Two records of sea lamprey from the north Aegean Sea

Two adult sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus , one female and one male, 742 and 645 mm L _T respectively, were caught in the north Aegean Sea, Greece (Vistonis bay and shore of Karvali). These two records are the first for the Aegean Sea and for the whole eastern Mediterranean.     

温度对海洋底栖端足类日本大螯蜚(Grandi-dierella japonica)存活、生长和发育的影响

日本大螯蜚（ Ｇｒａｎｄｉｄｉｅｒｅｌｌａ ｊａｐ ｏｎｉｃａ）生长发育的适温范围为 ２０～２６℃。不同发育期耐受温度范围不同,刚孵化幼体温度下限为１１℃,上限为３２℃,以后随着幼体发育,其对低温的适应力逐渐增强。雄性个体对极限温度的忍耐力低于雌性。在耐受温度范围内,幼体的生长发育随着温度的提高而加快。研究结果表明,日本大螯蜚实验室培养温度宜选择在２０～２６℃,用其进行的沉积物急性和慢性毒性生物检验的实验温度均宜选择在 ２０℃。     

Absence of shared mitochondrial DNA haplotypes between sea lamprey from North American and Spanish rivers

Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus from the River Miño and Sella, Spain, showed an almost identical frequency for three observed haplotypes. None of these haplotypes were found among three North American populations. These results indicate an absence of exchange among sea lamprey populations spawning in the west and south‐east Atlantic coasts. The similarity between the collections from the two Spanish rivers suggests that homing does not occur in anadromous sea lamprey.     

温度对中华虎凤蝶幼虫生存与生长发育的影响

本文就温度对中华虎凤蝶幼虫的生存与生长发育进行了研究。结果表明,１龄幼虫１６～３２℃范围内的死亡率无显著差异;２龄幼虫死亡率在３２℃下达３０．９２％,显著高于其它温度;３～５龄幼虫３２℃下全部死亡,其它温度下多以２８℃为高。１～２龄幼虫在１６～３２℃和３～５龄幼虫在１６～２８℃范围内的发育历期随温度升高而显著缩短,而平均发育速率则反之。用Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布函数能较好地拟合各龄幼虫的存活率曲线,并由此判断出各存活率曲线类型。此外,还测定了各龄幼虫的发育起点温度和有效积温。最后建议中华虎凤蝶１～２龄和３～５龄幼虫饲养适宜温度分别为２８℃和２０～２４℃。     

Distribution and morphology of the sea lamprey from the Balkan coast of the Adriatic Sea

In contrast to the Apennine Peninsula coast, the relatively rare occurrence of sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus in the Balkan Peninsula (eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea) is probably due to the closeness of the steep mountains causing unsuitable hydrological conditions of streams and impeded access to the coast. Most specimens are probably represented by invaders carried from the Mediterranean and other regions of the Adriatic Sea. Morphology was similar to that recorded for the sea lampreys from other geographical regions.     

The effect of temperature on the growth,development and survival of Macropetasma africanus (Balss) (Penaeoidea:Penaeidae) larvae reared in the laboratory

Macropetasma africanus (Balss) has been successfully spawned and its larvae reared under controlled laboratory conditions. The relationship between egg number (E) and female total length (L) was E = 18.59 L^2.11. An experiment was designed to test the effect of temperature on larval development, survival and growth. Temperature effected larval development time, from 13–15 days at 25°C, to 25 days at 15°C (nauplius 1 to post-larva). Mortality was low for the naupliar stages at 25, 22 and 18°C, while at 15°C only 52% of the larvae reached nauplius 6. Mortality was highest from nauplius 6 to protozoea 1 (17, 21, and 18% at 25, 22, and 18°C, respectively), but decreased considerably for all temperatures once the mysis stage was reached. Overall survival rates from nauplius 1 to post-larva decreased with decreasing temperature (65, 54, 48, and 39% at 25, 22, 18, and 15°C respectively). Temperature also significantly affected larval growth. At 25°C mean total length was significantly (P < 0.05) larger than at 15°C (protozoea 2 to post-larva), while from protozoea 3 to post-larva total length differences were significantly different (P < 0.05) between 18 and 25°C. M. africanus has a major spawning peak in summer, suggesting that there may be a selective advantage to reproducing during the warmer months.     

