水环境中的几种物质对大链壶菌灭蚊效率影响的初步研究

１９９１年１－４月,作者在实验室中观察了水中分别加入肝粉、葵花籽粉、田泥、淤泥、丝藻和人造沙后,对致倦库蚊幼虫的大链壶菌感染率的影响。发现除了造沙外,其他几种物质皆能明显地增加蚊虫的大链壶菌感染率。并且在一定范围内,蚊虫感染率与所加物质的量成正相关关系。据估计,每１００ｍｌ水中加６．４ｍｇ葵花籽粉或６ｍｇ肝粉分别可使蚊虫感染率增加２倍和３倍。作者认为大链壶菌在肝粉和葵花籽粉中弥漫地腐生生长,并释放     

大链壶菌对白纹伊蚊及几种其它贵州蚊虫的杀灭作用的观察(英文)

采用大链壶菌在实验室内对白纹伊蚊及其它几种贵州蚊虫的幼虫进行杀灭试验。白纹伊蚊的感染率为25—89％,而致倦库蚊的感染率可达90—100％。实验结果为大链壶菌的宿主记录新增加一个属和五个种。     

大链壶菌细胞核的初步研究

采用组织化学、荧光染色、透射电镜和小培养跟踪观察的方法对大链壶菌细胞核进行了初步研究,观察到该菌细胞核的形状、数目和其在细胞内的位置,以及游动孢子萌发过程中的核运动情况,为了解该菌的遗传结构进行初步的基础工作。     

大链壶菌灭庭院积水蚊虫的现场实验研究

为证实大链壶菌在贵州的现场灭蚊效果,首次选择部分孳生日纹伊蚊（Aedesalbopictus）和致倦库蚊（Culexquniquefasciatus）的积水轮胎和花园蓄水缸进行大链壶菌灭蚊实验。施放一次后,在连续观察的18日内该菌在两种水体中均表现了显著的治蚊作用。证明该菌可用于贵州的蚊虫综合治理。     

大链壶菌灭庭积水蚊虫的现场实验研究

为证实大链壶菌在贵州的现场灭蚊效果,首次选择部分孽生白纹伊蚊（Ａｅｄｅｓａｌｂｏｐｉｃｔｕｓ）和致倦库蚊（Ｃｕｌｅｘｑｕｉｎｑｕｅｆａｓｃｉａｔｕｓ）的积水轮胎和花园蓄水缸进行大链壶菌灭蚊实验,施放一次后,在连续观察的１８日内该菌在两种水体中均表现了显著治蚊作用,证明该菌可用于贵州的蚊虫综合治理。     

1株裂殖壶菌(Schizochytrium sp.的分离鉴定*

采用松树花粉诱集法从乐清湾红树林分离到一株纯培养物,其特点为:营养菌体为椭圆球形,单核;营养菌体的细胞壁由许多紧压在一起的致密鳞片层构成,在细胞壁不连续处可分辨鳞片;营养菌体形成外质网,它产生于外质网形成体;营养菌体以产生游动孢子行无性繁殖,游动孢子为双鞭毛;无性繁殖过程中形成四分体结构。据此鉴定为裂殖壶菌(Schizochytrium sp·)。     

1株裂殖壶菌(Schizochytrium sp.)的分离鉴定

采用松树花粉诱集法从乐清湾红树林分离到一株纯培养物,其特点为：营养菌体为椭圆球形,单核;营养菌体的细胞壁由许多紧压在一起的致密鳞片层构成,在细胞壁不连续处可分辨鳞片;营养菌体形成外质网,它产生于外质网形成体;营养菌体以产生游动孢子行无性繁殖,游动孢子为双鞭毛;无性繁殖过程中形成四分体结构。据此鉴定为裂殖壶菌（Schizochytrium sp．）。     

大豆疫霉菌抗甲霜灵特性研究

大豆疫霉Phytophthorasojae易对甲霜灵产生抗性,从大豆疫霉野生型菌株可诱变筛选到对甲霜灵有抗性的菌株Mtr。Mtr抗性菌株的抗性水平可达野生型单游动孢子菌株的870倍以上。Mtr性状在无性后代稳定遗传,在游动孢子后代连续三代未发生抗药性分离。大豆疫霉Mtr性状的保持对甲霜灵没有表现依赖性。Mtr单游动孢子菌株在不含甲霜灵的胡萝卜培养基(CA)平板上培养30d后对甲霜灵的抗性没有下降,其单游动孢子后代也未出现抗药性分离。     

