Quantities of fixed N and effects of grain legumes on following maize,and N and P status of soil as indicated by isotopes

Summary Two consecutive field experiments, using¹⁵N and³²P, were conducted at the National Corn and Sorghum Research Center, Thailand, to quantify N₂ fixed by mungbean, soybean and peanut and to examine effects of the legumes on the yields of succeeding maize and on status of N and P in soils during the following season. An early sorghum, non-nodulating soybean and maize which were used as standard crops in quantifying N₂ fixed by mungbean, soybean, and peanut, respectively, gave statistically comparable A-values for soil N though sorghum tended to give lower value than the other crops did. Amounts of fixed N₂ were 37.5, 119.0 and 150 kg/ha for mungbean, soybean and peanut, respectively. Plots previously grew legumes yielded higher grain and stover weights and higher N and P uptake of maize than those previously grew maize. There were no significant differences among plots previously grew different legumes. A-values, in most cases, did not differentiate the effects of previous legumes from those of previous maize. However, changes in N and P status of soil, in most cases, were too small to produce A-values changes that were large enough to outrun the experimental errors.     

Effects of long-term fertilization on AM fungal community structure and Glomalin-related soil protein in the Loess Plateau of China

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are crucial for ecosystem functioning, and thus have potential use for sustainable agriculture. In this study, we investigated the impact of organic and mineral fertilizers on the AMF community composition and content of Glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in a field experimental station which was established in 1979, in the Loess Plateau of China. Roots and soils were sampled three times during the growing period of winter wheat in 2008. The treatments including: N (inorganic N), NP (inorganic N and P), SNP (straw, inorganic N and P), M (farmyard manure), MNP (farmyard manure, inorganic N and P), and CK (no fertilization). AMF communities of root and soil samples were analyzed using PCR-DGGE, cloning and sequencing techniques; and GRSP content was determined by Bradford assay. Our results indicated that spore density, GRSP, and AMF community varied significantly in soils of long-term fertilization plots at three different wheat growing stages. The effects of wheat growing period on AMF community in roots were much more evident than fertilization regimes. However, the diversity of AMF was low in our study field. Up to five AMF phylotypes appeared in each sample, with the overwhelming dominance of a Glomus-like phylotype affiliated to G. mosseae. GRSP content was correlated positively with organic carbon, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, soil pH, and spore densities, but correlated negatively with soil C/N (P?<?0.05). The results of our study highlight that the richness of AMF in Loess Plateau agricultural region is low, and long-term fertilization, especially amendments with manure and straw, has beneficial effects on accumulation of soil organic carbon, spore density, GRSP content, and AMF diversity. Host phenology, edaphic factors (influenced by long-term fertilization), and habitats interacted to affect the AMF community and agoecosystem functioning. Additionally, soil moisture and pH make a greater contribution than other determined soil parameters to the AMF community dynamics in such a special semi-arid agroecosystem where crops rely greatly on rainfall.     

Changes in microbial biomass indices after 10 years of farmyard manure and vegetal fertilizer application to a sandy soil under organic management

The main objective of the second Darmstadt trial was to investigate the effects of vegetal fertilizers on soil properties and crop yield in comparison with farmyard manure. The experiment consisted of seven treatments: (i) inorganic fertilizers, (ii) vegetal organic fertilizers, (iii) vegetal organic fertilizers equivalent to biodynamic preparations, (iv) cattle farmyard manure, (v) cattle farmyard manure with addition of biodynamic preparations, (vi) high level of cattle farmyard manure, and (vii) high level of cattle farmyard manure with biodynamic preparations. The soil properties analyzed were pH, soil organic C, N, P, and S, soil microbial biomass C, N, and P, basal respiration and fungal ergosterol. The application of vegetal fertilizers had slightly negative effects on soil organic C, no effects on crop yield (potato, winter rye) and microbial biomass, but positive effects on ergosterol in comparison with farmyard manure. The increase in ergosterol was caused by straw return in the vegetal, but also in the inorganic fertilizer treatments. The biodynamic preparations did not affect the contents of soil organic C and total N. The low effectiveness of vegetal fertiliser in maintaining soil organic C levels is of particular importance for organic cropping systems and should be examined further under different site conditions.     

