INVESTIGATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE CORNIFIED EPITHELIUM OF THE HUMAN SKIN

To explore the submicroscopic structure of the human callus by the polarization optical method, serial sections were prepared in three principal planes and the sign of double refraction as well as optic axes of various regions of the sections was determined. It was concluded that in areas under the grooves keratin is oriented parallel to the surface plane of the callus and to the direction of the grooves. In component structures of ridge areas such as in sweat duct areas a circumferential, in cross-band areas a linear, and in other parts a random structure was seen. The cross-bands of ridge areas in association with groove areas revealed a regular lattice-like submicroscopic pattern which was considered as an important mechanical system of the cornified epithelium.     

庞泉沟保护区核心区植被景观类型特征研究

利用植被景观类型图,获得面积、周长、景观斑块的长、宽等信息,对庞泉沟保护区核心区的植被景观特征进行分析。结果表明,核心区景观及斑块分布具有明显的地带性;核心区景观多样性较小,均匀度较低。另外,本文尝试用长宽比、伸张度、圆环度和周长与长轴的比这四种指数对景观斑块的特征进行了分析。结果表明,这四种指数在景观特征分析中具有一定的生态学意义。     

THE EFFECT OF PLANT EXTRACTS ON THE GERMINATION OF THE CONIDIA OF VENTURIA INAEQUALIS

Of 1915 flowering plants 23 % gave extracts which completely inhibited the germination of the conidia of Venturia inaequalis under the experimental conditions used. The plants which gave active extracts are distributed throughout the Angiosperms, and there is no correlation with systematic position. The inhibitors were distributed generally in some plants and were localized in others, e.g. to the leaves.
Some extracts appeared merely to inhibit the germination of the conidia while others killed them.
Some inhibitors disappeared when the plants were dried, other dry material was still active when retested several months later.
Hedera Helix contains an inhibitor which is active when the extract is diluted 128 times.     

红条毛肤石鳖齿舌主侧齿中铁还原酶分布及与生物矿化的关系

以红条毛肤石鳖Acanthochiton rubrolineatus(Lischke)齿舌为材料,通过切片和酶组织化学技术,在光镜和电镜下对齿舌主侧齿的微结构及高铁还原酶的存在进行观察,从微观角度了解齿舌主侧齿齿尖的矿化机理。结果显示,成熟主侧齿由齿尖和齿基组成。齿尖结构由外至内分为三层,最外层为磁铁矿层,前后齿面磁铁矿层的厚度不等,后齿面约50μm,前齿面约5-10μm。向内依次为棕红色的纤铁矿层,厚约10μm,及略显黄色的有机基质层,有机基质层占据着齿尖内部的大部分结构。高分辨透射电镜下显示磁铁矿由条状四氧化三铁颗粒组成,长约2-3μm,宽约100-150nm。齿舌的矿化是一个连续过程,不同部段处于不同的矿化阶段,齿舌囊上皮细胞沿囊腔分布,并形成齿片。未矿化的新生主侧齿齿尖中存在由有机基质构成的网状结构。随矿化的进行,有机基质内出现矿物颗粒。初始矿化的齿尖外表面有一个细胞微突层,微突的另一端为囊上皮细胞,矿物质经由微突层达齿尖并沉积于有机基质中,齿尖随之矿化并成熟。初始矿化齿尖的外围有大量的三价铁化物颗粒,稍成熟的齿尖外围同时还出现二价铁化物。新生或初始矿化主侧齿齿尖外围的囊上皮细胞中有大量球形类似于铁蛋白聚集体的内容物,直径0.6-0.8μm,球体由膜包围。齿舌囊上皮组织中存在三价高铁还原酶,此酶分布于上皮细胞的膜表面,可能与齿尖表面磁铁矿的生成有一定的关系。       

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE HYPHAL WALLS OF THE FUNGUS ALLOMYCES

Aronson , Jerome M., and Leonard Machlis . (U. California, Berkeley.) The chemical composition of the hyphal walls of the fungus Allomyees. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(4): 292–300. Illus. 1959.—The hyphal walls of Allomyces macrogynus were isloated by both alkaline digestion methods and by sonic oscillation. Both types of preparations showed the walls to consist of chitin, glucan, and ash. In addition, the mechanically isolated walls contained a protein fraction, the properties and significance of which were not determined. Hemicellulose-type polysaccharides, pectic substances, ether soluble lipids, and constituents giving rise to 3–0-α-earboxyethyl hexosamine were not found to be present in the walls. The walls of plants grown for 60–70 hr. under the prescribed conditions contain approximately 60% chitin, 15% glucan, 10% ash, and 10% protein intimately associated with the walls. The percentage of wall material in a mycelium, as well as the percentage of chitin in the walls, increases with the chronological age of the mycelium. These percentages were not, however, affected by variations in the composition of the nutrient medium. The chitin in the walls could be hydrolyzed in the presence of chitinase; lysozyme, however, had no detectable effect on the walls.     