皮内与腹腔接种不同来源菌株对实验性小鼠孢子丝菌病的影响

目的将不同来源的申克孢子丝菌菌株接种于免疫抑制处理后的小鼠皮内及腹腔,造成其实验性感染,观察其感染情况,研究不同菌株及不同接种途径对小鼠孢子丝菌病的影响。方法分别在小鼠皮内和腹腔注射孢子丝菌菌悬液0.1ml,约含1×107个孢子,观察3周。观察结束时处死小鼠取其血、脑、肺、肝、脾、肾、肠系膜、睾丸、腹膜进行真菌培养和组织病理检查。结果皮内和腹腔接种不同来源菌株的小鼠各器官感染率各不相同。播散株皮内接种组、固定株腹腔接种组、播散株腹腔接种组的各器官平均感染率分别为16.05%、18.89%、58.73%。播散株腹腔接种组与其他二组之间差异均有显著性,脾和睾丸是最易受累的器官。结论不同来源菌株可能毒力不同,播散型菌株具有更强的侵袭性。脾脏可能在宿主抗孢子丝菌感染中具有重要作用。     

两种胶毛藻科植物的培养研究

对胶毛藻科植物优美胶毛藻[Chaetophora elegans(Roth)Agardh]和羽枝竹枝藻[Draparnaldia plumosa(Vauch) Agardh]进行了室内培养,对它们自游动孢子萌发到成熟丝状体形成等生活史各阶段都进行了详细观察,并做了活体显微镜照相记录。结果显示:(1)优美胶毛藻的游动孢子较小,直径为9~11μm,顶端具4条等长鞭毛,自母细胞释放后,游动孢子固定在基质上萌发,萌发类型为直立式,顶端细胞发育为直立系统,其直立系统为二叉状分枝,无明显主枝,侧枝发达,分枝顶端细胞渐尖或毛状,各级分枝细胞大小基本相同,圆柱形,宽约为6~8μm,长约为10~12μm。基细胞发育为匍匐系统,首先产生匍匐枝,由它产生假根。随生长,直立系统下部的细胞产生次生假根,成熟的优美胶毛藻外观近球形,与野生胶毛藻的形态相似。(2)羽枝竹枝藻游动孢子产生于母细胞,游动孢子体积较大,直径约为30μm左右,顶端具4条等长鞭毛。游动孢子从母细胞内释放后,固定在基质上萌发,萌发类型亦为直立式,顶端细胞发育为直立系统,其直立系统为分枝丝状体,主枝粗壮,细胞圆柱形,长约为50~60μm,宽约为48~50μm,内有多个蛋白核;侧枝细胞为长圆形,长约为40~50μm,宽约为17~19μm,分枝顶端的细胞尖细或为毛状。基细胞发育为假根和匍匐枝。当藻体成熟时,直立系统下部的细胞产生次生假根。     

THE EFFECTS OF LAGENIDIUM GIGANTEUM ON AEDES ALBOPICTUS AND OTHER MOSQUITOES IN GUIZHOU, CHINA

Abstract  The mosquito fungal pathogen, Lagenidium giganteum , was used to kill mosquito larvae of Guizhou. China, in the laboratory. The infection rates in Aeds albopictus ranged 25–89%, while those in Culex quingue fasciatus 90–100%. Five additional species and one genus of mosquitoes were added to the host list of L. giganteum .     

灭蚊真菌——大链壶菌原生质体形成和再生的研究

采用1％纤维素酶与1％真菌脱壁酶混合液作脱壁酶,0.6mol/L山梨醇为渗透压稳定剂,从摇床培养的12—14小时菌龄的大链壶菌(Lagenidium giganteum)菌丝体获得原生质体。酶解3—5小时后,产量可达1.4—2.0×10~6/mL。并在双层培养基上初步实现了原生质体再生。     

砂培体系中甜菜多粘菌生物学特性的研究

在改进的砂培体系中,甜菜多粘菌（Polymyxabetae）完成生活循环只需7天。利用砂培体系研究了多粘菌在不同pH值、光照、接种材料和接种量条件下,对寄主的侵染以及在其中繁殖的情况,研究了多粘菌完成侵染所需时间,侵染的游动孢子最初释放时间,游动孢子体外存活期和休眠孢子对温度的敏感性等生物学特性。     

Studies on physiology,zoospore morphology and entomopathogenic potential of the aquatic oomycete: Lagenidium giganteum

