从恢复生态学视角透析防护林衰退及其防治对策：以章古台地区樟子松林为例

针对防护林衰退问题,以章古台樟子松固沙林为案例,应用生态演替、干扰、种群密度等关键性恢复生态学理论和原则,对防护林在决策层面的设计要素的科学性及其与衰退的关系进行了分析和评价,认为大面积造林与地带性顶极的不吻合（即偏离生态学原则）,使防护林建设的目标、步骤、树种的组成和密度等出现了偏颇,成为防护林衰退的最深层次的原因,疏于管理和粗放经营以及频频发生的自然和人为干扰也是致衰的重要因素;据此提出深化对受损生态系统的认识、强化物质和能量的投入、建立干扰的防控体系等对策.文中还就人工植被建设目标与生态演替顶极类型的判别,以及偏途顶极在人工植被建设中的应用问题进行了讨论,一并作为对策以供参考.     

演替理论与植被恢复

《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》提出要高质量保护和恢复各30%的土地,最大化地实现保护生物多样性和缓解气候变化的目标,而演替理论和植被恢复可以为实现30%的保护和恢复目标服务。演替理论是植被生态学中的核心理论,演替是指在一个地点上由一群不同物种组成的生命体的结构或组成随时间而变化的过程; 植被恢复是以植物种植、配置为主,恢复或重建植物群落或天然更新恢复植物群落的过程,植被恢复是生态系统结构和功能从简单到复杂、从低级向高级变化的过程,最终目的是建立健康稳定的植物群落。演替是植被恢复的基础,植被恢复被视为对演替过程的操纵,以达到恢复受损植被生态系统的目标。演替理论可以指导植被恢复,而植被恢复对演替理论的发展有益。演替按裸地性质可以分为原生演替和次生演替,有研究建议将恢复过程视为第三演替,这将有助于理解通过人为干预促进植被恢复成功的管理选择,特别是通过强调退化生态系统中的环境和生物遗存的管理选择。此外,该文还提出了植被恢复理论和演替理论未来可能重点关注的科学和技术问题。     

植被生态系统恢复及其在华南的研究进展

介绍了恢复生态学常用的理论,并指出恢复生态学研究大多涉及植被生态系统恢复。植被恢复的目标就是要恢复植被的合理结构、功能和动态过程,从而为人类提供生态系统服务。植被恢复可以把区域的地带性植被生态系统作为参考生态系统,但目前的植被恢复工作绝大部分只是恢复了植被生态系统的部分组成、结构和功能。植被生态系统恢复研究主要从退化的原因与过程、恢复的过程与机理,以及从生境恢复、种群恢复、群落恢复、生态系统和景观恢复等不同尺度上的恢复开展。在介绍华南地区的植被生态系统现存问题的基础上,对华南地区开展的植被生态系统恢复,尤其是华南植物研究所(园)开展的植被生态系统恢复研究进行了介绍。最后,提出了华南地区植被生态系统恢复的方向及发展趋势。     

1992—2018年内蒙古自治区植被动态演替特征及驱动力

人类的建设与破坏活动是植被动态变化的重要根源之一,利用遥感探究植被演替的量化监测过程及驱动力能够很好揭示人类活动对生态本底的影响。本研究利用欧洲航天局逐年土地覆被数据及地理学信息图谱方法,从植被型组、植被型尺度分析1992—2018年内蒙古自治区植被动态演替方向、演替速度及演替序列,明晰植被演替特征并量化其演替驱动力。结果表明: 研究期间,内蒙古自治区植被数量结构为“植增荒减”,具体年增长速率依次为耕地(353.10 km²)>草原(243.92 km²)>森林(-16.22 km²)>灌丛(-120.37 km²)>荒漠(-556.31 km²),并且空间相邻分布的草原、荒漠、灌丛三者的面积变化存在权衡关系。植被演替空间呈“绿进沙退”格局,演替热点集中于西辽河平原、内蒙古中部荒漠-草原交界处及黄河沿岸;植被演替序列结构复杂,进展、逆行演替相互交错,不同群落演替流量的截流率差距突出,其中,植被型组草原、灌丛与植被型草地、雨养农田群落在演替过程中截获最多演替流量。植被动态演替的核心驱动力为农牧业生产、经济发展水平、人口规模、生态工程、气候变化。作为“植物群落学-景观生态学”的实例研究,本研究结果可为植被格局优化、演替等级提升等生态措施实施空间的划定提供科学依据。     

黄土高原林草植被建设的地带性特征

 针对黄土高原现有人工林草植被存在的主要问题,依据天然植被地带性分布规律和实测资料,分析了以水分为主的生态条件及林草植被对水分利用的地带性特征,提出了黄土高原林草植被建设的群落学原理和关键技术。即：依据植被地带分布规律指导人工林草植被建设;选择地带性植被优势种作为主要造林种草的植物种;模拟天然植被结构实行乔灌草复层混交是快速建造稳定植被的科学途径。根据一些“适地适树”树种并不能正常成林的现象,提出造林应强调“适地适林”的原则,同时给出适宜黄土高原不同植被地带林草植被建设的主要树草种和伴生种或四旁绿化树种。     

生态退耕与植被演替的时空格局

综述了多重尺度上生态退耕的时空格局及其对植被演替时空变异影响的研究进展,提出了生态退耕与植被演替的时空格局研究方向.在自然和人文等因子的驱动下,全球兴起了生态退耕的热潮,生态退耕类型正在由人工恢复为主向自然弃耕为主发展.尽管国内外很多学者开始关注不同尺度上生态退耕的时空格局及其影响因子,但是生态退耕的时空变异性研究仍然比较薄弱,尤其缺乏多重尺度上生态退耕时空格局及其驱动因子的综合研究,在很大程度上限制了研究结果外推.研究表明,受到多因子的综合影响,生态退耕后植被演替呈现出复杂多样的时空变化特征;退耕植被演替研究从植物群落结构特征分析为主向群落功能分析发展,从传统的演替过程规律分析转向退耕植被演替的时空变异性分析;相对来说,生态退耕后植被演替的时空分异、影响因子和机制方面的研究比较薄弱.加强多重尺度上生态退耕时空格局与植被演替时空变异的综合研究是将来的研究重点.     