文昌鱼Sertoli细胞超微结构的进一步研究

用光镜和电镜技术观察厦门文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri Gray)精巢中Sertoli细胞在不同发育时期的细微结构后发现:精巢发育Ⅰ—Ⅱ期,Sertoli细胞贴近基底膜,与生殖细胞相间排列;Ⅲ—Ⅳ期时,逐渐向管腔方向移动;这种细胞在核的顶部及其周围胞质中,有丰富的粗面内质网、发育良好的高尔基复合体、大量溶酶体及糖元颗粒,并可见精细胞附着在Sertoli细胞的胞质中。据此,我们认为Sertoli细胞具有营养、吞噬和释放精子的功能。本文旨在为研究这种细胞的内分泌功能提供有价值的依据。     

THE SEA-BIRDS OF THE SOUTHEAST COAST OF ARABIA

The present study of an upwelling area off the southeast coast of Arabia, between 52° and 60° E. is based primarily on observations on board the R.R.S, `Discovery’ during the International Indian Ocean Expedition. During oceanographic surveys off the Arabian coast from June to August 1963 and in early March and late May 1964 I made 234 counts of birds of about an hour each, the results of which have been used as an index of bird density. In this area, the only offshore islands known to be important to sea-birds are the Kuria Muria Islands, which were apparently at the centre of an upwelling area. The upwelling of cold water along the Arabian coast during the southwest monsoon from May to September greatly increases organic production in the sea, and large populations of organisms at every level of the food chain develop there. Previous work in Arabia and the Arabian Sea is reviewed. Little is recorded about the ecology of sea-birds there, but the composition of the fauna is quite well-known. The distribution of every sea-bird species recorded from 52° E. to 60° E., and within 200 miles offshore, is described, with particular reference to my own observations. Details are given of the distribution of common species during the southwest monsoon of mid-June-mid-August 1963 and in March and May 1964. Specimens collected on the `Discovery’ are recorded together with their measurements. Of 12 sea-bird species seen commonly off Arabia during the southwest monsoon in 1963, 11 were seen in late May 1964, but only five in March. There is certain evidence that two species have bred on the Kuria Muria Islands and suggestive evidence for a further three. Information on breeding seasons in the Arabian Sea is based on short visits to breeding colonies, mostly outside the breeding season, and on the plumage condition of specimens. Nevertheless, the sum of the evidence suggests that breeding is regular at the same time every year, and in most species seems to be in the northern summer. The food of sea-birds in the Arabian Sea, determined from stomach contents and visual observation, only serves to stress the lack of knowledge on this subject. A brief summary of feeding methods recorded by me suggests that they may be important in avoiding interspecific competition, for there seems to be little overlap. The density of sea-birds during the southwest monsoon 1963, expressed as the number of each species seen per hour, was analysed in relation to: (i) the sea surface temperature, which was inversely correlated with the zooplankton density from 0–200 m. (ii) the distance from the Kuria Muria Islands, the only likely breeding station; (iii) the distance from the nearest land which may have been important to land-tied sea-birds. All the abundant species were commonest close to land in the cool-water area and, with the exception of migrants from the southern hemisphere, most were concentrated around the Kuria Muria Islands in the centre of upwelling. A multiple analysis suggested that the islands were of real importance to some species. A separate analysis also demonstrated the existence of a correlation between sea-bird numbers and the abundance of zooplankton from 0–200 m. depth, but not the abundance of zooplankton at the sea surface. During the southwest monsoon the southeast Arabian coast is inhabited by a distinctive cool-water fauna within the tropical zone of the Indian Ocean. The high degree of endemism, the high proportion of migrants, including some from the southern hemisphere, and the absence of most pantropical species, suggest that the marked changes in the environment off southeast Arabia demand considerable adaptation. A brief discussion of the possible origins of the Arabian coast sea-bird fauna shows that it is not typical of either a subtropical or a tropical community in other regions. The likelihood that sea-birds breed in the summer, the concentration of most species in the upwelling area at that time and their absence during the winter, clearly demonstrates the importance of the upwelling. However, the results of the analysis suggest that some species were concentrated around the Kuria Muria Islands in the centre of the upwelling because the islands had a real importance to them, possibly as a breeding station. The correlation between sea-bird density and zooplankton abundance in the top 200 m., but not at the surface, may be explained if sea-birds concentrate in areas of high productivity rather than in areas of abundant surface plankton, which is largely irrelevant as food.     

