固相反硝化技术同时去除地下水中的硝酸盐与农药进展

概述了固相反硝化技术及其特点,综述了固相反硝化技术在去除地下水中硝酸盐与农药的研究现状,分析了反应机理及当前研究中存在的问题,并在此基础上对固相反硝化的未来核心研究方向进行了展望。     

斑马鱼的质量标准化

斑马鱼在人类发育学研究、疾病动物模型以及生命科学多领域中扮演着越来越重要的角色。作为新兴的实验动物资源,标准化已经成为斑马鱼使用中亟待解决的技术瓶颈和研究发展的必然趋势。本文综述了斑马鱼的研究历史,生物学特性以及质量标准化的研究现状,并对斑马鱼作为实验动物在标准化研究过程中面临的主要问题做了探讨,以期为斑马鱼实验动物资源标准化研究提供有益的参考。     

药物临床前研究与转化医学——实验动物的应用与动物实验

本文讨论了药物临床前研究与实验动物和动物模型之间的关系,探讨了实验动物和动物模型在新药研发过程中实现转化研究的要求和条件.讨论了实验动物质量对新药研发的影响,分析了实验动物质量的影响因素;讨论了实验动物模型的主要类型和特点,分析了进行实验动物模型研究的要点和要求;分析了动物模型与新药研发过程中实现转化研究的条件,提出加强转化研究需要实验动物和动物模型研究的支撑.     

生物工程信源

本书系生物工程科研及管理人员的有价值的工具书。书中提供了生物工程研究中各方面的工具书。书中提供了生物工程研究中各方面的信息来源,包括书、期刊、文摘、综合评论和计算机数据的来源     

植物中多氯联苯的来源、分布及代谢研究进展

研究植物中多氯联苯（PCBs）的来源、分布和代谢特点,可以更好地发挥植物在PCBs环境监测中的被动采样平台作用,丰富植物修复PCBs污染的基础理论。对植物中PCBs的来源途径方面的已有研究进行了总结,阐述了植物吸收PCBs的机制及影响因素,论述了植物不同部位中PCBs的分配特点,概括了PCBs的代谢机理和应用的研究现状,最后指出了目前存在的问题和未来的研究方向。     

链形藻类的中国新记录属—中眼藻属

中眼藻属(Mesostigma)被认为是与高等植物亲缘关系最近的单细胞鞭毛藻类, 是研究高等植物起源的关键类群之一。已有研究表明中眼藻主要分布于静止的淡水水体中, 诸如池塘、水库和小型湖泊等, 然而中国至今仍未有该藻的报道。本研究在重庆合川和福建九龙江采集到2株单细胞鞭毛藻类, 对其进行形态观察并基于18S rDNA序列进行了系统发育分析。研究结果表明这2株藻为中眼藻属的绿色中眼藻(Mesostigma viride)。此外, 研究从三峡库区的环境DNA中也鉴定出中眼藻的存在, 且主要出现在秋季, 说明秋季可能是在中国内陆采集中眼藻的最佳季节。研究是中眼藻属在中国的首次报道, 为今后的中眼藻相关研究奠定了基础。     

混沌与生物系统的研究

介绍了混沌理论的基本思想,研究方法,评述了混沌在生物系统研究中意义,讨论了目前研究中存在的问题和发展的方向。     

植物分子生态学进展(Ⅱ)——地理系统学、外来种、遗传保护及其它

从地理系统学、外来种、遗传保护、研究中的污染问题四个方面介绍了当前植物分子生态学的研究内容。分子标记在地理系统学的研究中有助于了解上一个冰期中物种避难地和冰期后的物种迁移路径 ;对于外来种 ,主要讨论了其通过杂交和渐渗杂交的方式适应新的环境 ;关于遗传保护 ,本文从四个方面强调了其重要性 ;除此之外 ,还介绍了分子生态学研究中不易察觉的污染问题并提示了转基因植物的生态影响。     

DNA序列在蕨类分子系统学研究中的应用

在分子系统学研究中,目的基因或者基因片段的选择是最关键的一步,由于进化速率的差异,不同的DNA序列适用于不同分类阶元的系统发育研究.本文综述了目前蕨类分子系统发育研究中常用的DNA序列分析,它们分别来自叶绿体基因组、核基因组和线粒体基因组,着重阐明叶绿体基因在蕨类分子系统学研究中的应用.本文还简要介绍了分子系统学研究中常见的问题及解决方法(如内类群和外类群的选择.适宜DNA片段的选择策略),总结了目前蕨类植物分子系统学研究所取得的进展和研究现状,展望了当今国际蕨类分子系统学的研究趋势.     