基于地学信息图谱的重庆岩溶石漠化植被恢复演替研究

重庆岩溶石漠化区的植被恢复演替动态变化研究对于该地区的石漠化治理和生态恢复具有十分重要的指导意义。而多时相的遥感数据和地学图谱分析法为植被恢复的研究提供了一种动态性和综合性的研究方法。以重庆市中梁山的典型植被恢复区为例,在基于1996、2001、2007和2013年4期遥感影像解译分类的基础上,采用"空间代替时间"的生态学植被演替研究方法,建立重庆市中梁山区退耕还林前后的植被恢复演替图谱,并结合地学图谱的相关分析方法,得到该区的植被恢复演替动态格局演变规律,体现了空间信息科学技术、生态学方法和地学信息图谱分析法在植被恢复演替研究中的有效结合。结果表明:(1)运用BP神经网络和BP算法进行分类,分类精度达到87.42%,比传统监督分类提高了5.57%。(2)自2002年全国范围内的"退耕还林(草)"工程全面启动后,该区域植被恢复演变特征明显,耕地面积明显减少而植被面积明显增加。(3)从2001—2013年,植被演替在该时期内依然存在着进展演替和逆向演替两个方向。虽然逆向演替比例仅占到18.63%,但它却使该区的演替研究变得复杂。(4)质心反映了各植被类型在恢复演替过程中的聚散与迁移,1996—2013年,马尾松群落和落叶阔叶林群落的质心变化较小,其他植被群落的质心都有很明显的变化。     

黄土高原流域水沙变化研究进展

人类活动和气候变化是影响流域水文过程的两大驱动因素,径流输沙是流域水文过程的总体反映,变化环境下径流输沙的变化规律与成因分析是水文学和全球变化研究的热点问题。黄土高原是我国水土流失最严重的地区。20世纪50年代以来,黄土高原地区开展了大规模的生态环境建设和水土流失综合治理,显著改变了流域土地利用和植被覆盖。下垫面条件改变与气候变化综合作用,使得流域水沙情势发生剧变。围绕黄土高原流域水沙变化的时空尺度特征与驱动机制,总结了径流输沙和水沙关系变化特征的研究结果,归纳了径流输沙变化的归因分析方法与人类活动和气候变化影响的贡献分割结果,探讨了气候变化、植被恢复、水土保持工程措施以及流域景观格局对水沙变化的影响机制。未来应加强流域水沙演变的时空尺度特征特别是水沙关系非线性特征的定量研究,阐明极端事件对水沙动态的影响与贡献;开展水沙变化影响机制的多要素综合解析,发展耦合地表覆被动态特征和气候变化的降雨-径流-输沙模型,揭示生态恢复与水沙演变过程互馈机制;开展未来气候变化、社会经济发展和生态建设工程情景下水沙动态的趋势预测,为黄土高原生态综合治理和水资源管理与黄河水沙调控提供策略建议。     

气候变化对森林演替的影响

森林演替是森林生态动力源驱动下森林再生的生态学过程,自20世纪初建立群落演替理论以来,演替研究成为生态学研究中的热点．客观准确地认识森林演替规律,研究森林演替动力学机理及其模型,是科学管理森林生态系统的需要;对于天然林保护工程与森林植被的恢复重建,具有重要的理论与实际意义．干扰是森林循环的驱动力,导致森林生态系统时空异质性,是更新格局和生态学过程的主要影响因素．它可改变资源的有效性,干扰导致的林隙是森林循环的起点．回顾了目前演替研究的几种方法,即马尔科夫模型、林窗模型(GAP)、陆地生物圈模型(BIOME)和非线性演替模式．介绍了气候变化对森林演替的影响;并在已有成果的基础上,提出了目前研究存在的问题及未来的发展方向．     

黄土高原植被建设与土壤干燥化:问题与展望

黄土高原大规模植被建设有效减少了水土流失、改善了区域生态环境,大规模人工植被种植也造成了土壤水分的过度消耗,导致了土壤干燥化,成为当前黄土高原生态恢复的重要制约因素,威胁区域生态系统健康与稳定。系统综述了黄土高原地区人工植被恢复对土壤干燥化的作用机制,植被群落特征与土壤干燥化的耦合关系,多尺度土壤干燥化时空分异规律及其影响因素,明确了当前大规模人工植被恢复过程中土壤水分持续利用面临的问题与挑战。建议今后加强植被动态对水文过程影响的研究,明确多尺度植被格局与土壤干燥化时空分异的耦合关系,系统开展变化环境下不同尺度植被与土壤水分相互作用的模拟研究,探讨基于植被格局优化的土壤水分调控机制,维护黄土高原地区土壤安全,提升区域生态系统服务功能。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

---

Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418