THE LOCATION OF ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE IN THE STRIATED MUSCLE OF THE TOAD

The location of tritiated adenine nucleotide was studied by autoradiography in toad muscle which had been fixed in an acetic acid/ethanol mixture, with lead acetate present to act as the nucleotide precipitant. The muscles were embedded in Araldite. The autoradiographs were examined in both the light microscope and the electron microscope. In confirmation of earlier work, it was found that at least 50 per cent of the adenine nucleotide is concentrated in the I band, near the A-I boundary, and evidence is now available to suggest that this fraction is located in the interfibrillar spaces rather than in the substance of the fibrils. Electron micrographs of unstained sections failed to show any structural features at the site in question, though the triads were made visible by the lead. However, when sections were stained with an alkaline solution containing lead, or with uranyl acetate, "vesicles" were revealed at the appropriate site and it is thought that these may be elements of a transverse network (reticulum) of tubules containing the adenine nucleotide. The location of phosphocreatine could not be investigated because this substance was lost from the muscle during the preparative procedure.     

THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE ENAMEL IN THE GIANT PANDA OF PLEISTOCENE

<正> Enamel ultrastructures in the molar teeth of the giant panda, including Ailuropoda microta of the Early Pleistocene, Ailuropoda melanoleuca bacont of the Middle and Late Pleistocene and a living form, Ailuropoda rnelanoleuca, have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Transverse and longitudinal sections of enamel were made in order co evaluate shape, size and arrangement of the prisms. The sections were etched then with 0.074 M H_3PO_4 for 30-60 sec. Our investigations have shown certain features of the enamel which allow us to recognize differences among Ailuropoda on the basis of examination of large areas of the enamel. The results are summarized below.     

氟安定对家兔结合臂旁核区呼吸性单位放电的影响

在36只麻醉、麻痹、切断双侧颈迷走神经及人工呼吸的家兔上,用五管微电极记录结合臂旁核区细胞外放电并微电泳药物离子。在47个吸气性单位(IUs)、18个呼气性单位(EUs)、12个吸-呼跨根性单位(I-EUs)、11个呼-吸跨相性单位(E-IUs)和71个非呼吸性单位(NR-Us)中,微电泳氟安定(Flu)引起阻遏的单位分别占55.3％、94.4％、91.7％、18.1％和60.6％。经统计:Flu抑制IUs和EUs的百分率与抑制I-EUs和E-IUs的百分率有显著差别。GABA-A受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹碱不能阻断Flu对IUs和EUs的阻遏作用,但能阻断Flu对NRUs的抑制作用,阻断率为60％。在20个IUs中,ACh引起兴奋效应的占75％,未见有阻遏效应的;ACh对其它类型呼吸性单位(RUs)则有不同的效应。ACh不能对抗Flu的阻遏效应。ACh对NRUs主要呈兴奋效应。以上结果表明:Flu对结合臂旁核区RUs和NRUs主要起抑制作用,其中抑制EUs和I-EUs的作用较大;而且,Flu抑制RUs和NRUs的递质机制有差异,抑制NRUs可能主要通过内源性GABA系统,而抑制RUs的机制则不提示有该系统参与。ACh对IUs和NRUs主要起兴奋作用。     

三峡库区甘井河水域牧场浮游植物群落结构及水质评价

为了解三峡库区的忠县甘井河段水域牧场生态渔业对水环境的影响, 于2013 年3、6、9 及12 月按季度对该河段4 个站点进行了浮游植物群落结构及水体理化因子的监测, 并采用生物多样性指数法和综合营养状态指数法对水体营养状况进行了评价。结果表明, 该河段浮游植物有7 门93 个属种, 其中绿藻门的物种数最多, 有37 种, 占浮游植物群落总数的39.79%, 其次为硅藻门和蓝藻门, 物种数分别为26 种和13 种,分别占浮游植物群落总数的27.96%和13.98%;浮游植物的年均丰度为757.67104 ind./L, 变化范围(3.065743.99)104 ind./L, 年均生物量为4.40 mg/L, 变化范围0.0317.67 mg/L;水体的年平均透明度为1.18 m, 叶绿素a、总磷、总氮含量分别为8.54 g/L、0.13 mg/L、1.95 mg/L;浮游植物香农多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(J)年均值分别为2.90 和0.88, 全年综合营养状态指数值为37.5971.86, 由此推断, 甘井河水质属于中污染轻污染状态、中营养型富营养型。在鱼类生长旺季的6 月, 甘井河段养殖区内的水质优于非养殖区, 这可能与养殖区内放养滤食性鱼类有关, 证实了水域牧场没有带来水环境的污染, 反而能提高生物多样性, 在一定程度上改善了水体。       