Individual and group characteristics affecting nest building in sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L. 1758)

Nest building relates to reproductive effort, sexual selection, intersexual conflict and cooperation and may be linked to individual phenotype and interindividual interactions. In particular, larger individuals having more energy reserves are expected to build more, larger nests, without having to trade intrasexual competition for cooperative nest building. Capture–mark–recapture and nest survey of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L. 1758) were combined to assess the relationship between individuals and nesting activity on a spawning ground, throughout a breeding season, during which 202 nests were observed and 114 individuals were captured. On average, males and females stayed 8.33 ± 1.02 and 3.57 ± 1.04 days on the spawning ground, visited 2.26 ± 1.72 and 1.67 ± 1.17 nests and encountered 2.33 ± 2.13 mates for males and 2.29 ± 1.32 mates for females, respectively, and the number of mates encountered increased with the number of nests visited. Body size had no effect on the duration of presence on spawning ground, number of nests visited, number of individuals per nest and sex ratio on nest or nest volume. Bigger nests were found at the end of the season and were not necessarily built by more individuals. This work brings insights on the mating system and cooperative nest building in sea lamprey and may inform managers who want to estimate sea lamprey populations via nest surveys.     

Developmental transformations in a normal series of embryos of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus (Linnaeus)

Lamprey development is of interest to evolutionary biologists because it can inform our understanding of primitive vertebrate developmental patterns. In this study, we describe and illustrate some of the principle landmarks of organogenesis in the embryonic sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus L. at different chronological ages. We examined 63 fixed embryos spanning Piavis developmental stages 11-18+ (5-70 days postfertilization) by gross observation and histology. This period begins at late neurulation stages and ends with the formation of the larva (ammocoete). A significant difference with some previous accounts is that the anus develops not from a persistent blastopore, but by secondary canalization and proctodeum formation at the former site of the blastopore. Further, we show that the ciliated bands of the pharyngeal roof originate in the esophagus, distinguishing it from the intestine. We clarify the epithelialization of the gut, showing that the secondary gut cavity is progressively epithelialized from each end. We identify possible germ cells in the coelomic and cloacal walls. Balfour's "subnotochordal rod" is lacking in our specimens; we suggest that he may have misinterpreted the corpus adiposum. Our study is of potential value to the growing number of biologists interested in lamprey development and provides a character set that will be used : 1) in a phylogenetic study of vertebrate development, and 2) to prepare a staging series for the lamprey based on parsimony analysis.     

Incubation temperature impacts nestling growth and survival in an open‐cup nesting passerine

For oviparous species such as birds, conditions experienced while in the egg can have long‐lasting effects on the individual. The impact of subtle changes in incubation temperature on nestling development, however, remains poorly understood, especially for open‐cup nesting species with altricial young. To investigate how incubation temperature affects nestling development and survival in such species, we artificially incubated American robin (Turdus migratorius) eggs at 36.1°C (“Low” treatment) and 37.8°C (“High” treatment). Chicks were fostered to same‐age nests upon hatching, and we measured mass, tarsus, and wing length of experimental nestlings and one randomly selected, naturally incubated (“Natural”), foster nest‐mate on days 7 and 10 posthatch. We found significant effects of incubation temperature on incubation duration, growth, and survival, in which experimentally incubated nestlings had shorter incubation periods (10.22, 11.50, and 11.95 days for High, Low, and Natural eggs, respectively), and nestlings from the Low treatment were smaller and had reduced survival compared to High and Natural nestlings. These results highlight the importance of incubation conditions during embryonic development for incubation duration, somatic development, and survival. Moreover, these findings indicate that differences in incubation temperature within the natural range of variation can have important carryover effects on growth and survival in species with altricial young.     