长期施肥黄绵土有效磷含量演变及其与磷素平衡和作物产量的关系

土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)含量的变化过程及其与土壤磷素平衡和作物产量的关系是科学推荐施磷的基础.本文通过设置于黄土高原黄绵土区持续34年(1981—2015)的长期定位试验,研究了长期不同施肥处理对作物磷素携出量、土壤磷素平衡、土壤Olsen-P含量的影响及其演变过程,同时对土壤Olsen-P含量与磷素平衡和作物籽粒产量的相关关系进行了分析.试验采用裂区设计,主处理为施用有机肥(M)和不施用有机肥,副处理为不施化肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷肥配合施用(NP)和氮磷钾肥配合施用(NPK).结果表明: 不同施肥处理和作物类型对磷素携出量和磷素平衡都有显著影响.CK、N、NP、NPK、M、MN、MNP 和MNPK处理小麦的磷素携出量多年平均值为8.63、10.64、16.22、16.21、16.25、17.83、20.39、20.27 kg·hm^-2,而油菜为4.40、8.38、15.08、15.71、10.52、11.23、17.96、17.66 kg·hm^-2,小麦的携出量略高于油菜.土壤磷素盈亏量与磷素投入量呈显著正相关,土壤磷素盈余为零,种植小麦的最小土壤磷素投入量为10.47 kg·hm^-2,而油菜为6.97 kg·hm^-2.土壤磷素盈亏量显著影响土壤有效磷的变化过程.长期不施磷的CK和N处理,土壤有效磷含量随试验年限延长而逐渐降低,年均分别降低0.16和0.15 mg·kg^-1,而NP、NPK、M、MN、MNP和MNPK处理土壤有效磷含量随试验年限的延续而逐渐增加,年均增幅在0.02～0.33 mg·kg^-1.土壤磷素累积盈亏量与土壤有效磷含量间存在显著的正相关关系,不施用有机肥和施有机肥处理可分别用线性模型y=0.012x+9.33和y=0.009x+11.72显著拟合.不施有机肥处理小麦籽粒产量与土壤有效磷含量呈显著正相关,而施有机肥处理两者间的相关性不明显,两者的小麦籽粒产量和土壤有效磷含量可以用线性分段模型拟合.小麦土壤有效磷农学阈值为14.99 kg·hm^-2,油菜籽粒产量虽随土壤速效磷含量增加呈增加的趋势,但相关性不显著,表明在黄土高原黄绵土区,当土壤有效磷含量高于14.99 mg·kg^-1时,种植小麦应减少磷肥施用量或不施磷肥.     

Long-Term Effect of Manure and Fertilizer on Soil Organic Carbon Pools in Dryland Farming in Northwest China

An understanding of the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) as affected by farming practices is imperative for maintaining soil productivity and mitigating global warming. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of long-term fertilization on SOC and SOC fractions for the whole soil profile (0–100 cm) in northwest China. The study was initiated in 1979 in Gansu, China and included six treatments: unfertilized control (CK), nitrogen fertilizer (N), nitrogen and phosphorus (P) fertilizers (NP), straw plus N and P fertilizers (NP+S), farmyard manure (FYM), and farmyard manure plus N and P fertilizers (NP+FYM). Results showed that SOC concentration in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased with time except in the CK and N treatments. Long-term fertilization significantly influenced SOC concentrations and storage to 60 cm depth. Below 60 cm, SOC concentrations and storages were statistically not significant between all treatments. The concentration of SOC at different depths in 0–60 cm soil profile was higher under NP+FYM follow by under NP+S, compared to under CK. The SOC storage in 0–60 cm in NP+FYM, NP+S, FYM and NP treatments were increased by 41.3%, 32.9%, 28.1% and 17.9%, respectively, as compared to the CK treatment. Organic manure plus inorganic fertilizer application also increased labile soil organic carbon pools in 0–60 cm depth. The average concentration of particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in organic manure plus inorganic fertilizer treatments (NP+S and NP+FYM) in 0–60 cm depth were increased by 64.9–91.9%, 42.5–56.9%, and 74.7–99.4%, respectively, over the CK treatment. The POC, MBC and DOC concentrations increased linearly with increasing SOC content. These results indicate that long-term additions of organic manure have the most beneficial effects in building carbon pools among the investigated types of fertilization.     