蝽类昆虫在地球生命中的主干种演化历程

以支系和进化主干的视角看待某一类群的系统发育地位更有利于将前进进化与分支进化的认识相结合.关于蝽类昆虫在生命树中的支系位置,近年来积累的证据已经在对于若干节点的认识上有了新的观点.随着现生类群生命树的构建以及化石类群与现生类群系统发育关系的整合,每个支系所经过的系统发育历程将逐渐变得清晰,并对相关的个体发育研究具有一定参考价值.本文致力于将近10年来的各种主流意见更迭完整地体现在对于蝽类昆虫支系地位的认识上.     

ABSTRACTS OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 31st ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF THE SOCIETY

Zingiber officinale (ginger) has been shown to be a rich source of antioxidants. Previous studies have shown that cryptorchidism causes oxidative stress. However, the possible effect of ginger in ameliorating cryptorchidism-induced oxidative stress in rat has not been investigated. The present study therefore looked into the effect of ethanol extract of ginger (EEG) on the oxidative stress in experimentally induced cryptorchidism in the rat. Twenty four (24) male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 170g-210g were divided into three (3) groups (A-C), of eight (8) rats each. Group A was sham-operated and treated with vehicle, Groups B and C were rendered cryptorchid treated with vehicle and EEG respectively. Cryptorchid rats had significantly lower testicular weight, sperm count, sperm motility, lower percentage sperms with normal morphology, superoxide dismutase (SOD),..     

急性高山反应判别式与判别图的建立及应用

为探讨急性高山反应的生理学评价方法,以12名男性青年为受试对象,每人参加三次低压舱实验(模拟海拔高度为5000m),进行症状学调查的同时,测量f、V_E、P_AO_2、PaO_2、AaDO_2、P_ACO_2、PaCO_2和pH_a。结果表明,急性高山反应重者,PaO_2较低,AaDO_2较高,反应轻者,PaO_2较高,A_aDO_2较低。在此基础上,到青藏高原(海拔4700m)对52名受试者进行症状学调查的同时,测量PaO_2和AaDO_2,其结果同上。可见,急性高山反应程度与PaO_2和AaDO_2大小有密切关系。因此,我们用PaO_2和AaDO_2作为评价指标,并建立了判别式和判别图。为验证该判别式和判别图的准确性和实用性,又到青藏高原(海拔4700m)观察174名男性青年,用症状学和判别式两种方法评价急性高山反应,两种方法判定结果的总吻合率达89.0％。     

诺氟沙星壳聚糖微胶囊缓释作用研究

利用冷冻干燥法制备了诺氟沙星-壳聚糖微囊制剂,并比较了诺氟沙星-壳聚糖微囊制剂与诺氟沙星原料药在草鱼组织中代谢动力学的差异性。结果表明,同诺氟沙星原料药相比,壳聚糖包埋对诺氟沙星在草鱼血浆中的吸收、代谢速率明显延缓,生物利用度明显增加。壳聚糖包埋条件下T1/2 ka为单纯口灌诺氟沙星的8倍,达峰时间平均延长2倍有余,T1/2和T1/2也明显延长,消除率（CLs）是单纯口灌的1/2;5倍壳聚糖包埋条件下诺氟沙星在草鱼血浆中的吸收速度比10倍包埋条件下稍快,达峰时间短,消除速度明显加快,但分布半衰期和曲线下面积（AUC）大小二者比较接近。实验中诺氟沙星-壳聚糖微囊制剂同诺氟沙星原料药在草鱼体内代谢动力学差异表明壳聚糖包埋对诺氟沙星药效的释放及鱼体对药物的吸收代谢都具有明显的延缓效果,因此在实际的生产活动中可用壳聚糖作为缓释剂延长药效、延缓药物在养殖动物体内的吸收代谢,提高生物利用率,达到更好的预防和治疗效果。       

诱导外激素对小鼠动情周期的效应

各种环境刺激是通过机体调节动物繁殖的重要因素。近来研究逐步揭示了化学信息在鼠类繁殖中的刺激作用(范志勤,1981;Bronson,1971;Parkes et al.1961;Whitten,1966)。一般将哺乳动物的化学信息分为信号外激素和诱导外激素。前者指经短时间的刺激,经由中枢神经系统,引起受纳动物直接的行为反应的一类外激素;后者通过神经一激素的调节诱导感受动物产生相对持久的生理状况和机能的变化。信号外激素的特点是作用时间短、行为变化快,反应可逆,即在刺激消失后,行为反应亦形消失。那么诱导外激素则表现     

