在应答DNA损伤时P53的翻译后修饰

肿瘤抑制基因p53在肿瘤发生中发挥着重要作用,翻译后修饰是调节P53蛋白水平及活性的主要方式之一。癌基因mdm2编码的Mdm2蛋白是p53的负性调节因子,它可通过调节p53的稳定性来调节P53蛋白的水平,在应答DNA损伤时,P53的翻译后修饰可抑制P53和Mdm2的相互作用,使其半衰期延长,P53水平升高,P53N－末端具有多个可磷酸化的位点,这些位点的磷酸化可抑制P53与Mdm2的相互作用,使P53水平和转录活性升高,而P53 C－末端位点的磷酸化可激活P53与特异序列DNA结合的潜能,且C－末端某些位点的乙酰化亦可激活P53ＤＮＡ结合的潜能,进而调节Ｐ５３的水平及活性。     

依赖P53的P53R2基因在细胞周期检验点对损伤DNA的修复作用

1 .ｐ5 3基因及Ｐ5 3蛋白ｐ5 3基因最初被认为是一个普通的癌基因 ,其产物的作用是刺激肿瘤细胞的生长。但后来发现原先研究的ｐ5 3基因只是野生型ｐ5 3基因的突变体 ,只有突变型ｐ5 3基因的产物才能刺激不正常细胞 (如癌细胞 )的生长 ,而野生型ｐ5 3基因的产物对肿瘤则有抑制作用 ,正常的ｐ5 3基因原来是一个抑癌基因。经长期研究发现 ,突变型ｐ5 3基因在人类多种肿瘤细胞中广泛存在。Ｐ5 3蛋白是ｐ5 3基因编码的蛋白转录因子 ,其相对分子质量为 5 .3× 1 0 3,是由 393个氨基酸残基组成的[1] 。Ｐ5 3蛋白是一种重要的抗肿瘤因子 ,它能以序…     

P53基因在肿瘤治疗中的应用

近年来研究表明,P53基因是一个抑癌基因。同时,P53还是一个重要的转录因子,它在细胞周期调控,抑制细胞生长,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡等方面起着至关重要的作用。P53的结构功能和性质有了较全面的认识,但其作用机理仍不清楚。本文主要就P53在肿瘤治疗中的作用机理的现状作一简要概述。     

利用基因芯片技术检测P53基因突变

基因芯片技术是后基因组时代基因功能分析的最重要技术之一。利用基因芯片技术检测Ｐ５３基因突变,具有快速、准确、高通量和自动化的特点。本文阐述了基因芯片技术的基本原理及其检测Ｐ５３基因突变的方法。     

DNA放射损伤与p53

电离辐射等多种因素可以引起DNA损伤,表现为碱基改变、DNA双链断裂(DNA double-strand breaks,DSBs)和DNA单链断裂(Single-strand breaks,SSBs)等多种形式。DNA损伤后,细胞发生应答,即引起细胞周期阻滞和/或细胞程序性死亡,以减少损伤引起的染色体畸变和基因组不稳定。在细胞应答过程中,p53蛋白水平和活性均发生变化,介导细胞周期阻滞、程序性死亡,并直接参与DNA损伤修复过程。     

利用基因芯片技术检测P53基因突变

基因芯片技术是后基因组时代基因功能分析的最重要技术之一。利用基因芯片技术检测P53基因突变,具有快速、准确、高通量和自动化的特点。本文阐述了基因芯片技术的基本原理及其检测P53基因突变的方法。     

53BP1与DNA双链断裂损伤修复

DNA的精确复制和遗传对维持基因组稳定性有重要作用。DNA双链断裂损伤可能诱导细胞凋亡和染色质重排,在肿瘤的发生发展过程中发挥作用。53BP1是DNA双链断裂修复中的重要调节蛋白质之一,对调控损伤修复平衡和维持基因组稳定性起着重要作用。本文主要对53BP1的结构、生物学功能、信号通路、分子机制和翻译后修饰做一浅显的总结和展望,希望能为53BP1的深入研究提供一些理论基础。     

DNA损伤检测技术

检测DNA损伤的方法有很多,根据其原理大致可以分为3类：基于损伤DNA理化性质的改变检测DNA损伤、基于分子杂交检测DNA损伤以及基于DNA损伤后形成的产物检测DNA损伤。检测DNA损伤的方法目前还在不断快速发展、完善中。本文就DNA损伤的检测方法及其发展做一综述。     

利用基于GFP的FRET探针检测β-分泌酶的活性

β淀粉样肽(amyloidβ-peptide,Aβ)在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimeir’s disease,AD)患者脑内的异常产生和积累在AD的发病机理中扮演着重要的角色。β-分泌酶对淀粉样前体蛋白的裂解是Aβ产生的关键步骤,因此抑制β-分泌酶的活性成为AD药物治疗的一个重要策略。为了检测β-分泌酶的活性,应用基因工程技术将β-分泌酶作用底物序列(NFEV)的两端分别与绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)的颜色突变体--青色荧光蛋白(cyan fluorescent protein,CFP)和黄色荧光蛋白(yellow fluorescent protein,YFP)相连,构建了一个基于GFP的荧光能量共振转移(fluorescence resonance energy transfer,FRET)探针。荧光光谱分析结果显示,该荧光融合蛋白中CFP和YFP之间存在着较强的FRET。而当与β-分泌酶进行孵育后,FRET逐步降低,证明该探针能被β-分泌酶酶切。SDS-PAGE分析显示探针与β-分泌酶孵育后,荧光融合蛋白由60 kD大小逐渐变成30kD大小的蛋白,表明探针被β-分泌酶酶切成CFP和YFP分子,证实了荧光光谱的结果。这些结果表明,可通过检测探针的FRET效率方便地分析β-分泌酶的活性,为进一步筛选β-分泌酶的抑制剂提供了一个平台。     

