The Role of the Stem in Phloem Loading of Minerals in Lupinus albus L. cv. Ultra

Collections of phloem sap made over a 40-day period from a varietyof locations on nodulated white lupin plants (Lupinus albusL. cv. ultra) showed considerable enrichment with K⁺ and Mg²⁺in the phloem streams destined for the shoot apices or fruitsrelative to the streams arising from the leaflets (up to 5.5times). Sodium showed enrichment in the streams destined forthe roots (up to 2.5 times) but only when present in the watersupply at a high level (3 mM). The stem, in view of its centrallocation in the transport pathway, is seen as an organ capableof redistributing minerals in the phloem independently of photosynthate. Lupinus albus L., lupin, phloem loading, magnesium, potassium, sodium, mineral elements     

Plant regeneration from hypocotyl segments of Lupinus luteus cv. L. Aurea

Complete plants of Lupinus luteus L. cv. Aurea that were regenerated from hypocotyl segments, bloomed, produced seeds and were efficiently nodulated by Bradyrhizobium sp. strains. The highest rates of shoot formation were obtained on A medium plus 1.3% agar with 10.0 M 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP) and 0.11 M naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); the best rooting was achieved on a medium with 0.5 M NAA plus 0.05 M 2iP. Afterward, plantlets were transferred to either perlite or peat-containing pots and irrigated with a N-free nutrient solution until maturity. Direct rooting of hypocotyls could also be obtained on A medium with 1% agar.     

Characterization of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes from leaves of Lupinus albus L. cv Estoril

Two aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) isoenzymes (AAT-1 and AAT-2) from Lupinus albus L. cv Estoril were separated, purified, and characterized. The molecular weight, pI value, optimum pH, optimum temperature, and thermodynamic parameters for thermal inactivation of both isoenzymes were obtained. Studies of the kinetic mechanism, and the kinetics of product inhibition and high substrate concentration inhibition, were performed. The effect of some divalent ions and irreversible inhibitors on both AAT isoenzymes was also studied. Native PAGE showed a higher molecular weight for AAT-2 compared with AAT-1. AAT-1 appears to be more anionic than AAT- 2, which was suggested by the anion exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE showed a similar sub-unit molecular weight for both isoenzymes. The optimum pH (between 8.0 and 9.0) and temperature (60-65 degrees C) were similar for both isoenzymes. In the temperature range of 45-65 degrees C, AAT-2 has higher thermostability than AAT-1. Both isoenzymes showed a high affinity for keto-acid substrates, as well as a higher affinity to aspartate than glutamate. Manganese ions induced an increase in both AAT isoenzymes activities, but no cooperative effect was detected. Among the inhibitors tested, hydroxylamine affected both isoenzymes activity by an irreversible inhibition mechanism.     

Variation of Intergeneric Somatic Hybrids Between Citrus sinensis cv. Valencia and Fortunella crassifolia cv. Meiwa

Intergeneric somatic hybrid plants derived from protoplast fusion between Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia and Fortunella crassifolia Swingle cv. Meiwa have been grown in the fields for 6 years. The plants grew less vigorously with uneven canopy size and some shoots frequently died. Chromosome count showed that the plants, containing non-tetraploid cells besides amphidiploid, were chimeras. Most somatic hybrid plants exhibited a new band of EST isozyme. RAPD analysis verified that several plants lacked some of the parents' markers. The results indicated that the intergeneric somatic hybrids were genetically unstable.     

Synthesis, transport and accumulation of quinolizidine alkaloids in Lupinus albus L. and L. angustifolius L

Each of the principal quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) found in both xylem and phloem exudates together with extracts from all component organs collected from bitter (cv. Lupini) and sweet (cv. Ultra) cultivars of Lupinus albus L. were quantified by gas chromatographic analyses throughout reproductive development. In addition to establishing the major translocated QA species estimates for fluxes of QA to developing fruits based on their sap composition and water economy showed that around half of the QA that accumulated in fruit tissues was due to synthesis in situ and half to translocation principally by phloem. Detailed analyses of QA in transport fluids and component organs were extended to reciprocal homo- and hetero-grafts using bitter (cv. Fest) and sweet (cv. Danja) cultivars of L. angustifolius L. These data confirmed that the majority of QA were synthesized in shoot tissues. In both lupin species feeding and analysis of deuterated QA (lupanine and 13-hydroxylupanine) were used as tracers to demonstrate direct redistribution of alkaloids by translocation from mature leaves in phloem.     

