Synthesis of novel 2-amino-4-(5′-substituted 2′-phenyl-1H-indol-3′-yl)-6-aryl-4H-pyran-3-carbonitrile derivatives as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents

As a part of systematic investigation of synthesis and biological activities of indole analogues linked to various heterocyclic systems, we have synthesized new compounds viz., 2-amino-4-(5′-substituted 2′-phenyl-1H-indol-3′-yl)-6-aryl-4H-pyran-3-carbonitriles (2a–i), 4,5-diamino-6-(5′-substituted 2′-phenyl-1H-indol-3′-yl)-8-aryl-2-oxo-2,6-dihydrodipyrano [2,3-b:3,2-e]pyridine-3-carbonitriles (3a–i), 4-amino-5-(5′-substituted 2′-phenyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-7-aryl-1H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(5H)-ones (4a–i), 4-amino-5-(5′-substituted 2′-phenyl-1H-indol-3′-yl)-7-aryl-1H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(5H)-thiones (5a–i), 4-(5′-subtituted 2′-phenyl-1H-indol-3′-yl)-6-aryl-1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazol-3-amines (6a–i) and 5-(5′-substituted 2′-phenyl-1H-indol-3′-yl)-7-aryl-3H-pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-ones (7a–i). Antibacterial activity results revealed that, compound 6a showed promising activity versus Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Compound 6d exhibited good activity against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antifungal activity results indicated that, compound 4d exhibited maximum zone of inhibition against Aspergillus oryzae and Aspergillus flavus. In case of antioxidant activity, compound 4a showed promising radical scavenging activity, ferric ions (Fe³⁺) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and metal chelating activity.     

Structure-activity relationships of 2-aryl-1H-indole inhibitors of the NorA efflux pump in Staphylococcus aureus

The synthesis of 22 2-aryl-1H-indoles, including 12 new compounds, has been achieved via Pd- or Rh-mediated methodologies, or selective electrophilic substitution. All three methods were based on elaborations from simple indole precursors. SAR studies on these indoles and 2-phenyl-1H-indole in Staphylococcus aureus as NorA efflux pump inhibitors indicated 5-nitro-2-(3-methoxycarbonyl)phenyl-1H-indole was a slightly more potent inhibitor than the lead INF55. A promising new antibacterial lead compound against S. aureus (2-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)-methanol, was also found.     

Indole derivatives as dual-effective agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: Synthesis,biological evaluation,and molecular modeling studies

Several indole derivatives, that were highly potent ligands of GluN2B-subunit-containing N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, also demonstrated antioxidant properties in ABTS method. In particular, the 2-(4-benzylpiperidin-1-yl)-1-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanone (1) proved to be a dual-effective neuroprotective agent. With the aim to increase the antioxidant properties we added a catechol moiety onto piperidine moiety. The designed hybrid derivative 3,4-dihydroxy-N-[1-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-oxoethyl]piperidin-4-yl]benzamide (10) was the most effective antioxidant agent (>94.1 ± 0.1% of inhibition at 17 μM) and showed GluN2B/NMDA receptor affinity at low micromolar concentration (IC₅₀ 0.66 μM). By means of computational studies we explored the effect of the presence of this antioxidant fragment during the recognition process to binding pocket.     

Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives with both COX and LOX inhibitory activity

Dual cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase (COX/LOX) inhibitors constitute a valuable alternative to classical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective COX-2 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. A series of 3-(5-phenyl/phenylamino-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl)-chromen-2-one and N-[5-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-yl]-benzamide derivatives were synthesized and screened for anti-inflammatory, analgesic activity. All the derivatives prepared are active in inhibiting oedema induced by carrageenan. Compound 4e was found more potent with 89% of inhibition followed by compound 4b (86%). Compounds with >70% of anti-inflammatory activity were tested for analgesic, ulcerogenic, and lipid peroxidation profile. Selected compounds were also evaluated for inhibition of COXs (COX-1 and COX-2) and LOXs (LOX-5, LOX-12, and LOX-15). Compound 4e was comparatively selective for COX-2, LOX-5, and LOX-15. Study revealed that these derivatives were more effective than ibuprofen with reduced side effects. It can be suggested that these derivatives could be used to develop more potent and safer NSAIDs.     

