和0 min)、暗期位点(D10:00-22:00,D12:00-24:00,D14:00-02:00和D16:00-04:00)和非24 h光暗循环(4L∶4D,8L∶8D,24L∶24D和48L∶48D)3种光照条件下毛键夜蛾成虫交配及产卵行为。【结果】间歇光照长度为20,10,5,1和0 min时,成虫交配数分别为0,3,10,14和11对,配对数分别为25,29,31,39和26对;间歇光照长度为20和10 min时,交配数与对照组差异显著;10,5,1和0 min时已交配单雌产卵量差异不显著(分别为354.67,322.30,339.57和310.45粒)。暗期位点为D10:00-22:00,D12:00-24:00,D14:00-02:00和D16:00-04:00时,成虫交配数分别为13,18,15和12对,配对数分别为16,19,17和16对,交配数差异不显著;已交配单雌产卵量差异不显著(分别为516.15,527.28,495.53和458.50粒);交配起始时间、交配高峰时间和产卵起始时间、产卵高峰因暗期位点不同而异。非24 h光暗循环(4L∶4D,8L∶8D,24L∶24D和48L∶48D)条件下成虫交配数分别为16,15,14和14对,配对数分别为18,16,14和16对,交配数差异不显著;已交配单雌产卵量差异显著(分别为590.56,559.67,497.21和419.29粒)。【结论】这些结果显示毛健夜蛾交配和产卵行为主要发生在暗期,暗期短于40 min时不能发生交配行为,暗期位点和长度对交配和产卵行为有影响。     

双委夜蛾成虫主要活动节律和卵孵化节律

[目的]双委夜蛾Athetis dissimilis是近年来在我国农田新发现为害的一种害虫,明确其成虫活动节律和卵的孵化节律,可为其预测预报和防治提供依据.[方法]在温度(25±1)℃、相对湿度70％±5％.光周期14 L:10 D环境条件下,观察双委夜蛾的羽化、取食、交配、产卵等行为.[结果]双委夜蛾雌虫、雄虫羽化主要发生在化蛹后第12天的光期,羽化高峰分别在13:00-17:00和13:00-15:00.取食行为主要发生在羽化后前2d,且在暗期取食的个体数(47.08％)显著多于在光期取食的个体数(26.39％).成虫的交配高峰在羽化后第3天,交配主要在暗期03:00-07:00进行,交配持续时间15-90 min,平均47.33min,以持续30-45 min的个体占比最高,达34.44％.羽化后第5天出现产卵高峰,产卵率达96.67％,产卵主要发生在暗期01:00-05:00.卯产出后第5天集中孵化,孵化率达92.04％,孵化高峰期在17:00-23:00,该时段累计孵化率64.99％.成虫羽化后第2天和第7天移动个体的比率较高,分别为9.72％和10.16％,每天进入暗期后移动率逐渐升高,进入光期后逐渐降低.不同日龄成虫在光期和暗期均出现较高比例的静息个体,前者平均为83.67％,后者平均为64.94％.[结论]双委夜蛾成虫羽化、补充营养、交配、产卵、移动、静息等活动行为的昼夜节律明显,可作为其预测预报及防治的依据.     

野生条件下扬子鳄的吼叫规律

20 0 3年在安徽扬子鳄自然保护区对扬子鳄的吼叫规律进行了为期一年的专题研究。在监测中 ,记录了吼叫日期、吼叫时间、吼叫数和天气情况。扬子鳄在每年的 3月开始吼叫 ,11月停止吼叫 ;扬子鳄的吼叫数在不同的月份差异极显著 (χ2 检验 :χ2 =4 4 8 2 9,df=8,P <0 0 1) ,其中 6月扬子鳄吼叫最为频繁 ,其吼叫数占全年的 2 6 0 % ;繁殖期间 (6— 9月 )扬子鳄吼叫数明显高于非繁殖期 (Mann WhitneyU检验 :U =2 0 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;在每天的不同时间扬子鳄的吼叫数呈极显著差异 (χ2 =2 33 18,df =17,P <0 0 1) ,存在明显的吼叫高峰 ,白天吼叫多于晚上 (U =12 5 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;天气的变化对吼叫没有影响。分析表明 ,扬子鳄的吼叫与其繁殖行为关系紧密 ,吼叫的主要目的是为了吸引异性 ,同时有保护领域的功能。     

血雉繁殖初期和育雏期的日活动模式及集群行为研究

2013年4—7月,利用红外相机在四川王朗自然保护区研究了血雉（Ithaginis cruentus）在繁殖初期和育雏期的日活动模式和集群行为。结果表明,血雉具有明显的昼行性活动规律,繁殖初期的活动高峰为6：00—14：00（n=42,P=84.00%）,育雏期的活动高峰为6：00—12：00（n=111,P=60.33%）,次高峰为12：00—18：00（n=63,P=34.24%）。繁殖初期记录了50群76只血雉,雌雄性比为1∶2.41,集群大小为（1.52±0.68）只/群,以孤雄（n=23,P=46.00%）和混合群（n=29,P=30.00%）为主。育雏期记录了184群321只血雉,雌雄性比为1∶1.81,集群大小为（1.74±1.21）只/群,以孤雄（n=75,P=40.76%）和家庭群（n=51,P=27.72%）为主。在繁殖初期和育雏期,不同集群类型出现的频率差异均极显著（繁殖初期：χ2=17.680,df=3,P〈0.01;育雏期：χ2=79.478,df=4,P〈0.01）。血雉的集群性较强,即使在以家庭生活为主的育雏期也常集群活动。     