Leghemoglobin in Lupin Plants (Lupinus albus cv Multolupa)

Leghemoglobin was localized by immunogold techniques in nodules of Lupinus albus cv Multolupa inoculated with Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lupinus) strain ISLU 16. The protein localization was performed in nodules embedded in Spurr's and Araldite epoxy resins and Lowycryl K4M. A very good preservation of both the ultrastructure and antigenicity was obtained with the tissues embedded in Araldite following glutaraldehyde fixation and unpostfixed in osmium tetroxide. Lupin leghemoglobin is a stable and abundant protein which allows a conventional method to be safely used for localization of leghemoglobin. Labeling of leghemoglobin was specifically confined to the cytosol matrix and nuclei. Gold particles were never observed in the peribacteroidal spaces nor in the cytoplasmic organelles of the infected cells. Decrease of leghemoglobin was observed when the plants were grown with 10.7 micromolar and 21.4 micromolar of nitrate.     

Effect of Nitrate on Peroxisome Ultrastructure and Catalase Activity in Nodules of Lupinus albus L. cv. Multolupa

This paper reports on an ultrastructural study of peroxisomesin infected nodule cells of Lupinus albus L cv Multolupa plantsgrown with and without nitrate (in short-term experiments) Cytochemicallocalization of catalase and peroxidase was performed applyingthe diamino-benzidine (DAB) technique in these tissues The infected cells presented a mean of seven peroxisomes, themaximum being 16 in some cells Peroxisome shapes proved to befairly round or egg-shaped, with maximum and minimum diametermeans of 0-35 and 0 18µm, respectively They were preferentiallypositioned on the cell periphery. The intense osmiophilic stainingobtained by applying the DAB technique indicates a strong catalaseactivity reaction in these microbodies The addition of nitrate (20 mol m^–3) to the growing plantsexerted a negative effect on nitrogenase activity, which diminishedby 31 6% after 5 d of treatment Severe alterations in the ultrastructureof microbodies, bacteroids, and penbacteroidal membranes wereobserved Cytochemical data show a reduction in catalase localizationin peroxisomes and an increased peroxidase activity in the cytosol Finally, leghaemoglobin (Lb) localization was studied in nitrate-grownplants, confirming our previous observation of a decrease inthis protein Discussion focuses on the involvement of theseresults in tissue senescence of the nodules following nitrateapplication Key words: Peroxisomes, diamino-benzidine, nitrate, catalase, leghaemoglobin     

波兰小麦和矮兰麦45S rDNA和5S rDNA基因位点FISH分析

采用双色荧光原位杂交技术, 以45S rDNA和5S rDNA基因为探针, 对波兰小麦(Triticum polonicum L.)和矮兰麦(T. turgidum L. cv. Ailanmai)进行了分析。结果表明, 高秆波兰小麦(T. polonicum L. High)和矮兰麦的45S rDNA和5S rDNA基因位点高度一致, 都显示4个45S rDNA和6个5S rDNA基因位点; 矮秆波兰小麦(T. polonicum L. Dwarf)的45S rDNA基因位点与高秆波兰小麦和矮兰麦也一致表现出4个位点, 而其5S rDNA基因位点有8个。同时讨论了rDNA基因位点的数目和分布位置在种间和种内存在差异的原因。     

Role of rye chromosome 2R from wheat-rye substitution line 2R(2D)1 (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Saratovskaya 29-Secale cereale L. cv. Onokhoiskaya) in genetic regulation of meiotic restitution in wheat-rye polyhaploids

A study was made of the role of rye chromosome 2R from the wheat-rye substitution line 2R(2D)1 (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Saratovskaya 29-Secale cereale L. cv. Onokhoiskaya) in genetic regulation of meiotic restitution in wheat-rye polyhaploids 2R(2D)1 x S. cereale L. cv. Onokhoiskaya. Rye chromosome 2R proved to affect the completeness of the meiotic program, suppressing the formation of restitution gametes. This was evident from the reductional division of univalent chromosomes in AI and the occurrence of the second meiotic division. The interrelationships between the type of chromosome division in AI and the two-step character of meiosis are discussed. The structural and functional organization of the centromeric regions of chromosomes undergoing reductional division is assumed to determine the two-step character of division.     