Design,Synthesis and Pharmacological Screening of Novel Antihypertensive Agents Using Hybrid Approach

Eight derivatives of general formula 2-(2-(4-(3-((5-substituted methylene)-4-oxo-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-3-yl)-2-hydroxypropylamino)benzoyl)hydrazinyl)-2-oxoethyl nitrate were synthesized and tested for electrocardiographic, antiarrhythmic, vasorelaxing and antihypertensive activity as well as for in-vitro nitric oxide (NO) releasing ability. Compound 8b 2-(2-(4-(3-(5-benzyliden-4-oxo-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-3-yl)-2-hydroxypropylamino)benzoyl)hydrazinyl)-2-oxoethyl nitrate, was the most potent in this series. The pharmacological results suggested that the antiarrhythmic effects of these compounds were related to their adrenolytic properties which are believed to be due to the presence of the 5-(substituted)methylen-2-(phenylimino)thiazolidin-4-one moiety with less bulky, electron donating substituent on the phenyl ring at 5th position of the thiazolidin-4-one. In conclusion, most of the synthesized compounds were significantly potent as antiarrhythmic and antihypertensive; this might be due to the presence of different pharmacopores which might act at different locations with different mode of action. Further insights of the same can be obtained by doing investigation at receptor level. The potency of compounds 8a–8h were promising enough to continue further experiments.     

Novel 1-(2-pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazine derivatives as selective monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A inhibitors

In the present study, a new series of 2-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl 4-substituted piperazine-1-carbodithioate derivatives (2a-n) were synthesized and screened for their monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitory activity. The structures of compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic methods and some physicochemical properties of new compounds were predicted using Molinspiration and MolSoft programs. Compounds 2-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl 4-(4-nitrophenyl)piperazine-1-carbodithioate (2j) and 2-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl 4-benzhydrylpiperazine-1-carbodithioate (2m) exhibited selective MAO-A inhibitory activity with IC_50?=_?23.10, 24.14?µM, respectively. Some of the biological results were found in accordance with the obtained in silico data based on Lipinski’s fule of five.     

Design, synthesis and evaluation of antiinflammatory, analgesic and ulcerogenicity studies of novel S-substituted phenacyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol and Schiff bases of diclofenac acid as nonulcerogenic derivatives

Diclofenac sodium is being used for its anti-inflammatory actions since 28 years, but as all the NSAIDs are suffering from the deadlier GI toxicities, diclofenac sodium is also not an exception to these toxicities. The free -COOH group is thought to be responsible for the GI toxicity associated with all traditional NSAIDs. In the present research work, the main motto was to develop new chemical entities as potential anti-inflammatory agents with no GI toxicities. In this paper, the results of synthesis and pharmacological screening of a series of S-substituted phenacyl 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and Schiff bases derived from 2-[(2,6-dichloroanilino) phenyl] acetic acid (diclofenac acid) are described. The 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and diclofenac moieties are important because of their versatile biological actions. In the present studies, the oxadiazole system has been functionalized onto the diclofenac acid moiety and 18 compounds in this series were synthesized. The structures of new compounds are characterized by TLC, FTIR, 1H NMR and Mass spectral data. These compounds were tested in vivo for their anti-inflammatory activity. The compounds, which showed significant activity (comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium), were screened for their analgesic activity and to check their ability to induce ulcers by ulcerogenicity and histopathology studies. Eight new compounds, out of 18, were found to have significant anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema model, with significant analgesic activity in the acetic acid induced writhing model with no ulcerogenicity. The compounds, which showed negligible ulcerogenic action, also showed promising results in histopathology studies, that is, they were found to be causing no mucosal injury.     