低温和饥饿对华贵栉孔扇贝幼虫生长和存活的影响

为了弄清我国南方低温季节能否利用自然水温进行华贵栉孔扇贝人工育苗以及饵料缺乏对幼虫的影响,于2008年10月上旬和11月下旬,分别在水温25.5—28.0℃和18.2—22.5℃条件下,研究了低温和饥饿对幼虫生长、存活的影响。实验分两次设置常温、低温和饥饿3个组进行。结果表明,低温情况下,幼虫摄食较少,活力差、绝大部分沉入水底,生长缓慢,发育迟缓,但存活率仍较高;饥饿不但抑制幼虫的生长和发育,同时也显著地降低幼虫的存活率。此外,低温和饥饿的结合会加剧对幼虫生长、发育、存活等的抑制作用。这些结果说明在我国南方水温低于23℃的季节利用自然水温已不适合进行华贵栉孔扇贝苗种生产。     

温度和盐度对皱肋文蛤幼贝存活与生长的影响

在室内控制条件下,研究了不同海水温度和盐度对皱肋文蛤(Meretrix lyrata)幼贝存活与生长的影响。结果表明:皱肋文蛤幼贝适宜生存温度为12.2-35.6℃,最适生存温度为24-30℃;适宜生长温度为23.5-33.0℃,最适生长温度为27-30℃,属典型的南方滩涂贝类。皱肋文蛤幼贝适宜生存盐度为4.3-40.5,最适生存盐度为11-31;适宜生长盐度为17.1-33.4,最适生长盐度为19-23,属广盐性滩涂贝类。该贝低温和高温敏感起始点分别为21℃和33℃;低盐和高盐敏感起始点分别为9和33。皱肋文蛤幼贝对极端温、盐度具有一定的耐受力:在37℃下仍可保持6d,100%不死亡,在39、41℃下分别在3d和5d内全部死亡;在4、6、8、10、12℃下则可分别100%存活3、4、6、9、11d;在盐度为0、5、7、9时保持100%存活的时间分别为5、8、10、10d;在盐度为33、35、37、39时保持100%存活的时间分别为7、5、3、3d,盐度41时当天即出现死亡。     

Effect of temperature on growth,reproduction and survival of the freshwater planorbid snail,Gyraulus convexiusculus,vector of echinostomiasis

Studies were carried out to investigate the effects of 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40° and 45°C on growth, sexual maturity, reproduction and survival of the freshwater planorbid snail, Gyraulus convexiusculus, vector of echinostomiasis, under laboratory conditions. The growth rate of juvenile and sexually mature snails was at minimum at 15°C and was maximum at 35°C. Sexual maturation time was minimum at 35°C and maximum at 20°C. Fecundity was minimum at 15°C and maximum at 35°C. The minimum average and maximum number of eggs per egg capsule was reached at 35°C and lowest at 15°C. 30°C was the optimum temperature for survival of juvenile snails, while sexually mature snails reached maximum survival time at 20°C.     

Proteins immunoreactive with antibody against a human leptin fragment are found in serum and tissues of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L

An affinity-purified, polyclonal antibody raised against a peptide corresponding to amino acids 137–156 at the carboxy terminus of human leptin (16 kD) was used to search for immunoreactive protein(s) in the lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. Immunoblots of serum from different phases of the life cycle showed the presence of a 65-kD immunoreactive protein in the larvae and all stages of metamorphosis but not in feeding juvenile and upstream migrant adults. Extracts of tissues known to store fat were also examined using the same antibody. Muscle and fat column from all phases tested (larvae, stage 2 and 4 metamorphosing animals, feeding juveniles and upstream migrants) showed 100- and 50-kD immunoreactive proteins. Extracts of nephric fold, the primary site of fat storage during metamorphosis, lacked the 100-kD protein but had the 50 kD; they also had a 16 kD immunoreactive protein not found in the other tissues. The immunoreactivity of the proteins of both serum and tissue extracts was blocked by pretreatment of the antibody with the leptin-derived antigen. The results indicate that P. marinus has proteins that share at least one epitope with mammalian leptin.     