The dependence of isotopically exchangeable phosphate (L-value) on phosphate uptake

Summary L-values were determined using clover and ryegrass, grown either separately or together, in soil or soil/sand media. Where the two species were grown in the same pot, there was no interspecific effect on L-value. However, as the experiment progressed L-values increased and clover and ryegrass grown separately gave different values. The increases can be explained by P uptake, single regressions of L-value on phosphate uptake accounting for 86 and 88 per cent of the variations in L-value on the two soils used, with little improvement for treating the two crops separately. The most likely explanation for the observation is that the phosphate stress placed on the soil system caused mobilization of previously non-labile P by the dissolution of sparingly soluble phosphate compounds.     

Balance sheet of soil phosphorus and potassium as influenced by intensive cropping and fertilizer use

Summary The balance sheet of phosphorus and potassium were worked out from a long term manure and fertilizer experiment conducted for eight years and is still continuing at Ranchi Agricultural College, Kanke, Ranchi, India. Increasing levels of fertilizer combination with organic manure and lime give the highest yield as well as removed the highest amount of phosphorus and potassium from the soil and gave the positive gain of soil phosphorus and potassium in intensive cropping. The highest gains of 59.0 and 278.0 kg/ha of phosphorus and potassium respectively were recorded in 150% NPK application.     

Variations of soil structure and microbial population in a compost amended soil

Changes in soil structure and in microbial population were recorded in a long term field experiment over the growing season of maize (June–November). Determinations were made on samples from plots which had received, for two years, the following treatments: mineral fertilizers, farmyard manure and three rates of compost. Seasonal variations were observed for the stability of soil aggregates, total porosity, pore size distribution, mycorrhizal infection and aerobic cellulolytic microorganisms. The stability of the soil aggregates changed in a similar way to that found for both mycorrhizal infection and the number of aerobic cellulolytic microorganisms. Physical characteristics were not affected in any instance by the organic dressings and microbiological populations were generally influenced only by the higher doses of compost.     

Soil pollution through industrial effluent and its management

During the survey of sewer water/industrial effluent composition, we identified a site at Sonepat that had turned barren due to excessive irrigation with cycle industry effluent. To study the ameliorative effect of farmyard manure, the bulk surface soil sample was brought from the site. Soil was amended with five levels of farmyard manure (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% on a soil weight basis), and carrot, fenugreek, spinach, and wheat crops were grown as test crops in a screen house. The deleterious effect of excessive heavy metals, particularly Ni, on the yield of all the crops was reduced with the application of 2% farmyard manure. The Ni content was highest in carrot, followed by spinach, fenugreek, and wheat. With the application of 2% farmyard manure, Ni content was reduced from 434 to 267 mg/kg in carrot, 167 to 100 mg/kg in fenugreek, 300 to 166 mg/kg in spinach, and 65 to 42 mg/kg in wheat grain.     

The determination of labile soil phosphate as influenced by the time of application of labelled phosphate

Summary An experiment was conducted to determine the effect on the L-values of pre-equilibrating P³² with three soil types for 2, 1, and 0 months before sowing ryegrass. Resin and phosphoric acid were used as carriers. Equilibrium was established some twelve weeks after sowing and this time was virtually unaffected by the pre-equilibration treatments. The phosphate source was found to affect both P uptake and L-value; higher uptake and lower L-values were recorded from the resin.     

