Reinforcement learning links spontaneous cortical dopamine impulses to reward

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Correction: genetic algorithm learning as a robust approach to RNA editing site site prediction

After the publication of [1], we were alerted to an error in our data. The error was an one-off miscalculation in the extraction of position information for our set of true negatives. Our data set should have used randomly selected non-edited cytosines (C) as true negatives, but the data generation phase resulted in a set of nucleotides that were each one nucleotide downstream of known, unedited cytosines. The consequences of this error are reflected in changes to our results, although the general conclusions presented in our original publication remain largely unchanged.     

Reinforcement learning for a stochastic automaton modelling predation in stationary model-mimic environments

In this paper we propose a mathematical learning model for the feeding behaviour of a specialist predator operating in a random environment occupied by two types of prey, palatable mimics and unpalatable models, and a generalist predator with additional alternative prey at its disposal. A well known linear reinforcement learning algorithm and its special cases are considered for updating the probabilities of the two actions, eat prey or ignore prey. Each action elicits a probabilistic response from the environment that can be favorable or unfavourable. To assess the performance of the predator a payoff function is constructed that captures the energetic benefit from consuming acceptable prey, the energetic cost from consuming unacceptable prey, and lost benefit from ignoring acceptable prey. Conditions for an improving predator payoff are also explicitly formulated.     

Correction to: Coccidioidomycosis in a Pediatric Patient

Mycopathologia - A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-021-00559-9     

Correction to: Industrial antifoam agents impair ethanol fermentation and induce stress responses in yeast cells

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology - The article “Industrial antifoam agents impair ethanol fermentation and induce stress responses in yeast cells” was originally published Online...     

Reinforcement learning: the good, the bad and the ugly

Reinforcement learning provides both qualitative and quantitative frameworks for understanding and modeling adaptive decision-making in the face of rewards and punishments. Here we review the latest dispatches from the forefront of this field, and map out some of the territories where lie monsters.     

Neurodegenerative lysosomal disorders: a continuum from development to late age

Neuronal survival requires continuous lysosomal turnover of cellular constituents delivered by autophagy and endocytosis. Primary lysosomal dysfunction in inherited congenital "lysosomal storage" disorders is well known to cause severe neurodegenerative phenotypes associated with accumulations of lysosomes and autophagic vacuoles (AVs). Recently, the number of inherited adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases caused by proteins that regulate protein sorting and degradation within the endocytic and autophagic pathways has grown considerably. In this Perspective, we classify a group of neurodegenerative diseases across the lifespan as disorders of lysosomal function, which feature extensive autophagic-endocytic-lysosomal neuropathology and may share mechanisms of neurodegeneration related to degradative failure and lysosomal destabilization. We highlight Alzheimer's disease as a disease within this group and discuss how each of the genes and other risk factors promoting this disease contribute to progressive lysosomal dysfunction and neuronal cell death.     

Correction to: Waste is not a service

The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment -     

Correction to: Active sensing in a dynamic olfactory world

Journal of Computational Neuroscience -     

DAPI binding to the DNA minor groove: a continuum solvent analysis

A continuum solvent model based on the generalized Born (GB) or finite-difference Poisson-Boltzmann (FDPB) approaches has been employed to compare the binding of 4'-6-diamidine-2-phenyl indole (DAPI) to the minor groove of various DNA sequences. Qualitative agreement between the results of GB and FDPB approaches as well as between calculated and experimentally observed trends regarding the sequence specificity of DAPI binding to B-DNA was obtained. Calculated binding energies were decomposed into various contributions to solvation and DNA-ligand interaction. DNA conformational adaptation was found to make a favorable contribution to the calculated total interaction energy but did not change the DAPI binding affinity ranking of different DNA sequences. The calculations indicate that closed complex formation is mainly driven by nonpolar contributions and was found to be disfavored electrostatically due to a desolvation penalty that outbalances the attractive Coulomb interaction. The calculated penalty was larger for DAPI binding to GC-rich sequences compared with AT-rich target sequences and generally larger for the FDPB vs the GB continuum model. A radial interaction profile for DAPI at different distances from the DNA minor groove revealed an electrostatic energy minimum a few Angstroms farther away from the closed binding geometry. The calculated electrostatic interaction up to this distance is attractive and it may stabilize a nonspecific binding arrangement.     

Innate immunity in plants: a continuum of layered defenses

Plant responses to pathogenic invaders result from recognition of nonself elicitors. Host surveillance proteins activate distinct signaling pathways that induce partially overlapping defensive responses. Pathogen virulence is promoted by inhibition of these pathways. This evolutionary struggle has produced plant immune systems that rely on a continuum of layered defenses.     

Correction to: Docking and in silico toxicity assessment of Arthrospira compounds as potential antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2

Journal of Applied Phycology -