腐胺对小菜蛾幼虫生长及保护酶活力的影响

在实验室条件下测定腐胺处理对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.) 3龄幼虫取食量、存活、羽化率、蛹重及保护酶活力的影响。结果表明,腐胺对小菜蛾幼虫的取食量、存活、羽化及保护酶活力均有明显的影响。经过腐胺处理后,3龄幼虫的取食量、存活率、化蛹率及体内SOD和POD活力均明显高于蒸馏水对照;但腐胺对其蛹重、蛹的羽化率及体内CAT活力却无明显的影响。     

转Bt基因玉米对甜菜夜蛾幼虫存活和发育的影响

在室内测定了2种转Cry1Ab基因的Bt玉米MON810和Bt11不同组织对甜菜夜蛾 Spodoptera exigua （Hübner）初孵幼虫以及心叶对4龄幼虫存活和发育的影响,在田间比较了甜菜夜蛾幼虫取食Bt 和非Bt玉米雌穗的存活和为害情况。结果表明,转Cry1Ab基因的Bt玉米的不同组织对甜菜夜蛾初孵幼虫都具有明显的杀虫活性,取食Bt玉米心叶、苞叶、籽粒时甜菜夜蛾均在幼虫期死亡; 取食MON810和Bt11雄穗的初孵幼虫化蛹率分别为5.2%和2.1%,羽化率为2.1%和1.0%;取食MON810和Bt11花丝的初孵幼虫化蛹率分别为1.0%和2.1%,但不能羽化。4龄幼虫取食MON810玉米心叶的化蛹率与对照差异不显著,而取食Bt11的化蛹率与对照差异显著; 取食两种Bt玉米心叶的４龄幼虫化蛹后的雌、雄蛹重和羽化率与对照组差异显著,但蛹期和平均单雌产卵量差异不显著,虽然对照组羽化的成虫平均产卵量高于Bt玉米组。田间接种初孵幼虫10 天后的调查结果表明,在MON810和Bt11玉米花丝上幼虫存活率分别为1.3%和0.3%, 而对照组分别为12.9%和16.2%;MON810和Bt11玉米雌穗被害率分别为18.3%和5.0%,而对照组分别为93.3%和95.0%,均显著低于对照组。     

苦豆子提取物与埃玛菌素混用对小菜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

将苦豆子甲醇和水提取物分别与埃玛菌素混合,在室内测定了两混合物对小菜蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明:苦豆子甲醇提取物 埃玛菌素和苦豆子水提取物 埃玛菌素对小菜蛾3龄幼虫口服毒力明显高于埃玛菌素,其LC50值分别为0.19、0.32和0.51 mg.L-1;用两混合物以及埃玛菌素亚致死剂量处理3龄幼虫,试虫化蛹率、羽化率和成虫的繁殖力均呈现明显不良影响.     

低温对小菜蛾实验种群的影响

研究了低温(<8℃)对小菜蛾的发育、存活和繁殖的影响.结果表明,卵和蛹在4℃和6℃下死亡率随处理时间的延长而增加,在分别处理55d和70d后,卵和蛹全部死亡;经4℃和6℃处理的蛹,在16℃下羽化成虫的平均产卵量随处理时间的延长而减少,处理45d时,产卵量均为0.小菜蛾幼期各虫态在0℃以下,死亡率随低温强度加大和处理时间的延长而增高.就耐寒力而言,3龄幼虫和蛹最强,其次是2龄和4龄幼虫,卵和1龄幼虫的耐寒力最弱.不同低温和时间处理小菜蛾幼期虫态对其后继虫态的发育历期有较大影响,总体说来,经过处理的小菜蛾幼期虫态,其后继虫态的发育历期普遍延长,一般处理某一虫态对其相邻虫态发育历期的影响最大.小菜蛾蛹经低温处理后其羽化成虫的产卵量随着蛹期所经历低温强度的增强和时间延长而减少.     