Quantification of predatory and endoparasitic nematophagous fungi in soil

Methods were developed to quantify predatory and endoparasitic fungi in soil. The methods were based on previously developed detection techniques and combined with a most probable number estimation. The methods were applied to an agricultural soil fertilized with farmyard manure. Large amounts of farmyard manure resulted in increased amounts of organic matter, numbers of propagules of predatory and endoparasitic fungi, and numbers of bacteria and nematodes.     

Cropping systems for phytoremediation of phosphorus-enriched soils

Eutrophication of freshwater bodies is frequently attributed to elevated phosphorus (P) concentrations in surface runoff from P-enriched agricultural soils. Forage and grain-cropping systems were compared for their effectiveness at remediating P-enriched soils. At each of four locations, one of three forage systems (Forage I = cereal rye silage and corn silage annually; Forage II = alfalfa; Forage III = annual ryegrass and corn silage annually) and the grain system (corn, small grain, and soybean rotation) were maintained for 3 yr on soils with five distinct initial soil P concentrations that were established by using four annual applications (1994-1997) of five different rates (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg total P ha(-1) y(-1)) of poultry manure, dairy manure, or commercial fertilizer. Across all manure P treatments at all locations, the forage systems had greater removal of P than the grain system. Soil P concentration changes (2001-2004) did not reflect differences in crop P removal. Few significant reductions in soil P concentration were observed for either crop system. When reductions did occur, they were for the more highly enriched soil P treatments. No significant reductions in soil P concentration have occurred for the lowest manure P treatments. Considerable variability in crop P concentrations was observed among species at locations and among years produced. However, crop P concentrations did increase uniformly as soil P concentration increased, indicating that luxury consumption of P does occur in agronomic species produced on P-enriched soils.     

Availability of iron,manganese, zinc and phosphorus in submerged sodic soil as affected by amendments during the growth period of rice crop

Summary Effect of amendments, gypsum (12.5 tonnes/ha), farmyard manure (30 tonnes/ha), rice husk (30 tonnes/ha) and also no amendment (control) on the availability of native Fe, Mn and P and applied Zn in a highly sodic soil during the growth period of rice crop under submerged conditions was studied in a field experiment. Soil samples were collected at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of crop growth. Results showed that extractable Fe (1N NH₄OAC pH 3) and Mn (1N NH₄OAC pH 7) increased with submergence upto 60 days of crop growth but thereafter remained either constant or declined slightly. Application of farmyard manure and rice husk resulted in marked improvement of these elements over gypsum and control. Increases in extractable Mn (water soluble plus exchangeable) as a result of submergence and crop growth under different amendments were accompanied by corresponding decreases in easily reducible Mn content of the soil. Application of 40 kg zinc sulphate per hectare to rice crop could substantially raise the available Zn status (DTPA extractable) of the soil in gypsum and farmyard manure treated plots while the increase was only marginal in rice husk and control plots indicating greater fixation of applied Zn. Available P (0.5M NaHCO₃ pH 8.5) behaved quite differently and decreased in the following order with crop growth: gypsum>rice husk>farmyard manure>control.     