Crosstalk between P53 and DNA damage response in ageing

Ageing is a sophisticated process, accompanied by reduction in general physiological capacity and increase in mortality and death, stemming from damage accumulation over time. Various signaling pathways are known to be involved in the functional decrease in various organs in ageing humans. One of the most prominent pathways is DNA damage response (DDR), which is responsible for maintenance of the genomic integrity and stability. Insufficient or dysfunctional DDR signaling and the subsequent accumulation of potential DNA lesions are associated with the initiation/progression of various human pathologies including ageing. As a tumor suppressor gene, with critical functions in the ageing process, p53 is considered as a DDR centerpiece. In this review, we aim to discuss the interactions between p53 and DDR signaling and their contributions in ageing.     

Endogenous c-Myc is essential for p53-induced apoptosis in response to DNA damage in vivo

Recent studies have suggested that C-MYC may be an excellent therapeutic cancer target and a number of new agents targeting C-MYC are in preclinical development. Given most therapeutic regimes would combine C-MYC inhibition with genotoxic damage, it is important to assess the importance of C-MYC function for DNA damage signalling in vivo. In this study, we have conditionally deleted the c-Myc gene in the adult murine intestine and investigated the apoptotic response of intestinal enterocytes to DNA damage. Remarkably, c-Myc deletion completely abrogated the immediate wave of apoptosis following both ionizing irradiation and cisplatin treatment, recapitulating the phenotype of p53 deficiency in the intestine. Consistent with this, c-Myc-deficient intestinal enterocytes did not upregulate p53. Mechanistically, this was linked to an upregulation of the E3 Ubiquitin ligase Mdm2, which targets p53 for degradation in c-Myc-deficient intestinal enterocytes. Further, low level overexpression of c-Myc, which does not impact on basal levels of apoptosis, elicited sustained apoptosis in response to DNA damage, suggesting c-Myc activity acts as a crucial cell survival rheostat following DNA damage. We also identify the importance of MYC during DNA damage-induced apoptosis in several other tissues, including the thymus and spleen, using systemic deletion of c-Myc throughout the adult mouse. Together, we have elucidated for the first time in vivo an essential role for endogenous c-Myc in signalling DNA damage-induced apoptosis through the control of the p53 tumour suppressor protein.     

Ribonuclease like 5 regulates zebrafish yolk extension by suppressing a p53-dependent DNA damage response pathway

Ribonuclease like 5 (Rnasel5) is a novel member of the zebrafish ribonuclease A family and its expression is increased during early embryogenesis. However, the in vivo biological function of Rnasel5 remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that knockdown of Rnasel5 by morhpolinos caused shrunken yolk extension as well as increased DNA damage at yolk syncytial layer and external tissue layers via the activation of p53 pathway. In addition, the morphological defects caused by Rnasel5 knockdown can be partially rescued by mRNA injection. Our findings provide the first functional characterization of Rnasel5 in zebrafish development and reveal its critical role in yolk extension by modulation of the p53 pathway.     

P53脉冲的研究现状与展望

P53脉冲是指细胞内p53蛋白水平周期性或重复性的涨落.该脉冲产生的途径是调节p53的各种正负反馈环,其核心的两个负反馈环是p53-Mdm2环和Wip1-ATM-p53环.这些负反馈环能产生极限环振荡,在极限环振荡区,P53水平成脉冲型变化.随着P53脉冲的增多,不同形式的p53蛋白和促凋亡蛋白逐渐积累并到达一定阈值水平,可打开凋亡"开关",引发不可逆的细胞命运.除了P53脉冲的数目,其频率、振幅、波形等物理学参数也与细胞命运存在密切关系.这一研究进展对阐明诸多疾病发生机理和防治研究有重要意义.     

Theabrownin triggers DNA damage to suppress human osteosarcoma U2OS cells by activating p53 signalling pathway

Osteosarcoma becomes the second leading cause of cancer death in the younger population. Current outcomes of chemotherapy on osteosarcoma were unsatisfactory to date, demanding development of effective therapies. Tea is a commonly used beverage beneficial to human health. As a major component of tea, theabrownin has been reported to possess anti‐cancer activity. To evaluate its anti‐osteosarcoma effect, we established a xenograft model of zebrafish and employed U2OS cells for in vivo and in vitro assays. The animal data showed that TB significantly inhibited the tumour growth with stronger effect than that of chemotherapy. The cellular data confirmed that TB‐triggered DNA damage and induced apoptosis of U2OS cells by regulation of Mki67, PARP, caspase 3 and H2AX, and Western blot assay showed an activation of p53 signalling pathway. When P53 was knocked down by siRNA, the subsequent downstream signalling was blocked, indicating a p53‐dependent mechanism of TB on U2OS cells (p53 wt). Using osteosarcoma cell lines with p53 mutations (HOS, SAOS‐2 and MG63), we found that TB exerted stronger inhibitory effect on U2OS cells than that on p53‐mut cell lines, but it also exerted obvious effect on SAOS‐2 cells (p53 null), suggesting an activation of p53‐independent pathway in the p53‐null cells. Interestingly, theabrownin was found to have no toxicity on normal tissue in vivo and could even increase the viability of p53‐wt normal cells. In sum, theabrownin could trigger DNA damage and induce apoptosis on U2OS cells via a p53‐dependent mechanism, being a promising candidate for osteosarcoma therapy.