低温对小菜蛾实验种群的影响

研究了低温(<8℃)对小菜蛾的发育、存活和繁殖的影响结果表明,卵和蛹在4℃和6℃下死亡率随处理时间的延长而增加,在分别处理55d和70d后,卵和蛹全部死亡;经4℃和6℃处理的蛹,在16℃下羽化成虫的平均产卵量随处理时间的延长而减少,处理45d时,产卵量均为0小菜蛾幼期各虫态在0℃以下,死亡率随低温强度加大和处理时问的延长而增高就耐寒力而言,3龄幼虫和蛹最强,其次是2龄和4龄幼虫,卵和1龄幼虫的耐寒力最弱不同低温和时间处理小菜蛾幼期虫态对其后继虫态的发育历期有较大影响,总体说来,经过处理的小菜蛾幼期虫态,其后继虫态的发育历期普遍延长,一般处理某一虫态对其相邻虫态发育历期的影响最大小菜蛾蛹经低温处理后其羽化成虫的产卵量随着蛹期所经历低温强度的增强和时间延长而减少。     

新疆棉区转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫生物学的影响

棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera高龄幼虫取食转Bt基因棉花组织后 ,化蛹率、羽化率、蛹重、体长均有显著下降 ,在转Bt基因棉花上棉铃虫的取食行为也受到较大的影响 ,表现为取食次数明显减少、吐丝下垂次数明显增加 ;无论是转Bt基因棉花还是常规棉花 ,棉铃虫 3龄幼虫主要分布于繁殖器官上 ,在转Bt基因棉花各繁殖器官上的分布概率为 :花 >棉铃 >棉蕾 ,常规棉花上分布概率为 :棉蕾 >棉铃 >花 ;棉铃虫高龄幼虫取食转Bt基因棉花各组织 ,成虫羽化后产卵量、卵孵化率均有明显下降 ;在较低的棉铃虫虫口密度下 ,转Bt基因棉花对棉铃虫有一定的产卵排趋性。     

敲减神经肽F基因(npf)对亚洲玉米螟取食、生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】神经肽F(neuropeptide F, NPF)是无脊椎动物特有的一类神经肽,因其C末端是苯丙氨酸(F)而命名,参与昆虫的取食、生物节律、学习记忆等多种生理功能的调控。本研究旨在明确NPF对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis生长发育的影响,为害虫防治提供重要依据。【方法】采用一种基于工程菌高效合成靶向昆虫基因的dsRNA的方法经济有效地敲降npf,用低浓度(0.01%)和高浓度(0.02%)dsNPF和dsGFP(对照)分别饲喂亚洲玉米螟1龄初、3龄初和5龄初幼虫直至化蛹,检测5龄幼虫平均取食量、体重、体长、存活率和化蛹率,蛹羽化率和成虫产卵量,以及幼虫各龄期、蛹发育历期和成虫寿命。【结果】从亚洲玉米螟1, 3和5龄初幼虫开始饲喂0.01%和0.02% dsNPF时,与饲喂相应浓度dsGFP的对照相比,除个别点外,5龄幼虫的取食量、体重、体长、存活率和化蛹率,蛹羽化率和成虫单雌产卵量均显著降低,幼虫各龄期、蛹发育历期均显著延长,成虫寿命显著缩短。且dsNPF处理幼虫的龄期越早对发育的影响越大。其中0.01% dsNPF处理的1龄幼虫和0.02% dsNPF处理的3龄幼虫有90%的个体在蛹期死亡,而0.02%dsNPF处理的1龄幼虫有90%的个体在幼虫期死亡。【结论】结果提示NPF对亚洲玉米螟的发育和取食具有调控作用,这为探索新型绿色的害虫防治提供了依据。     

八种杀虫剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊发育和繁殖的亚致死效应

用胃毒触杀法确定8种常用杀虫剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysiaodoriphaga 3龄幼虫的LC₂₀和LC₅₀剂量后,以其LC₂₀分别处理3龄幼虫,将存活幼虫正常饲养,测定该剂量药剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率,成虫存活率、雌雄比、单雌产卵量及卵孵化率等指标的影响。结果表明:毒死蜱等4种药剂的影响较显著,其影响程度由高到低依次为毒死蜱＞辛硫磷＞阿维菌素溴虫腈;而另4种药剂丙硫克百威、灭多威、丁硫克百威和吡虫啉则影响不显著。此外也测定了用后4种药剂LC₅₀剂量处理的存活试虫的上述生物学指标,结果表明：除化蛹率和羽化率较对照降低且差异显著外,其他生物学指标与对照处理无明显变化。     