生境破碎化对黑白仰鼻猴种群数量的影响

从1999年4月至2002年6月间,对黑白仰鼻猴种群的分布和生境状况进行了调查。与十年前的调查结果相比,本次调查新发现了4个猴群,但有5个以前存在的猴群已经消失,现存种群数量为13个猴群,总体数量约为1200─1700只。从西藏的芒康到云龙的龙马山,随着海拔的降低,猴群可利用的植被类型也随之多样化。但由于砍伐、放牧、开矿等因素的影响,猴群的适宜生境破碎化程度较高,连接猴群的生境走廊状况通常较差,多数猴群孤立分布,并且存在小种群问题,生境走廊的维护和恢复已成为该物种保护成功与否的关键。种群的总体数量下降了32%,其中4个猴群数量下降,4个猴群持平,1个猴群有所增长,5个猴群消失,这不容乐观的状况给我们的保护工作敲响了警钟。     

RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE STEM CELL IN THE THYMUS OF THE IRRADIATED RAT

Radioautographic evidence is presented which characterizes the marrow derived stem cell which promotes thymic recovery following irradiation in the rat. These immigrant cells are similar in morphology to blood monocytes and have been called monocytoid, meaning monocyte-like in appearance. The typical cell had abundant pale staining cytoplasm and a nucleus with many invaginations and folds and a fine chromatin structure. There was no prominent nucleolus. The majority of these cells entered the thymus of the irradiated rat via the blood vessels into the septa and made their way through the connective tissue to the outer cortex. Three distinct morphological cell types appeared to be derived from the immigrant cells. These were fibrocyte-like cells which were located within the septa, macrophages located mainly within the medulla and septa, and large blast cells within the cortex, which proliferated giving rise to large thymocytes. The blast cells were characterized as having abundant moderately basophilic (and pyroninophilic) cytoplasm with a distinct cytoplasmic boundary, a large nucleus which still had invaginations and folds, a loose chromatin structure and one or more very prominent nucleoli. They were located in groups primarily within the outer cortex and often adjacent to blood vessels. They were found to be highly susceptible to damage in smear preparations. In contrast, their progeny, the large thymocytes were not highly susceptible to damage in smear preparations but teased out as large round cells with a highly basophilic rim of cytoplasm. The large thymocytes were precursors to medium and small cells. A radioautographic technique for 1 μ tissue sections is also described.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPARATIVE METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE MOTH-PROOFNESS OF WOOL SERGE

Existing test methods for the moth-proofness of wool were compared in inter-laboratory experiments and found to be lacking in accuracy and agreement between laboratories.
Several factors influencing the usefulness of such a test method were investigated, and it was found that a considerable gain in accuracy could be reached if weight loss due to larval attack on test samples was referred to weight loss obtained with a standard wool serge impregnated with a standard moth-proofing substance. Apart from this principle, improvements in the general testing procedure, including the number of test samples and test animals used, the definition of weight loss and the introduction of strict randomization procedures proved to be valuable.
As a provisional reference standard, wool serge impregnated with dinitro-α-naphthol was adopted. A tolerance level for the moth-proofness of wool serge was laid down.     

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE UPON SOME OF THE PROPERTIES OF CASEIN

1. The investigations dealing with the properties of casein as an acid were reviewed. 2. The solubility of uncombined casein in water was measured at 5°C. and found to be 0.70±0.1 mg. of N per 100 gm. of water. 3. Robertson''s solubility measurements of casein in bases at various temperatures were recalculated and found to agree well with more recent measurements. 4. By combining the observations of several investigators, as well as the author''s measurements of the solubility of casein, in base, at various temperatures, the following conclusions were reached: (a) The solubility of casein in base is affected by the temperature in a discontinuous manner. (b) There exist two ranges of temperature, one, extending from about 21° to 37°C. and the other from about 60° to 85°C. where the solubility of casein in base is practically independent of temperature. (c) From 37° to 60° the equivalent combining weight of casein rises from the value 2100 to about 3700 gm. 5. By comparing the values of base bound by 1 gm. of casein at the two temperature ranges with a constant, the value of base necessary to saturate the same amount of casein, it was found that the latter value is a common multiple of the former values, indicating the stoichiometric nature of the effect of temperature.