Synthesis, pharmacological evaluation and docking studies of N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(piperazin-1-yl)acetamide analogs as COX-2 inhibitors

The existing NSAIDs having number of toxicities emphasises the need for discovery of new non-toxic anti-inflammatory agents. In this Letter, we present the simple two step chemical synthesis, in vivo pharmacological screening and docking study of few N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(piperazin-1-yl)acetamide analogs. Different amino benzothiazoles were chloroacetylated and further reacted with substituted piperazines in presence of a base to get N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(piperazin-1-yl)acetamide analogs (A1-C4). These compounds were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by carragenan induced paw oedema method. Promising compounds were screened for toxicity by evaluating the ulcerogenic potential. Molecular docking experiments were carried out against COX-2 enzyme using Surflex-Dock GeomX programme of Sybyl software on Dell T-1500 workstation to confirm the mechanism of action of active compounds among the series. In silico study reveal the binding interactions of N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-(piperazin-1-yl)acetamide analogs with COX-2 protein and is in agreement with the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity.     

Synthesis and characterization of selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonists. 2. Azaindole,benzofuran, and benzothiophene analogs of L-741,626

A series of indole, 7-azaindole, benzofuran, and benzothiophene compounds have been prepared and evaluated for affinity at D_2-like dopamine receptors. These compounds share structural elements with the classical D_2-like dopamine receptor antagonists haloperidol, N-methylspiperone and benperidol. Two new compounds, 4-(4-iodophenyl)-1-((4-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)piperidin-4-ol (6) and 4-(4-iodophenyl)-1-((5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)piperidin-4-ol (7), were found to have high affinity to and selectivity for D₂ versus D₃ receptors. Changing the aromatic ring system from an indole to other heteroaromatic ring systems reduced the D₂ binding affinity and the D₂ versus D₃ selectivity.     

Synthesis and changes in affinity for NOP and opioid receptors of novel hexapeptides containing β2-tryptophan analogues

We report the synthesis and the biological activity of new analogues of Ac-RFMWMK-NH₂ and Ac-RYYRWK-NH₂, modified in position 4 and 5, respectively, with incorporation of newly synthesized β²-tryptophan analogues. Trp was substituted by the (S)-2-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)propionic residue or by (S)-2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)propionic residue. The biological activity (pEC₅₀ and E_max) of these compounds was tested on electrically stimulated preparations of rat vas deferens. The 5-methoxy β-tryptophan group reverses the affinity of the compounds.     

Design,synthesis, antimicrobial activity,DFT, and molecular docking studies of pyridine-pyrazole-based dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazoles against various bacterial and fungal targets

Antimicrobial resistance which is increasing at an alarming rate is a severe public health issue worldwide. Hence, the development of novel antibiotics is an urgent need as microbes have developed resistance against available antibiotics. In search of novel antimicrobial agents, a convenient route for the preparation of substituted 3-(1-phenyl-3-(p-tolyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(2-phenyl-5-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3(2H)-yl)prop-2-en-1-ones ( 6a – 6o ) has been adopted by using pyridine-3-carbohydrazide and various aromatic aldehydes. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by using various spectral techniques, for example, IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Synthesized hybrids were studied for in vitro antimicrobial potency against various bacterial and fungal strains. Antibacterial results revealed that compounds 6e, 6h, 6i, 6l , and 6m were found to be most active against bacterial strains as they showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 62.5 μg/mL while compounds 6d, 6e , and 6h showed MIC value of 200 μg/mL against Candida albicans. The quantum parameters that relate to the bioavailability of the compounds were computed, followed by docking with different bacterial and fungal targets like sortase A, dihydrofolate reductase, thymidylate kinase, gyrase B, sterol 14-alpha demethylase. The experimental and computational results are in good agreement.     

Side chain modifications of (indol-3-yl)glyoxamides as antitumor agents

New series of analogues of N-(pyridin-4-yl)-2-[1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-indol-3-yl]glyoxamide D-24851 were synthesized, characterized and tested for their in vitro anticancer properties. In the first series, an amino acid spacer was introduced in the glyoxamide chain of D-24851. In the second series, the glyoxamide chain was moved to positions 4 and 5 of indole skeleton. These new compounds were tested on four cancer cell lines (KB, SK-OV-3, NCI-H460 and SF-268), with promising activity for the glycine derivative.     