沙雷氏杆菌S3菌株产几丁质酶对棉铃虫不同虫龄幼虫的后致死作用

研究了粘质沙雷氏杆菌（Serratia marcesens）S3菌株产几丁质酶（Chitinase）对棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)的后致死作用。生物测定表明,沙雷氏杆菌S3菌株产几丁质酶对棉铃虫幼虫48h的毒力不高,其中几丁质酶浓度为50μg/mL对初孵幼虫的毒杀力仅为8.3%,对高龄幼虫48h不表现毒力。但几丁质酶对棉铃虫幼虫特别是低龄幼虫生长发育如10d龄虫重、蛹重、化蛹历期、蜕皮、羽化等影响较大,造成棉铃虫幼虫化蛹历期延长,死蛹率和不正常羽化率增加。其中经几丁质酶处理后的初孵、1d龄、2d龄、3d龄、4d龄幼虫蛹重分别是对照组的51.0%、77.1%、81.4%、86.0%、96.2%;化蛹率分别为74.5%、87.5%、93.7%、95.8%、95.8%,都低于对照组的97.9%;死蛹率分别为57.3%、18.8%、13.6%、7.8%、7.9%;初孵幼虫化蛹历期长达14d;初孵幼虫的正常羽化的蛹只有40.8%。几丁质酶对棉铃虫的后致死作用明显。     

Cry1Ac和Cry2Ab杀虫蛋白对粘虫幼虫生长发育的影响

【目的】为探究Bt杀虫蛋白对次要靶标害虫粘虫Mythimna separata (Walker)(鳞翅目:夜蛾科)的杀虫活性及对其生长发育的影响。【方法】本文通过浸叶法饲喂初孵及2龄末粘虫不同剂量的Cry1Ac及Cry2Ab杀虫蛋白后,观察其死亡率,称量幼虫重,并统计了幼虫历期、化蛹率、蛹重、蛹期、蛹的羽化率、畸形率等指标。【结果】初孵幼虫取食浸泡含16、64、128μg/mLCry1Ac及Cry2Ab的玉米叶片后,随着时间的延长及浓度的增加,死亡率逐渐增加,且Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白对粘虫的生物活性高于Cry2Ab蛋白,在128μg/mL浓度下,取食Cry1Ac和Cry2Ab蛋白13d时的死亡率分别达到了65%及60%。取食两种蛋白后,初孵幼虫和2龄末幼虫重量均受到显著抑制,短期取食两种蛋白对幼虫历期、化蛹率、蛹重、蛹期、蛹的羽化率、畸形率没有影响。【结论】取食Cry1Ac和Cry2Ab杀虫蛋白后,对初孵幼虫有很好的杀虫活性,且Cry1Ac杀虫活性高于Cry2Ab杀虫蛋白;短期饲喂两种杀虫蛋白时,对2龄粘虫后期生长影响不大。本文结果为转Bt基因作物更好的应用于粘虫的防治提供了理论基础。     

亚麻荠对小菜蛾幼虫取食和成虫行为反应的影响

亚麻荠是一种很少有害虫危害的油料作物。用室内生测和Y 型嗅觉仪研究了亚麻荠对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫取食和成虫行 为反应的影响。以甘蓝作对照,用亚麻荠叶片喂养的小菜蛾初孵幼虫3天后校正死亡率为79 .2%,显示了较强的致死作用;喂养小菜蛾3龄幼虫至化蛹,其存活率、化蛹率、蛹重及成 虫寿命都显著降低,表明亚麻荠对小菜蛾幼虫的生长发育有不利影响。在幼虫的取食选择实 验中,有甘蓝叶供选择时,小菜蛾幼虫不取食亚麻荠;在无可选择的情况下,小菜蛾幼虫也 取 食亚麻荠叶片,但取食量很小,与取食甘蓝叶的量相比,差异极显著。行为反应测试表明, 小菜蛾成虫对甘蓝和亚麻荠植株的挥发物都有明显的趋性反应,与对照（净化空气）相比, 差异极显著,而在甘蓝和亚麻荠之间无选择性。说明小菜蛾成虫对亚麻荠植株的挥发物具有 较强的定向反应。     