High pH Causes Disintegration of the Root Surface in Lupinus angustifolius L.

The effect of high pH on the morphology and anatomy of the rootsof lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L. cv. Yandee) and pea (Pisumsativum L. cv. Dundale) was examined in buffered solution. Themorphology and anatomy of lupin roots were markedly altered,and root growth was reduced by increasing solution pH from 5·2to 7·5, whereas pea roots were unaffected. In lupin roots,pH 7·5 caused disintegration of the root surface andimpaired root hair formation. Lupin roots grown at pH 7·5also had decreased cell lengths but increased cell diameterin both the epidermis and the cortex in comparison to rootsgrown at pH 5·2. High pH reduced cell volume greatlyin the epidermis, to a lesser extent in the outer cortex andnot at all in the inner cortex. It appears that in lupins, theprimary detrimental effects of growth at pH 7·5 is reducedlongitudinal growth of cells near the root surface with a consequentreduction in elongation of the cells in inner cortex.Copyright1993, 1999 Academic Press Lupinus angustifolius L., Pisum sativum L., high pH, root morphology, root anatomy     

Bioactive terpenoids from sunflower leaves cv. Peredovick

The CH(2)Cl(2) extract of dried leaves of Helianthus annuus L. cv. Peredovick(R) has yielded, in addition to the known sesquiterpene lactones annuolide E and leptocarpin, and the sesquiterpenes heliannuols A, C, D, F, G, H, I, the new bisnorsesquiterpene, annuionone E, and the new sesquiterpenes heliannuol L, helibisabonol A and helibisabonol B. Structural elucidation was based on extensive spectral (one and two-dimensional NMR experiments) and theoretical studies. The sesquiterpenes heliannuol A and helibisabonol A and the sesquiterpene lactone leptocarpin inhibited the growth of etiolated wheat coleoptiles.     

羧化壳聚糖在蚊净香草组培中的应用研究

本文研究羧化壳聚糖在蚊净香草组培中的应用。试验结果表明,在诱导培养基中附加2 g/L羧化壳聚糖,有利于提高蚊净香草诱导率;附加4 g/L羧化壳聚糖,试管苗增殖率达6倍,且根系发达。     

Alkaloid level in narrow-leafed lupin, Lupinus angustifolius, influences green peach aphid reproductive performance

Two viviparous parthenogenetic clones of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), one collected from Rydalmere, New South Wales (NSW), and the other from South Perth (SP), Western Australia, were reared on radish, Raphanus sativus L. cv. Scarlet Globe, under controlled conditions. The NSW clone was fed on simple artificial diets containing alkaloid extracted from narrow-leafed lupin, Lupinus angustifolius L. cv. Fest., and its reproductive performance monitored over 112 h. Forty (40) h into the experiment and thereafter, aphids on the control diet (sucrose solution) produced significantly more offspring (P<0.05) than those on diets containing alkaloid. In a separate experiment, apterae of each clone were caged on three lines (cv. Yorrel, cv. Danja and 84L:441) of narrow-leafed lupin, and allowed to reproduce. The first three offspring were retained, and all developed to 3rd or 4th instar stage. Two nymphs were removed, and the remaining nymph reared through. All three lines produced adults. The number of young produced were counted over 11 days. Fecundity of the SP clone was lower on line 84L:441, but there was no difference in the fecundity of the NSW clone. Phloem exudate and green tissue was concomitantly collected from all lines, and analysed by GC-MS for the alkaloids lupanine and 13-hydroxylupanine. Line 84L:441 contained the highest level of total alkaloids in both phloem and tissue. All experiments indicate that alkaloid level may suppress fecundity of green peach aphids.     

Gibberellin A20 in seed of Pisum sativum L., cv. Alaska

Summary The main gibberellin in immature seed of Pisum sativum L., cv. Alaska, is identified as GA₂₀ by GC-MS. GA₉ may also be present.     