Chemoselectivity issues of the asymmetric interaction between cyclohexanone, β-nitrostyrene,and benzoic acid under 5-aryl prolinate's organocatalysis

4-l -menthyloxycarbonyl 5-aryl prolinates were studied as organocatalysts of a novel three-component reaction of cyclohexanone, benzoic acid, and β-nitrostyrene. The presence of ortho-halogen atom in 5-aryl fragment of the catalyst is favored for driving the formation of chiral 7a-hydroxyoctahydro-2H-indol-2-one scaffold. 5-(o-Chlorophenyl) prolinate selectively afforded 3-phenyl-7a-hydroxyoctahydro-2H-indol-2-one with ee 63%, whereas 5-phenyl prolinate led to conjugation of β-nitrostyrene to cyclohexanone (the Michael adduct). Plausible chlorine effect is accounted for the specific interaction of the 5-aryl prolinate enamine intermediate with β-nitrostyrene in the transition state.     

Design,synthesis and structure–activity relationship studies of novel and diverse cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors as anti-inflammatory drugs

Abstract

Because of the pivotal role of cyclooxygenase (COX) in the inflammatory processes, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that suppress COX activities have been used clinically for the treatment of inflammatory diseases/syndromes; however, traditional NSAIDs exhibit serious side-effects such as gastrointestinal damage and hyper sensitivity owing to their COX-1 inhibition. Also, COX-2 inhibition-derived suppressive or preventive effects against initiation/proliferation/invasion/motility/recurrence/metastasis of various cancers/tumours such as colon, gastric, skin, lung, liver, pancreas, breast, prostate, cervical and ovarian cancers are significant. In this study, design, synthesis and structure–activity relationship (SAR) of various novel {2-[(2-, 3- and/or 4-substituted)-benzoyl, (bicyclic heterocycloalkanophenyl)carbonyl or cycloalkanecarbonyl]-(5- or 6-substituted)-1H-indol-3-yl}acetic acid analogues were investigated to seek and identify various chemotypes of potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, resulting in the discovery of orally potent agents in the peripheral-inflammation model rats. The SARs and physicochemical properties for the analogues are described as significant findings. For graphical abstract: see Supplementary Material. (www.informahealthcare.com/enz)     

Design, structure-activity relationship, and highly efficient asymmetric synthesis of 3-phenyl-4-benzylaminopiperidine derivatives as novel neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists

We synthesized a series of novel 3-phenyl-4-benzylaminopiperidine derivatives that were identified as potent tachykinin NK(1) receptor antagonists by structural modification of the 3-benzhydrylpiperidone derivative through high-throughput screening. N-{2-[(3R,4S)-4-({2-Methoxy-5-[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]benzyl}amino)-3-phenyl-1-piperidinyl]-2-oxoethyl}acetamide ((+)-39) was found to be one of the most potent tachykinin NK(1) receptor antagonists with high metabolic stability. Highly efficient asymmetric synthesis of (+)-39 was achieved via dynamic kinetic resolution.     

Synthesis,antioxidant and Aβ anti-aggregation properties of new ferulic,caffeic and lipoic acid derivatives obtained by the Ugi four-component reaction

We report herein the synthesis antioxidant and Aβ anti-aggregation capacity of (E)-N-benzyl-N-[2-(benzylamino)-2-oxoethyl]-3-(aryl)acrylamides and related (R)-N-benzyl-N-(2-(benzylamino)-2-oxoethyl)-5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanamides 1–12. These compounds have been obtained, via Ugi four-component reaction, from modest to good yields. Their antioxidant analysis, using the DPPH and ORAC assays, allowed us to identify compounds 8 and 9, as potent antioxidant agents, showing also strong Aβ_1–40 self-aggregation inhibition, two biological properties of interest in pathologies linked to the oxidative stress, such as Alzheimer’s disease.     

Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of N-aryl(indol-3-yl)glyoxamides as antitumor agents

The synthesis and study of the structure–activity relationships of cytotoxic compounds based on N-pyridinyl or N-aryl-2-(1-benzylindol-3-yl)glyoxamide skeleton, represented by the lead structures D-24241 and D-24851, are described. The presence of N-(pyridin-4-yl) moiety was crucial for activity and 2-[1-(4-chloro-3-nitrobenzyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-2-oxo-N-(pyridin-4-yl)acetamide (55), the most potent derivative, showed IC₅₀ = 39 nM, 51 nM and 11 nM against HeLa/KB (human cervix carcinoma), L1210 (murine leukemia) and SKOV3 (human ovarian carcinoma) cell lines proliferation assay, respectively, as active as the lead compounds.     

Synthesis, antiproliferative, and antiplatelet activities of oxime- and methyloxime-containing flavone and isoflavone derivatives

Certain oxime- and methyloxime-containing flavone and isoflavone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against three solid cancer cells, human cervical epithelioid carcinoma (HeLa), hepatocellular carcinoma (SKHep1), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SAS), which are commonly seen in Asian countries, including Taiwan. Selective compounds were also evaluated in the full panel of 60 human tumor cell lines and their mean GI50 values were obtained. The preliminary assays indicated flavone-6-yl derivatives are the most cytotoxic while isoflavone-7-yl derivatives are the best antiplatelet agents. Among them, (E)-6-(2-methoxyiminopropoxy)-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (14), (Z)-6-(2-hydroxyimino-2-phenylethoxy)-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (18a), and (Z)-6-[2-hydroxyimino-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethoxy]-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (18c) are three of the best antiproliferative agents with GI50 values of 0.8, 0.7, and 0.8 microM, respectively, against the growth of SKHep1; 0.9, 0.8, and 1.0 microM, respectively, against the growth of HeLa cells. Compound 18c is not only the most cytotoxic with a mean GI50 value of 0.08 microM against the full panel of 60 human tumor cell lines but also the only flavone derivative that exhibited a GI50 value of less than 1 microM against the growth of SAS. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that growth inhibition by 18c was due to accumulation in G2/M phase arrest and followed by apoptosis.     

Synthesis and preliminary screening of novel N-{2-[4-(substituted)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}acetamides as potential atypical antipsychotic agents

A series of N-{2-[4-(substituted)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}acetamides were synthesized as prospective novel atypical antipsychotic agents. Microwave irradiation of acetyl glycine (I) with substituted piperazines in the presence of DCC in DMF for about 3-5 min gave the titled compounds (P:1-7). All the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vivo pharmacological activity in Swiss albino mice. D₂ antagonism studies were performed using the climbing mouse assay model and 5-HT_2A antagonism studies were performed using quipazine induced head twitches in mice. Among the synthesized compounds P4 was found to be the most active compound.     

Synthesis of variously coupled conjugates of d-glucose, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, and 1,2,3-triazole for inhibition of glycogen phosphorylase

5-(O-Perbenzoylated-β-d-glucopyranosyl)tetrazole was obtained from O-perbenzoylated-β-d-glucopyranosyl cyanide by Bu₃SnN₃ or Me₃SiN₃–Bu₂SnO. This tetrazole was transformed into 5-ethynyl- as well as 5-chloromethyl-2-(O-perbenzoylated-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles by acylation with propiolic acid–DCC or chloroacetyl chloride, respectively. The chloromethyl oxadiazole gave the corresponding azidomethyl derivative on treatment with NaN₃. These compounds were reacted with several alkynes and azides under Cu(I) catalysed cycloaddition conditions to give, after removal of the protecting groups by the Zemplén protocol, β-d-glucopyranosyl-1,3,4-oxadiazolyl-1,2,3-triazole, β-d-glucopyranosyl-1,2,3-triazolyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole, and β-d-glucopyranosyl-1,3,4-oxadiazolylmethyl-1,2,3-triazole type compounds. 5-Phenyltetrazole was also transformed under the above conditions into a series of aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazolyl-1,2,3-triazoles, aryl-1,2,3-triazolyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles, and aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazolylmethyl-1,2,3-triazoles. The new compounds were assayed against rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase b and the best inhibitors had inhibition constants in the upper micromolar range (2-phenyl-5-[1-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole 36: K_i = 854 μM, 2-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-5-[1-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole 47: K_i = 745 μM).