Effect of insecticides on the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its parasitoid Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Studies were conducted to evaluate the toxicity of insecticides to adult Diadegma insulare (Cresson) and its host the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Leaf-dip and direct-dip bioassays for diamondback moth larvae and residual bioassays for adults of diamondback moth and D. insulare were used to assess mortalities. Larval mortalities at field rates were significantly higher with carbaryl, permethrin, spinosad, and tebufenozide when compared with Bacillus thuringiensis, or imidacloprid in the larval-dip bioassay 72 h after treatment. In the leaf-dip and residual bioassays, both permethrin and spinosad caused 100% mortalities to diamondback moth larvae and adults, respectively, 72 h after treatment. Of all the materials tested, only B. thuringiensis and tebufenozide were not toxic to D. insulare 24 h after treatment. Spinosad was not toxic to D. insulare 30 min after treatment. However, 100% mortality was observed 8 h after treatment.     

平卧川牛漆甾酮对小菜蛾生长发育的影响(英文)

平卧川牛漆甾酮是紫背金盘中的主要植物蜕皮甾类 ,在筋骨草属植物中普遍存在。试验结果表明 ,用 5 0mg L平卧川牛漆甾酮处理小菜蛾卵 ,其孵化受到抑制 ,总孵化率为 94.7% ,显著低于对照的 1 0 0 %孵化。平卧川牛漆甾酮对幼虫具有弱的毒杀活性和良好的拒食活性 ,且与浓度相关。小菜蛾的生长发育也受平卧川牛漆甾酮的影响。用高于 5 0mg L浓度处理幼虫 ,其生长受抑及蛾的产卵量下降 ,而较低浓度处理则有利于幼虫生长 ,卵量提高。这种双重作用可能是由于平卧川牛漆甾酮的激素活性和拒食活性的作用结果 ,后者导致昆虫营养不良。处理幼虫后 ,试虫的化蛹和羽化受阻。小菜蛾对平卧川牛漆甾酮比 2 0 羟基蜕皮酮更敏感。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺胁迫下小菜蛾ABCC1～ABCC5 mRNA的表达特征

【目的】为探讨小菜蛾Plutella xylostella ABC转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporter)与氯虫苯甲酰胺代谢的关系【方法】采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术,测定了氯虫苯甲酰胺敏感和抗性小菜蛾及用LC50剂量的氯虫苯甲酰胺处理敏感种群不同时间后ABCC1~ABCC5 mRNA的表达量;并检测了其中过表达的ABCC3~ABCC5在小菜蛾不同发育阶段和4龄幼虫不同组织中的表达量。【结果】所检测的5个ABCC基因在氯虫苯甲酰胺抗性品系中均上调表达,最高为敏感品系的2倍;LC50的氯虫苯甲酰胺处理后ABCC3、ABCC4和ABCC5 mRNA的表达量分别上调2.16倍、2.81倍和1.85倍,ABCC1和ABCC2则分别下调为对照组的65.8%和37.2%。ABCC3的mRNA在幼虫期和雄性成虫中表达量显著高于其它时期;ABCC4的mRNA在各发育阶段表达量差异不大,其中在预蛹期最高;ABCC5的mRNA在3龄幼虫中表达量显著高于其它龄期。在4龄幼虫各组织中,ABCC3、ABCC4和ABCC5在中肠中的表达量均显著高于其它组织。【结论】小菜蛾ABCC3、ABCC4和ABCC5可能在其对氯虫苯甲酰胺的代谢中起作用,该研究结果为进一步探究小菜蛾对氯虫苯甲酰胺的抗性与ABCC1~ABCC5的关系奠定了基础。     

杠柳萃取物对小菜蛾幼虫的毒杀活性研究

以杠柳Periploca sepium Bunge的根为材料进行甲醇超声波提取,粗提物以水／氯仿（1：1,v／v）萃取获得杠柳根氯仿萃取物。测定了萃取物对小菜蛾Plutella xyllostellaL．3龄幼虫的胃毒和触杀活性。实验结果显示,在50μg／头剂量处理下24h和48h后,氯仿萃取物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的胃毒死亡率分别为82．22％和92．59％,显著高于触杀死亡率58．89％和68．15％。这一结果表明,杠柳根中含有对小菜蛾幼虫具有较强胃毒作用的活性成分。     