温度对大猿叶虫发育、存活和繁殖的影响

在光周期14L:10D、75%RH的条件下研究不同温度对大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly生长发育、存活率和繁殖的影响。结果表明,卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为11·86,11·17和10·15℃,有效积温分别为61·6,110·8和65·3日·度;22℃时卵的孵化率和蛹的羽化率最高,分别达96·04%和94·26%;滞育后成虫寿命雌虫普遍长于雄虫,25℃下的产卵期11～34d,每雌产卵量平均861粒,最高达1527粒。     

幼虫期短时高温暴露对二点委夜蛾存活和繁殖的影响

【目的】随着全球气候变暖,夏季短时极端高温发生的频率逐渐增加。本研究旨在探明二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone幼虫期对高温的适应性。【方法】将二点委夜蛾不同日龄(1,6,12和18日龄)幼虫在不同高温(35,38和41℃)条件下暴露不同时间(0.5,1,2,4和6 h)后转移至适温(26℃)继续饲养,观察短时高温对其存活率、发育历期、化蛹率、羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量及次代卵孵化率的影响。【结果】幼虫期短时高温暴露的温度和时间对二点委夜蛾幼虫的存活率和发育历期有显著影响,而对化蛹率、成虫羽化率、雌虫寿命、单雌产卵量以及次代卵孵化率影响不显著。随着温度的升高和处理时间的延长,幼虫存活率逐渐降低,发育历期逐渐延长。其中,18日龄的幼虫最为敏感,38℃和41℃暴露6 h后存活率分别为58.3%和17.7%,显著低于对照,发育历期分别为25.5 d和29.2 d,较对照显著延长。【结论】幼虫期经历短时高温暴露仅对幼虫的存活和发育历期有影响,而对后续蛹和成虫的生长发育及成虫繁殖力没有影响。     

温度对小菜蛾生长发育和繁殖影响的研究进展

小菜蛾是典型的世界性害虫。本文综述了国内外有关温度对小菜蛾生长发育、存活、繁殖和种群增长等生物学特性影响的研究概况,提出了开展变温条件下小菜蛾生物学特性研究的重要性,这将有助于进一步弄清小菜蛾种群在田间自然条件下种群消长规律的内在机理,为利用当地的气象资料推测小菜蛾在某一时间段内的发生动态,确定防治适期,科学有效地指导防治提供理论依据。     

Stage-specific effects of temperature and dietary protein on growth and survival of Manduca sexta caterpillars

The effects of temperature and dietary protein concentration on growth and survival of Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) caterpillars during different larval stages were examined. Sets of caterpillars were raised from hatching at one of five constant temperatures (18, 22, 26, 30 or 34°C) and on one of two artificial diets (low or high protein concentration). Mass gain, duration (development time) and mean growth rate were measured for each caterpillar for the 1st to 3rd stadia, the 4th stadium, and the 5th stadium. Temperature significantly affected mass gain during each larval stage, resulting in smaller mass gains at higher temperatures at each stage. This effect was strongest at high temperatures during the 5th stadium. Temperature significantly affected durations of each larval stage, but the effect varied among stages: for example, the duration of stadia 1–3 decreased continuously with increasing temperature, whereas the duration of the 5th stadium was shortest at 26–30°C and increased at lower and higher temperatures. The effect of temperature on mean growth rate changed dramatically across larval stages: maximal growth rate occurred at 34°C during the 1st to 3rd stadia, at 30°C during the 4th stadium and at 26°C during the 5th stadium. Higher dietary protein concentration significantly decreased the duration of stadia 1–3 and of the 4th stadium, but had no significant effect on the duration of the 5th stadium. Temperature and dietary protein had little effect on mortality rates during any larval stadium, with one exception: mortality during the 5th stadium increased dramatically at temperatures of 30 and 34°C. These results demonstrate that the effects of temperature and dietary protein concentration on growth, development and survival in M. sexta vary markedly in different larval stadia during development; 5th instar caterpillars are particularly sensitive to higher temperatures.     