生物技术在中国药用植物研究中的应用

中国药用植物研究中运用到很多技术,但其中生物技术发挥了主要的功能,其在中药的现代化发展过程中也提供了重要的机遇。因此结合生物技术在中国药用植物研究中的应用,提出该领域的研究重点,并结合分析了其应用前景。     

Shifts in the psychophysical function in rats

The primary goal was to compare results from a free-operant procedure with pigeons [Machado, A., Guilhardi, P., 2000. Shifts in the psychometric function and their implications for models of timing. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 74, 25-54, Experiment 2] with new results obtained with rats. The secondary goal was to compare the results of both experiments with dependent variables that were not used in the original publication. As in the original study with pigeons, rats were trained on a two-alternative free-operant psychophysical procedure in which left lever press responses were reinforced during the first and second quarters of a 60-s trial, and right lever press responses were reinforced during the third and fourth quarters of the trial. The quarters were reinforced according to four independent variable interval (VI) schedules of reinforcement. The VI duration was manipulated in each quarter, and shifts in the psychophysical functions that relate response rate with time since trial onset were measured. The results obtained with rats were consistent with those previously obtained with pigeons. In addition, results not originally reported were also consistent between rats and pigeons, and provided insights into the perception, memory, and decision processes in Scalar Expectancy Theory and Learning-to-Time Theory.     

湖南小溪自然保护区树附生苔藓植物研究

采用水平拉线法调查了小溪国家级自然保护区中树附生苔藓植物的种类,并对其进行了地理成分的分析.研究结果表明:该地区附生苔藓植物共18科26属共43种,其中苔类植物6科6属6种,藓类植物12科20属37种;树附生苔藓植物区系成分以东亚成分为主,其次为热带亚洲成分,再次为旧世界温带成分及温带亚洲成分.     

长白山高山苔原带蛾类物种组成及其时间动态

长白山高山苔原带环境条件恶劣,通过对高山苔原带蛾类研究,揭示蛾类物种组成以及时间变化,可为研究蛾类对苔原极端生境的适应能力,以及蛾类在维持苔原带生态平衡中的作用提供依据。2005-2007年和2019年,每年的6、7、8月,在长白山高山苔原带利用灯诱采集蛾类标本,分析蛾类的物种组成以及时间动态。共采集蛾类1585头,隶属于13科126种,夜蛾科（Noctuidae）为优势类群,绿组夜蛾（Anaplectoides prasina）和一色兜夜蛾（Cosmia unicolor）为优势种,稀有种较多。蛾类的种-多度分布接近生态位优先假说。7月份蛾类的物种数、个体数最多,丰富度指数、多样性指数都最高,但均匀度指数却最低。不同种类对时间的反应表现出一定的差异,黄绿组夜蛾（Anaplectoides virens）对8月,厉切夜蛾（Euxoa lidia）对6月的适应力相对较强。各物种的顺序日期存在一定的差异性,只有10种蛾类在3个月份都被采集到。研究表明,长白山高山苔原带蛾类的多样性较低,成虫活跃期较短;不同类群的蛾类在苔原环境中显示出差异化的适应性,夜蛾科的适应能力超过其它类群,尺蛾科（Geometridae）的适应性相对较低,蛾类对时间的变化反应比较敏感。     

Changes in lipid profiles in the developing haustorium of oil palm seeds

Germinated oil palm seeds were placed in special trays in the field and at different intervals the haustoria were harvested. Changes in haustorial lipids were followed until the eighth week after germination. The moisture content decreased while the lipids increased. The haustorial fatty acid profile was similar to that of the palm kernel. Changes in fatty acid composition at different weeks after germination were observed. The major haustorial lipids were triacylglycerols; free fatty acids and diacylglycerols were also present     

海岸带复合农林业系统植物种群光环境特征研究

本文对三种银杏-农作物复合模式下植物种群对光合有效辐射的削弱和截获进行了模型化分析,并探讨了不同模式下光照强度的时空分布规律。结果表明:银杏果用-叶用-豆类作物复合模式具有最好的复合光效益,光能截获率可达92%;PAR在植冠层的削弱遵循Beer-Lambert定律;植物种群的叶面积、地上部分生物量、光吸收的关系可以用Y=ax^b数学模型描述。同时,果用、材用银杏冠层有较大的透光性和光强变异系数,可以作为银杏-农作物初期经营的上层树种,但要注意冠形的调控;光强的时间变化受冠层条件和太阳高度角的双重影响。     

Geographic variation in plasticity in Eristalis arbustorum

To study the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in the field, six populations of the hoverfly Eristalis arbustorum were sampled along two parallel North-South transects over a maximum daily temperature gradient. Three populations were sampled per transect. Egg batches were collected and the offspring were reared in a split family set up over three different pupal temperature regimes in the laboratory to produce population reaction norms of colour pattern, pupal development time, wing length and thorax length. Wing length and colour pattern were corrected for body size. All four characters showed plasticity in response to rearing temperature and significant differences in height, slope and shape of the reaction norms were found. Only male colour pattern showed variation in reaction norms along the North-South gradient. Most other characters showed variation in reaction norms from West to East. The two populations lying in the middle of the transects were frequendy different from the others. Within the populations, significant genotype-environment interactions were frequently found for wing length and colour pattern, indicating that genetic variation for plasticity was present. The results suggest that the populations may have evolved plastic responses to suit local environmental conditions.     