The oomycete Lagenidium giganteum, a facultative parasite of mosquito larvae requires exogenous sterols for the genesis of zoospores when grown saprobically. Growth media prepared from oil rich materials such as soy or sunflower seed were very effective inducers of virulent zoospores. The external morphology of zoospores of L. giganteum was studied with the aid of philips scanning electron microscope 515. Zoospores were ovoid, bluntly pointed with the groove parallel to the long axis and 0.7 × 1.4 μm. Insect cell walls are known to contain lipid and chitin. L. giganteum was tested for chitinase activity and found to possess 0.76 ± SD0.14 chitinase activity. Use of oil seed for growth of the organism confirms phospholipase activity. Phospholipase production was studied further by egg-yolk plate method. Presence of these two key enzymes that can initiate host cell damage suggests the entomopathogenic potential of L. giganteum. L. giganteum failed to grow at 37 °C limiting its effectiveness in warmer climates. Introduction of this organism to variety of habitats with various mosquito species will demonstrate the efficacy of the organism as a bioinsecticide. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE ON THE EMERGENCE OF LARVAE FROM CYSTS OF THE BEET EELWORM, HETERODERA SCHACHTII SCHMIDT

The significance of soil moisture in relation to aeration and larval emergence from cysts of Heterodera schachtii Schmidt is discussed. The rate of larval emergence increased as oxygen concentration increased. A comparison of the moisture characteristics of a mass of cysts and of sand of about the same particle size showed that water was removed from between both the cysts and the sand particles at 12–16 cm. of water-pressure deficiency. There was an indication that water was removed from between the eggs within the cysts at 100–135 cm - of water-pressure deficiency. The rate of larval emergence showed a gradual decline is suction was increased beyond 20 cm. of water-pressure deficiency, approaching zero at 175 cm. of water-pressure deficiency. Results suggest that egg hatch is not directly dependent on pressure deficiency and that the presence of free larvae within the cyst inhibits further egg hatch. A technique is described for measuring larval motility in sand. There is a decline in motility when most of the water has been removed from the sand pore-spaces. It is suggested that the relatively low rates of larval emergence at high-pressure deficiencies are due to inhibition of larval migration from the cyst by the surface forces of the water film.     

毛乌素沙地沙地柏(Sabina vulgaris)的水分生态初步研究

对毛乌素沙地沙地柏群落的水分状况作了初步研究。在典型的沙地柏群落中选取位于丘顶（水分条件较差）和丘间低地（水分条件较好）的两个样地作为研究对象,观测了植物叶子的蒸腾速率、气孔阻力及水势等生理生态指标,并结合群落特征和土壤水分状况,探讨了水分亏缺对沙地柏的影响。研究结果表明：１）虽然沙地柏具有比多数沙生灌木较小的蒸腾速率和更强的抗旱性,但是在不能利用地下水的情况下,其过大的密度可引起大量蒸腾耗水,并使植物处于严重的水分亏缺之中;２）在沙地柏群落的退化乃至于成片枯死过程中,水分胁迫是重要的因素之一;３）为了防风固沙,人工栽植沙地柏的适宜地段应选择水分条件较好的沙地（如滩地覆沙）,而在高大的沙丘或梁地栽植沙地柏,应该注意规模和密度。     

独角莲对肝癌细胞SMMC-7721细胞增殖抑制作用机理的研究

临床上独角莲对包括肝癌在内的多种肿瘤有一定的治疗作用。为揭示其抑癌机理,我们用独角莲根茎水提物(the aqueous extract from dried powdered rhizomes of Typhonium giganteum Engl.,AEoTGE)作用肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721,研究独角莲对SMMC-7721细胞增殖;细胞周期和细胞凋亡的影响。噻唑氮蓝(MTT)比色实验和流式细胞仪(flow cytometry,FCM)测定表明：AEoTGE能较强抑制SMMC-7721细胞的生长,SMMC-7721细胞被阻滞在S期,井诱导细胞凋亡。提示独角莲是一种在肝癌治疗上有前景的中草药。     

Crypticola clavulifera gen. et sp. nov. and Lagenidium giganteum: oomycetes pathogenic for dipterans infesting leaf axils in an Australian rain forest

The isolation of two entomopathogenic fungi from Forcipomyia marksae larvae collected in leaf axils of Colocasia macrorrhiza in northeastern Queensland rain forests is reported. An oomycete, in which the zoospores complete their development wholly within the sporangium and are discharged through a short papillar extension, is described as a new genus and species, Crypticola clavulifera. A strain of the well-known oomycete, Lagenidium giganteum, was isolated from F. marksae--the first record of this fungus infecting a member of the Ceratopogonidae. The pathogenesis and zoosporogenesis of the two fungi in mosquito and ceratopogonid larvae are described.