长期培肥黑土脲酶活性动态变化及其影响因素

以东北典型黑土区长期(自1980年)不同培肥试验地土壤为研究对象,采用两种不同量有机肥、化肥和不施肥4个处理,对土壤脲酶在作物生长季的动态变化进行研究。结果表明,施用有机肥,生长季黑土脲酶活性明显高于施用化肥和不施肥,其生长季脲酶保护容量在160mg·kg^-1·h^-1以上,季节性变化平稳。保持土壤脲酶免遭变性、免遭分解作用显著．脲酶活性的动态变化与绝大多数土壤生物、理化特性指标的动态变化没有明显的相关性;与土壤生物、理化特性,植物N、P、K有极显著的正相关关系;与土壤含水量、籽粒粗蛋白含量呈显著正相关关系。     

不同施肥制度土壤微生物量碳氮变化及细菌群落16S rDNA V3 片段PCR产物的DGGE分析

应用化学分析和变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）技术分离PCR扩增的16S rDNA的方法,研究了不同施肥制度对土壤微生物量碳、氮变化及微生物多样性的影响。结果表明,连续15a长期试验下,土壤微生物量碳（SMB-C）和微生物量氮（SMB-N）的含量大小均为长期撂荒（CK0）土壤高于农田土壤,而在农田土壤中,长期施肥的处理（NPK、NPKM、NPKSt和NPKF）高于长期不施肥处理（CK）,不同的种植制度中,长期复种轮作（NPKF）高于长期复种连作（NPK）;各处理的SMB-C/SOC（土壤有机碳）和SMB-N/TN（全氮）的比值的变化趋势与SMB-C和SMB-N变化一致;从PCR-DGGE分析,长期氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）处理的微生物量碳、氮的含量最高,微生物丰度最高,细菌物种最多,其次为长期撂荒（CK0）,CK处理细菌物种最少。UPGMC聚类分析表明NPK和NPKF处理细菌的群落结构相似,CK和CK0处理细菌的群落结构相似,而NPKM和NPKSt处理细菌的群落结构相似。     

施用猪粪对油麦菜产量、硝酸盐含量及土壤养分的影响

应用盆栽试验方法,研究了施用猪粪对西南地区黄壤和紫色土中油麦菜产量、硝酸盐含量及土壤养分的影响.结果表明:施用猪粪能显著提高油麦菜产量,且黄壤中油麦菜增产幅度大于紫色土;油麦菜中硝酸盐、氮磷钾含量与土壤类型及猪粪施用量密切相关,以中国农业科学院制定的蔬菜中硝酸盐污染程度评价标准为依据,在紫色土对照(CK)及1倍猪粪(相当于施纯N 200 kg·hm^-2)处理下油麦菜硝酸盐含量较低,符合一级标准(≤432 mg·kg^-1,轻度污染);其他处理多超过二级标准(≤758 mg·kg^-1,中度污染),但均未超过三级标准(≤1440 mg·kg-¹,重度污染);黄壤中除化肥和8倍猪粪(相当于施纯N 1600 kg·hm^-2)处理下油麦菜硝酸盐含量超过二级标准外,其他各处理均符合一级标准;黄壤和紫色土中表征磷素淋失风险的有效磷临界值分别为96.3和107.7 mg·kg^-1.黄壤的猪粪环境安全容量较紫色土高.施用猪粪能显著提高两种土壤的有机碳和全氮含量.     

Development of some groups of microorganisms in liquid cattle manure and farmyard manure during their fermentation.

The development of meso- and thermophilic microorganisms proceeded more strongly in the examined farmyard manure than in the liquid cattle manure. The most vigorous proliferation of mesophilic bacteria and fungi was found in both dungs during the first weeks of fermentation. Relatively greater numbers of mesophilic actinomycetes were noticed in the later experimental period. Compared to mesophilic microoganisms, thermophilic ones were less numerous and quantitatively changeable in the tested dungs. In contrast to the farmyard manure, in the liqued dung thermophilic actinomycetes did not occur at all. After 3 monts of the experiment the Coliform titre decreased to 101 in the liquid manure, but to 104 in the farmyard manure.     