定西市2013年疑似预防接种异常反应监测分析

目的分析定西市2013年疑似预防接种异常反应(AEFI)的发生特征,评价AEFI监测系统运转情况、预防接种服务质量和疫苗的安全性。方法采集辖区内疑似预防接种异常反应信息管理系统报告的2013年AEFI数据,进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2013年全市报告发生AEFI 2 091例,报告发生率为236.75/10万剂次;其中一般反应2 080例,异常反应6例,心因性反应5例。全年每月均有AEFI报告,10、11月份报告例数最多。1岁内儿童报告比例最大;AEFI多发生在接种后0~1 d内,发生后多于2 d内就诊。23价肺炎疫苗、白破疫苗和百白破疫苗报告发生率居前三位;一、二类疫苗报告发生率有统计学差异。结论定西市AEFI监测系统敏感性较高,AEFI报告发生率远低于世界卫生组织的估计值。全年未报告疫苗质量事故、接种事故和偶合症病例。免疫规划接种实施是规范、安全的。     

Changes in retinal arbors in compressed projections to half tecta in goldfish

In adult goldfish, electrophysiological studies have shown that the retinotectal projection reorganizes, following removal of half of the tectum, to form a complete but compressed projection over the remaining half tectum. As a result, each fiber terminates more rostrally than normal. Electron microscopic studies suggest a competition between retinal fibers for a fixed number of synaptic sites. The current study examines whether retinal arbors in the compressed projection are smaller than normal in extent or branching and whether the fiber paths in the tectum show the rostral movements and the search strategy that the retinal fibers use. The caudal half tectum was removed without cutting retinal fibers except those at the cut edge. At 3 to 19 months afterward, retinal fibers were labeled with horseradish peroxidase. In whole-mounted tecta, fibers and terminals were drawn under camera lucida and compared with normal arbors. The axonal paths were also traced across the tectum to their termination sites. At 3 to 6 months (early stages of compression), the arbors were rather normal in appearance, although they were actually significantly larger (23%) than normal in linear extent, arborized somewhat deeper and had fewer branches (18%). The fibers normally terminating in the rostral tectum followed normal stereotyped paths, whereas those cut at the edge had grown back and forth loops (apparent searching behavior) with little branching. By 10 months when compression is complete, arbors were significantly smaller than normal (19%), were arborizing significantly deeper, and had significantly fewer branches (19%). The differences were more pronounced in arbors of coarse and medium caliber than in fine caliber axons. The axons still ran in stereotyped fascicles, but included an extrafascicular portion that, unlike any axons in normals, turned back in a rostral direction before branching. This striking effect, present even in far rostral tectum, indicated that arbors had been forced to move rostrally to accomodate those from the ablated half. The small effect on arbor extent suggests that this is influenced by factors other than the magnification factor of the map, perhaps postsynaptic dendritic extent. The increased depth of termination is consistent with the increased thickness of the retinal terminal layer. The decreased number of branches is consistent with the conclusion that the remaining fixed number of synaptic sites shared among the full complement of retinal fibers should result in fewer synapses per retinal fiber. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Leptospiral antibodies in flying foxes in Australia

The sera of 271 pteropid bats (or flying foxes) collected from Queensland, New South Wales, Western Australia, and the Northern Territory were screened against a reference panel of 21 Leptospira spp. using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Sera were collected from December 1997 through August 1999. The MAT panel represented those serovars previously isolated in Australia, as well as exotic serovars found in neighboring countries. Leptospiral antibodies were detected in 75 (28%) of the sera and represented seven serovars, one of which, L. interrogans serovar cynopteri has been regarded as exotic to Australia. Sixty sera were reactive to one serovar, 12 sera were reactive to two serovars, and three sera were reactive to three serovars. The L. kirschneri serovar australis was most frequently identified (60.2%). The findings suggest a previously unrecognized role of pteropid bats in the natural history of leptospirosis. The potential exists for establishment of infection in new host species, the transmission of new serovars to known host species, and for changes in virulence of leptospires as a result of passage through these species.     

四川千佛山自然保护区的鸟类资源

通过2002年10月和2003年5月对保护区鸟类的集中调查,结合历史文献,确认保护区有鸟类13目35科160种.其中国家I级保护鸟类2种,Ⅱ级保护鸟类19种,完全或主要分布于我国的鸟类种类20种.保护区鸟类以留鸟和夏候鸟为主,有留鸟91种,夏候鸟48种,而冬候鸟、旅鸟分别只有13种和8种.鸟类区系组成为：古北界种类有30种,东洋界种类90种,广布种19种,以东洋界种类占优势,同时兼具西南区和华中区的特点.保护区鸟类主要分布在阔叶林和灌丛生境,其次是针阔混交林生境.保护区内鸟类水平分布的情况和垂直分布的情况都差异明显.