光周期对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵的影响

为探明光周期对毛健夜蛾Brithys crini(Fabricius)交配和产卵的影响,在实验条件下观察了5个光周期(L14∶D10、L16∶D8、L18∶D6、L20∶D4和L22∶D2)下成虫交配及产卵行为。结果表明:(1)光周期为L14∶D10、L16∶D8、L18∶D6、L20∶D4和L22∶D2时,毛健夜蛾成虫总交配率(分别为26.09%、31.25%、17.93%、26.32%和11.76%)或暗期的交配率(分别为100.00%、83.33%、100%、75.00%和100%)均有显著性差异;毛健夜蛾成虫交配起始时间(分别为21:00、22:00、0:00、3:00和5:00)和交配高峰(分别为21:00—22:00、1:00—2:00、3:00—5:00、4:00—5:00和5:00—6:00)随断光时间的延迟而推后。(2)各光周期下已交配的单雌产卵量(分别为441.33、453.80、414.00、120.80和145.50粒)或未交配的单雌产卵量(分别为115.35、77.09、90.21、17.79和12.07粒)亦有显著性差异;光周期为L14∶D10、L16∶D8和L18∶D6下,产卵高峰均在1:00—4:00之间,光周期为L20∶D4时,产卵高峰在4:00—5:00之间,而光周期为L22∶D2时,产卵高峰则出现在光期开始的1 h内(即6:00—7:00)。这些研究结果初步揭示了不同光周期对毛健夜蛾交配和产卵行为影响不同。     

安徽省扬子鳄饲养种群繁殖力的参数分析及种群增长预测

通过对宣城扬子鳄繁殖研究中心三代繁殖鳄1982—2003年繁殖力有关参数的分析,结果表明近三年来繁殖研究中心扬子鳄产卵量明显减少;亲代受精率为(83.80±2.37)%、孵化率为(89.53±0.86)%;发现F1受精率为(79.38±2.74)%、孵化率为(83.78±1.95)%;F2代个体受精率为(68.7±1.84)%、孵化率为(88.16±1.68)%;通过单因素方差分析F(受精率)=4.33(P<0.05)、F(孵化率)=4.56(P<0.05)差异显著。分析影响扬子鳄繁殖的因素发现:产卵量明显减少可能与亲代鳄逐渐退出繁殖期、F1代鳄整体产卵能力有下降趋势、F2代鳄没有大规模进入繁殖期有关;分析历史资料发现扬子鳄产卵窝数与4月份的温度相关性高(R=0.979,P<0.01);作者认为F1、F2代个体与亲代之间的受精率、孵化率有显著差异,近交衰退、遗传多样性的丧失有密切关系。利用时间序列分析建立理想状态下饲养扬子鳄种群数量估计模型,预测10年内扬子鳄饲养将可能达到19000尾;根据该种群增长模式及种群年龄结构特点,应扩大饲养规模,特别是育成鳄饲养池及幼鳄饲养池的建设。     

人工饲养条件下扬子鳄的行为体温调节

2005年6~9月,采用扫描取样法在浙江省长兴扬子鳄自然繁育中心,对人工繁殖的成年扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)行为的发生频率和活动规律进行了研究,并对其行为体温调节进行了分析。结果表明,扬子鳄日常活动行为主要包括巡游、头出水、头背出水、贴地闭嘴趴伏、张嘴趴伏和抬头闭嘴趴伏6种行为。扬子鳄在水中活动更多,占62.1%,头出水是最主要的行为状态,占52.3%,而张嘴的频次最少,占1.8%。扬子鳄表现出有规律的水陆活动,6:00~8:00和18:00~20:00时分别是一天中扬子鳄大量入水和上岸的时段。水温和气温的差异是影响扬子鳄水陆活动的最重要因素。根据扬子鳄的水陆活动规律,发现扬子鳄主动选择不超过(31±1)℃的热环境。     

扬子鳄的越冬管理

扬子鳄(Ａｌｌｉｇａｔｏｒｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ)是我国特有的珍稀爬行动物。安徽省扬子鳄繁殖研究中心经过20年的发展,现有扬子鳄8000余条,是国内外驯养、繁殖扬子鳄的最大种群基地。冬眠是扬子鳄适应寒冷气候的一种生理现象,其越冬管理的好坏直接影响到幼鳄的成活率和成鳄的繁殖率,故其越冬技术一直很受重视,并不断得以完善,现将其总结,供引种扬子鳄饲养者参考。由于不同年龄扬子鳄的生理特点和管理要求不同,所以将扬子鳄的越冬管理分成当年孵出鳄、2-6龄鳄和成鳄3个年龄段来叙述。1　当年孵出鳄的越冬管理当年孵出的幼鳄,身体各器官的功能尚…     

长足大竹象体表信息化学物质的释放节律及对成虫的EAG与行为反应

为了研究长足大竹象成虫体表挥发性物质的日节律变化,揭示体表挥发性物质对长足大竹象成虫行为的影响。实验选用Tenax-TA吸附剂吸附法结合气相色谱一质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析了长足大竹象雌雄成虫体表挥发物质的日节律变化,利用触角电位仪比较了未交配雌、雄成虫对挥发物的EAG反应,并采用Y型嗅觉仪进行成虫行为生测。结果表明:长足大竹象雌雄成虫挥发性物质主要由烷烃类、烯烃类、脂类、醇醛酚类等物质组成,雌虫的体表挥发性物质有20种,雄虫的体表挥发性物质有18种;10∶00-12∶00时间段雌虫节律性挥发物对未交配雄虫的引诱率最高(P0.05),与其EAG反应值一致,而雄虫不同时间段体表挥发物对雌雄成虫有一定的引诱作用,这与行为反应结果一致。本研究结果表明10∶00-12∶00为长足大竹象释放信息素的高峰期,这为长足大竹象信息素的有效提取和分离提供可靠依据。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.