黄土丘陵区不同施肥处理对土壤微生物特性的影响

研究旨在探讨在土壤贫瘠的黄土丘陵区,施肥对土壤微生物产生的影响及其机理。试验以安塞站内长期定位施肥小区为研究对象,试验处理包括CK(对照)、N(氮肥)、P(磷肥)、M(有机肥)、NP(氮肥+磷肥)、MN(有机肥+氮肥)、MP(有机肥+磷肥)和MNP(有机肥+氮肥+磷肥),研究长期施肥对土壤微生物群落结构和呼吸的影响。0—20cm耕作层的土壤微生物活性和PLFA含量均高于20—40cm土层的微生物活性和PLFA含量,耕作层较20—40cm基础呼吸提高63.61%—116.78%,诱导呼吸提高53.45%—137.64%,总PLFA含量提高16.16%—43.67%。单施N和P增强了土壤呼吸强度,0—20cm基础呼吸强度分别升高34.11%和48.89%,诱导呼吸强度分别升高40.83%和63.59%,20—40cm基础呼吸分别升高40.83%和63.59%,诱导呼吸分别升高14.70%和20.49%。单施N显著改变G-微生物群落,0—20cm和20—40cm土层的PLFA含量分别显著升高63.19%和53.07%,单施P对土壤微生物群落结构同样产生显著影响,但是NP对微生物群落结构的影响不显著。有机无机肥配施显著提高土壤呼吸及微生物PLFA含量。通过三因素方差分析,单一氮肥因素对土壤微生物特性的影响不显著;单一磷肥因素对微生物的呼吸强度及部分磷脂脂肪酸含量产生显著影响,在耕作层中,磷肥因素对这些微生物特性的影响比率为11.4%—54.0%。通过RDA分析,表明土壤速效磷是影响黄土丘陵区微生物特性的主要因素。长期氮磷有机肥混施有助于提高土壤微生物的特性,进而改善农田生态系统的稳定和健康水平。     

黑土长期施肥及养分循环再利用的作物产量及土壤肥力质量变化Ⅰ.作物产量

在一丰P黑土(Olsen P25.8mg·kg^-1)上进行13年中长期田间试验的结果表明,氮肥平均增产率为275%,年增产粮食(大豆、玉米、小麦混合)724kg·hm^-2,1kgN增产粮食9.4kg;磷肥前期增产不明显,13年平均增产率为7%,年增产粮食241kg·hm^-2,1kgP增产粮食12.7kg.每年施用循环回田猪圈肥(以处理区收获产品的80%喂猪、垫圈经堆制而成),粮食平均年增产量在不施化肥、施N、施NP基础上,分别为268、258、255kg·hm^-2,相应的增产率为9.8%、7.6%和7.0%.试验期间循环回田猪圈肥的增产效果有逐渐增长趋势,表明存在着猪圈肥残效的叠加效应.     

基于植物-土壤反馈的不同绿肥驯化微生物对玉米生长的影响

【背景】在农田生态系统中,土壤微生物与植物互作的机制仍不清楚。【目的】进一步加强对植物-微生物互作的认识,筛选出引起不同反馈作用的关键微生物或微生物类群。【方法】采集豆科绿肥救荒野豌豆(Vicia sativa, V)、十字花科绿肥油菜(Brassica napus, N)和荒坡土壤(remnant prairie, R)驯化的田块土壤0-20 cm作为菌剂在温室进行植物-土壤反馈(plant-soil feedback,PSF)试验。土壤菌剂的接种量为10%,即有90%理化性质一致的灭菌土壤作为背景土,同时设置灭菌土壤菌剂作为对照(CK),种植玉米。每组土壤菌剂处理均分为50 mg/kg高磷(high phosphorus,HP)和5 mg/kg低磷(low phosphorus, LP)两个磷浓度处理。玉米收获后,测定产量和植株地上部磷含量,并取土壤样品进行高通量测序,解析不同养分供给情况下微生物对作物生长的反馈效应。【结果】高磷和土壤反馈效应均促进了玉米的生长。在低磷水平下,V、N和R处理的玉米地上部生物量均高于CK处理,但N处理的玉米地上部生物量增加最多(38%),且增幅显著高...