低温生物学的应用

低温生物学的应用张秀华（山东省临沂教育学院生物系２７６００３）低温生物学是研究低温对生物作用规律的科学，研究低温对生物的影响、作用机制及低温的生物学应用。低温生物学与工业、农业、医疗卫生及生命科学研究有着密切联系。１低温的损伤作用及其应用生物对低温的...     

植物感知和传递低温信号的分子机制

低温胁迫是影响植物生长、发育及作物产量的重要环境胁迫之一。植物通过感知低温信号并快速启动低温应答，以降低低温胁迫对其损伤。近年来，低温潜在感受器和低温调控网络逐渐被解析。植物可以在多个层面感知低温信号，但具体机制依然不清楚。当植物感知低温信号后，一些低温诱导的次级信号分子（如钙离子和活性氧）被植物解码并传递，以激活下游低温应答基因表达。同时，蛋白翻译后修饰可调控蛋白活性和稳定性，在植物早期低温信号传递中起关键作用。本文重点阐述植物感知和传递低温早期信号的分子机制，并讨论和展望低温胁迫领域面临的挑战及研究方向。     

低温对台湾青枣(Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.)苗期形态的影响

在人工模拟试验箱设置-4、-3、-2、-1、0、1和2℃共7个低温处理,每个低温处理持续时间设1、2和3 d共3个水平,观测低温对台湾青枣苗期形态的影响及低温处理后的恢复情况,确定台湾青枣苗期的低温受害指标;并在5个地理移置点进行自然低温试验,观测不同低温条件对台湾青枣苗期形态的影响及低温处理后恢复情况,验证和完善台湾青枣苗期的低温指标。结果表明:极端最低气温低于-2℃时,青枣苗受害,确定-2℃为低温临界受害指标;极端最低气温低于-4℃时,青枣苗死亡率可达67%,确定-4℃为低温致死指标;冬季最低气温如高于0℃对树体、花果均无不良影响;连续多日出现剧烈的温度变化会导致青枣苗落叶。本研究结合人工模拟低温实验及自然低温试验构建的台湾青枣苗期低温指标较台湾资料中的青枣低温耐受力要强,可为青枣苗期管理及寒害防御提供科学依据。     

植物对低温的光合响应

低温是影响植物生长和发育的主要环境因子之一.低温下,植物的许多生理生化过程受到影响,而其中光合作用是对低温最敏感的过程.光合作用是地球上最重要的生理生化过程,所以研究光合作用在低温下的响应机制具有重要意义.本文系统地总结了当前国内外最新研究进展,综述了低温下植物的光合响应,主要内容包括影响低温下光合响应的因素、低温下光合响应的关键问题--能量平衡的调节,以及植物的低温光合响应信号通路,并展望了低温光合响应研究的新方向.     

低温脂肪酶的研究现状与应用前景

低温脂肪酶在低温下仍保持高酶活,因此在应用中有着中温脂肪酶无法取代的优越性,而具有高活性的低温脂肪酶因其具有理论和应用上的双重意义成为了近年来的研究热点。本文从描述产低温脂肪酶的低温微生物特征入手,系统阐述了低温脂肪酶的来源、分类、特征、研究方法及最新进展,并简述了低温脂肪酶在食品、洗涤、制药以及低温环境修复等工业上的应用前景。     

α-淀粉酶低温适应性分子机制的研究进展

低温酶由于在低温下仍能保持高催化活性而具有很高的工业应用价值。而关于低温酶是如何适应低温环境以及在低温下如何保持高催化活性等问题,同样引起了各国科学家们的广泛关注。其中低温α-淀粉酶是在结构和功能方面研究得最为透彻的酶,它也是第一个被结晶的低温酶,其热、动力学特征已通过内荧光法、圆二色性和差示扫描量热法等进行了深入研究。建立在三维结构分析和热力学特征研究的基础上,科学家们目前正尝试着解开低温酶的低温适应性之谜。对低温α-淀粉酶的研究进展作一简要的综述。     

低温脂肪酶的研究及其基因的异源表达

低温脂肪酶以中温酶所不可比拟的低温活性优势正越来越多地被人们所关注。低温微生物产生的低温脂肪酶具有独特的结构特征和催化特性。     

低温酶及其冷适应性机制研究进展

生活在极地、深海等常年低温环境中的低温微生物和部分变温生物,能够通过产生低温酶来适应在低温环境中的生长、繁殖和代谢。这些酶在低温或常温条件下具有很高的催化活性,对热却很敏感,在高温时能够快速失活,因此在实际的生产和生活中具有广泛的应用前景。基于这些特性,低温酶的冷适应性机制研究成为了当前的一个热点。较系统地综述了低温酶的来源、特点、生产状况以及具有代表性的几种低温酶的冷适应性机制。     

植物抗寒指标的种类及其应用

植物的低温危害包括冷害和冻害,前者由0℃以上的低温引起,后者则由0℃以下的低温造成。植物种类繁多,分布区域广,以上两种低温危害都会出现。但是,不同种类的植物对低温表现出不同的抗性。通过抗寒性的鉴定可以确定不同植物的低温适应能力。鉴定植物的抗寒性既需要合适的研究     

多不饱和脂肪酸对微生物低温适应性的影响

地球生物圈75%以上的环境温度常年低于5℃,在这种低温环境中栖息着多种适应低温的微生物。在长期进化过程中低温微生物从细胞到分子水平形成一套独特的低温环境适应机制,而通过增加细胞膜膜脂中多不饱和脂肪酸含量来维持低温条件下最佳的细胞膜流动性是其中的一种。从多不饱和脂肪酸对微生物低温生长、细胞膜流动性细胞膜蛋白的组成和表达水平的影响来探讨多不饱和脂肪酸与微生物低温适应性的关系,总结多不饱和脂肪酸低温合成调节机制的研究进展,为相关的基础和应用开发研究提供参考。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.