温度、盐度对龟足胚胎发育和幼虫生长的联合影响

龟足(Capitulum mitella Linnaeus)在我国主要分布于长江口以南海浪剧烈冲击的暴露型岩相海岸的中、高潮区,是一种颇具养殖潜力和市场前景的新品种。研究温度(24、27、30、33℃)和盐度(28,31,34)对龟足胚胎发育和幼虫生长的协同影响,可为龟足的人工育苗提供依据。结果如下(1):33℃-28温盐度组合胚胎发育时间最短144h,27℃-28温盐度组合胚胎相对孵化率最高。温度与盐度对胚胎发育时间没有显著影响;但温度和盐度对胚胎孵化率有极显著影响,温度与盐度间的交互作用显著。胚胎发育最适宜的温盐度组合是27℃-28。(2):27℃的3个盐度组、30℃-31温盐度组合无节幼虫持续时间最短。在同一盐度条件下以27℃的存活率较高,在同一温度条件下以盐度31的存活率较高,其中以27℃-31温盐度组合的存活率最高;存活率1和存活率2分别高达99.0%、90.7%。27℃-28、27℃-31温盐度组合变态率最高,变态率分别为81.8%、73.7%。34高盐组幼虫的存活率和变态率均很低甚至为零。温度和盐度对幼虫存活率和变态率有极显著影响,两者的交互作用极为显著。综合无节幼虫持续时间、存活和变态情况,27℃-31温盐度组合为幼虫生长发育的最佳组合条件。龟足胚胎发育、无节幼虫的生长和变态对温度盐度的敏感性有所不同,这是由龟足的自身繁殖特点及生活环境决定的。     

Morphology, body size and behaviour of recently-metamorphosed sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, from the lower River Severn, and their relevance to the onset of parasitic feeding

Several hundred recently-metamorphosed Petromyzon marinus were caught during heavy freshwater discharge in the River Severn on the night of 30 November/1 December 1988. The total lengths of a subsample of 42 males and 82 females ranged from 155 to 218 mm, with a mean of 182 mm in both sexes. The buccal funnel, eyes, fins and the teeth on the suctorial disc and tongue-like piston were very well-developed. When placed in full-strength sea water, the lampreys fed on bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ), leaving prominent scars on these hosts. The morphology, body size and time of capture of the River Severn sea lampreys provide very strong circumstantial evidence that these lampreys had been feeding for some weeks. Since they were caught when moving downstream and were capable of feeding in sea water, they were presumably about to begin their parasitic marine life.     

温度对波纹龙虾存活、摄食、蜕壳和生长的影响

波纹龙虾是热带和亚热带重要经济虾类,养殖潜力巨大。本文进行温度渐变和骤变对波纹龙虾存活、摄食影响试验,以确定存活和摄食的水温范围;进行了波纹龙虾在不同温度条件下(22、25、28、31、34℃)对其存活率、饵料用效率、蜕壳和生长情况的影响试验,以确定最适养殖水温,试验时间90 d。结果表明:波纹龙虾的生存温度范围为13—36℃,适宜温度为20—30℃。在温度22—31℃范围内,波纹龙虾的存活率和特定生长率随着温度的升高表现为先升后降,在28℃达到最大值,各组之间差异显著(P0.05);温度显著影响波纹龙虾对鲜活饵料的利用效率,饵料系数最高的是31℃组,为6.43±0.28;28℃组的波纹龙虾饵料系数最低,为5.75±0.70,与其它各组有显著差异(P0.05)。波纹龙虾的蜕壳周期随着温度的升高逐渐缩短,31℃组周期最短(16.7 d),22℃蜕壳周期最长(18.8 d),但各组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。综合以上因素考虑,波纹龙虾养殖水温宜控制在28℃。