Efficacy of Leptospermum petersonii oil, on Plutella xylostella, and its parasitoid, Trichogramma pretiosum

The efficacy of lemon-scented tea tree oil (LSO), Leptospermum petersonii (FM. Bailey), was evaluated against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) under laboratory conditions. Feeding activity and development of larval stages were significantly reduced on broccoli leaves that had been dipped in LSO. Oviposition deterrence was also found when an adult stage was exposed to treated leaves. Fecundity dropped by >50% at concentrations >0.5%. The LC50 value for third instar larvae was estimated to be 2.93% 7 d after treatment. Experiments were also conducted under greenhouse conditions to assess the efficacy of LSO against the diamond-back moth. Our results suggest that LSO has modest potential for development as a botanical insecticide. The oil was also tested at concentrations from 0.5 to 6% for oviposition deterrence of an egg parasitoid of the diamondback moth, Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley). LSO deterred parasitization in choice tests but not in no-choice tests. LSO did not cause mortality of T. pretiosum during 24 h in a contact toxicity test. We conclude that LSO had no significant effects on the parasitoid, and therefore LSO is compatible with this biocontrol agent for integrated management of the diamondback moth.     

EFFECTS OF CYASTERONE ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF DIAMONDBACK MOTH,PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (L.)*

Abstract Cyasterone is the main phytoecdysteroid component from cultured plants of Ajuga nipponensis, and common in other Ajuga species. Results showed that when treated with 50 mg/L cyasterone, the egg hatching of diamondback moth was retarded. The total percentage of eggs hatched in treatment was 94.7%, significantly less than that in control, which was 100%. Low toxicity and good antifeeding activity to the 3rd instar larvae were exhibited, which are dependent upon concentration. The growth and development of diamondback moth were affected by cyasterone. It was found that, at concentrations higher than 50 mg/L cyasterone, the larval growth and egg production were inhibited; while promoted at lower concentrations. This dual role of cyasterone might be attributed to its hormonal activity and antifeeding activity, which resulted in poor nutrition. The pupation and eclosion were hindered by treatment of larvae. This insect species was more susceptible to cyasterone than 20‐hydroxyecdysone.     

家用调料植物粗提物防治小菜蛾的研究

以安全性和简易性为前提的庭园害虫防治成为休闲生活不可或缺的技术。本文以花椒Zanthoxylum bungeamtm、八角茴香lUicium veturn、辣椒Capsicum frutescens等日用品为材料,研究了不同种类、浓度和作用时间对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella这一重要庭园害虫的拒食、触杀及产卵忌避效果。拒食试验表明,供试3种植物对小菜蛾有显著拒食作用,拒食率从大到小依次为八角茴香（0．94）、花椒（0．86）、辣椒（0．76）;拒食率随处理时问长短变化的差异不显著,但随提取液浓度的升高而升高。触杀试验表明,供试3种植物对小菜蛾有显著触杀作用,24h内死亡率从大到小依次为花椒（45．6％）、八角茴香（35．6％）、辣椒（23．3％）,均显著高于对照处理的1．1％;触杀死亡率随虫龄的增加而降低。产卵忌避试验表明,3种植物对小菜蛾成虫产卵忌避作用由大到小依次为辣椒、八角茴香、花椒。综合本研究所得结果来看,八角茴香对小菜蛾的控制效果最好。所选材料容易获得,对小菜蛾忌避作用明显,在庭园小菜蛾防治中具有潜在的应用价值。     

氟虫腈对小菜蛾幼虫体内解毒酶的影响

本文从解毒酶系的角度研究了小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)对氟虫腈的短期生理生化响应。用氟虫腈LC50剂量处理小菜蛾3龄幼虫一定时间后,测定小菜蛾幼虫体内多功能氧化酶(MFO)、酯酶(EST)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活性的动态变化。研究结果表明:经氟虫腈处理后小菜蛾体内解毒酶的活性均显著高于未经处理的对照,并且随着处理时间的延长,解毒酶活性逐渐提高。这说明氟虫腈对小菜蛾敏感品系的解毒酶具有一定的诱导作用,反之,解毒酶加快了小菜蛾体内对氟虫腈的代谢,降低了小菜蛾对氟虫腈的敏感性。