番茄ACC合酶反义基因对河套蜜瓜的转化

河套蜜瓜（CucumismeloLcvHetau）的子叶经预培养。芽诱导和生根培养,获得再生小植株,诱导率达58％。取带有番茄ACC合酶反义基因的双元载体pMQ6／JM109与农杆菌（Agrobacteriumtumefaciens）LBA4404经三亲融合后,与在MS0上萌发5d、并在MS＋1mg／LNAA培养基上预培养3d的子叶共培养48h,然后转入含50mg／L卡那霉素的MS＋6mg／LZT的芽诱导培养基中,1l个月后诱导生芽,待芽长1．5－2cm时转入生根培养基中,1－2周后可诱导产生大量的根,形成完整的转基因小植株。经PCR和分子杂交检测证明,目的基因已整合入河套蜜瓜的基因组中。     

Sensitivity of different Lupinus species to calcium under a low phosphorus supply

To study mechanism underpinning the calcifuge habit of some Lupinus species, especially under low‐phosphorus (P) conditions, Lupinus species that were likely to respond differently to calcium (Ca) availability were assembled, and the sensitivity to Ca under a low‐P supply was assessed. Seven Lupinus species (9 genotypes, L. albus L. cv Kiev, L. albus L. P26766, L. angustifolius L. cv Mandelup, L. angustifolius L. P26723, L. luteus L. cv Pootalong, L. hispanicus ssp. bicolor Boiss. and Reut. P22999, L. pilosus Murr. P27440, L. cosentinii Guss. P27225, and L. atlanticus Gladst. P27219) were grown hydroponically at 10 or 6000 μM Ca. Leaf symptoms, gas exchange and biomass were recorded; leaf and root nutrient concentrations were analysed, and the leaf cell types in which Ca and P accumulated were determined using elemental X‐ray microanalyses. Calcium toxicity was demonstrated for L. angustifolius P26723, L. hispanicus ssp. bicolor. P22999, and L. cosentinii P27225, whereas the other species were tolerant of a high Ca supply under low‐P conditions. In addition, genotypic differences in Ca toxicity were found within L. angustifolius. Most Ca accumulated in the mesophyll cells in all species, whereas most P was located in epidermal cells.     

Transformation of Cucumis melo cv. Hetau with Tomato Antisense ACC Synthase Gene

An efficient in vitro plant regeneration system of Cucumis melo L. cv. Hetau was established. Regenerated plantlets were obtained from cotyledons after preculture, shoot inducing culture and root inducing culture. A high regeneration rate was achieved up to 58%. Cucumis melo was transformed with the antisense tomato ACC synthase gene in binary vector pMQ6 via Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated gene transfer. Kanamycin resistant plantlets were obtained on MS medium with 6 mg/L zeatin, 50 mg/L kanamycin and 650 mg/L cefotaximine. PCR and molecular hybridization analysis showed that tomato ACC synthase antisense cDNA was integreted into the genome of C. melo.     

绿巨人叶柄离体培养及植株再生

在MS基本培养基中添加不同植物生长调节剂(mg/L)对绿巨人无菌苗的叶柄进行离体培养,结果表明,MS+6-BA 1.0+NAA 2.0+2,4-D 1.0诱导效果最好,产生愈伤组织并分化出丛芽;MS+6-BA 2.0~3.0+NAA 0.2+0.2% PVP对芽的增殖效果好;附加0.2%PVP对防止褐变有一定效果;生根培养基选用1/2MS+NAA 0.1~0.5+IBA 1.0的组合。     

Callus induction and shoot regeneration of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaseolus lunatus</Emphasis> L. cv. Wonder Bush and cv. Pole Sieva

We report the first protocol for callus induction and shoot regeneration for Phaseolus lunatus L. cv. Wonder Bush and cv. Pole Sieva. We used different explants viz., epicotyls, cotyledons and hypocotyls. The medium used was MS basal medium with thidiazuron (0.5 mg l⁻¹) and IAA (0.05 mg l⁻¹) for the induction of callus followed by BAP (1.0 mg l⁻¹) for the induction of shoots. Epicotyl explants showed the fastest response and the highest percentage of shoot regeneration. This protocol opens new biotechnological strategies to transfer economically important genes to this important crop species.     

High-susceptibility of photosynthesis to photoinhibition in the tropical plant Ficus microcarpa L. f. cv. Golden Leaves

Background  

The tropical plant Ficus microcarpa L. f. cv. Golden Leaves (GL) is a high-light sensitive tropical fig tree in which sun-leaves are yellow and shade-leaves are green. We compared the response of photosynthetic activities to strong light between GL and its wild-type (WT, Ficus microcarpa L. f.).