基于文献计量的全球生物技术研究现状与发展趋势分析

采用文献计量分析方法,分析了全球生物技术研究领域的发展现状和趋势及其对中国生物技术研究发展的启示。研究结果表明:2019年我国在生物技术文献发表数量上已位列世界第一,但在生物技术文献的质量、学术影响力以及国际合作能力方面仍与欧美等发达生物技术国家存在一定差距,接着分析了全球生物技术研究的学科组成、各生物技术分支领域的研究交叉现状,最后分析了目前各生物技术细分领域的热点研究主题。针对当前我国面临的生物技术研究发展问题,我国应当注重研究成果质量,促进各学科间交叉融合,加强国际合作交流,顺应未来生物技术发展热点趋势。     

Economic issues for the UK biotechnology sector

This paper examines the economic prospects for the biotechnology industry, focusing on the UK position. I discuss some economic issues relating to the structure of the biotechnology industry and examine whether these factors can account for the relative success of the biotechnology sector in the UK compared to other European countries. I emphasize the importance of the science base, pharmaceutical companies and capital markets in giving the UK an advantage. Looking ahead I argue that prospects are good for the global growth of the industry due to supply and demand side factors. The UK is in a leading position in Europe but faces significant dangers, especially from the public towards biotechnology.     

捷克生物科技及产业发展现状与特点

近年来,捷克加快发展高科技、低能耗、低原料消耗的高效能产业,并把生物科技及产业作为重点。捷克建立了多部门协同的生物科技促进和监管体系,着力营造良好的软环境,正在形成以布拉格、布鲁诺、南莫拉维亚为核心的生物技术产业集群。捷克积极参与欧盟框架计划,把国际合作作为推进生物科技跨越发展的着力点,充分发挥地理位置优势和人才资源优势吸引国外投资,力图成为中欧地区最发达的研发外包中心。     

Novel and Transgenic Food Crops: Overview of Scientific Versus Public Perception

Recombinant DNA technology offers opportunities to develop new products in many different fields, including agriculture and the agro-food area. Transgenic plants with improved agronomic traits currently grow in field trials and a few varieties have already reached the European market. By and large, new technologies raise both concerns and expectations and modern biotechnology is no exception. Indeed, a voluntary moratorium on experiments involving recombinant DNA molecules was called for in 1974. At the present time, although a majority of academic and industrial scientists agree that transgenic food crops pose no risk for the environment or human health, some others believe that certain applications of modern plant biotechnology are hazardous. In particular, deliberate releases of genetically modified plants are regarded as risky. There is also a disparity between expert and lay perception of r-DNA technology applications to food crops, which makes public information a difficult task. This paper aims at exposing these conflicting points of view on the agricultural applications of modern biotechnology. We also propose some recommendations pertaining to public information in Europe. It appears that consensus conferences might be a good approach to stimulate public information and public debate in Europe, although this approach has to be adapted to the cultural context of each country.     

OBPC Symposium: maize 2004 &; beyond—Can agricultural biotechnology contribute to global food security?

Summary Bioengineering approaches provide unprecedented opportunities for reducing poverty, food insecurity, child malnutrition, and natural resource degradation. Genetic engineering offers outstanding potential to increase the efficiency of crop improvement. Thus agricultural biotechnology could enhance global food production and availability in a sustainable way. Small farmers in developing countries are faced with many problems and constraints which biotechnology may assist. Yet, there are varying levels of opposition to the use of this technology in most countries and it is especially intense in Europe. While there is certain public apprehension with the use of bioengineering in food improvement, the primary hurdles facing this technology are the stringent and burdensome regulatory requirements for commercialization, opposition from the special interest groups, apprehension by the food industry especially with the whole foods, and trade barriers including rigid policies on traceability and labeling. Bioengineered crops such as soybean, maize, cotton, and canola with a few traits have already made a remarkable impaet on food production and environmental quality. But, in the developing world, bioengineering of crops such as bananas, cassava, yams, sweet potatoes, sorghum, rice, maize, wheat, millet, and legumes, along with livestock, can elearly contribute to global food security. However, the integration of biotechnology into agricultural research in developing countries faces many challenges which must be addressed: financial, technical, political, environmental, activism, intellectual-property, biosafety, and trade-related issues. To ensure that developing countries can harness the benefit of this technology with minimal problems, concerted efforts must be pursued to create an awareness of its potential benefits and to address the concerns related to its use through dialog among the various stakeholders: policy makers, scientists, trade groups, food industry, consumer organizations, farmer groups, media, and non-governmental organizations. Biotechnology holds great promise as a new tool in the scientific toolkit for generating applied agricultural technologies; however, per se it is not a panacea for the worlds problems of hunger and poverty.     

德国：全方位推进生物科技及产业发展

德国是欧洲第一经济大国,对生物科技一贯十分重视,希望生物技术产业成为继汽车、机械制造之后的第三大产业。促进基础研究和产业化开发;注重发挥自身的优势抢占生命科学前沿制高点;实施一系列科技计划全方位推进生物科技创新;着力后备人才培养;依托区域优势和凸显区域特色,多层面促进生物技术产业发展;政府十分重视工业生物技术的发展,大力扶持创新型生物技术企业。     

Bringing scientists to the people--the Co-Extra website

Disseminating and facilitating access to science-based information is a necessity to enable the public to make informed decisions about appropriate uses of biotechnology products. It is also one of the major objectives of Co-Extra, a European-funded project addressing co-existence of genetically modified organisms and non-genetically modified organisms in Europe and their traceability. To this end, a dynamic and interactive website has been developed as the core element of the Co-Extra external communication strategy. This website has been designed to make it attractive and accessible to a large audience in a very simple and practical manner, building on practical experiences gained in the development of other websites related to biotechnology and genetically modified organisms. The website delivers popularized information for the general public as well as scientific data meant primarily for the more expert readers. It also provides for various permanent tools allowing multidirectional interaction with its visitors. Content is displayed using a web-based platform, based on a sophisticated Content Management System. First results indicate a high level of interest from the general public and from experts, showing that the content of this website can contribute by communicating science-based information to improve awareness and understanding of biotechnology.     

Biotechnology in Japan: A lesson in logistics? Part I: The political substrate

Japan, like Europe and the USA, has accepted the challenge of biotechnology, which opens up the way towards new fundamental knowledge and capabilities. Government and industry have joined forces to exploit biotechnology as a means of restructuring whole sectors of the country's economy, to ensure their continued viability in the coming decades. The strategy the Japanese have adopted in their bid for world leadership in this area differs from those of the Western countries. The extraordinarily complex infrastructure created for this purpose and its functional efficiency are unparalleled and evince the innate force and ingenuity of Japanese competition.     

国外生物技术产业发展政策研究

全球生物技术产业尚处于发展时期,政府的政策对技术的进步和产业的发展有明显的导向和促进作用。对美国、欧洲等国家和地区的产业政策进行综合研究,发现这些生物技术产业相对发达的国家和地区,尤其是美国,其产业政策已成体系,而且可操作性强,对产业的推动作用明显,具有相当的可借鉴意义。从组织管理结构、科研投入机制、鼓励研发创新、财税支持方式、资本市场培育、产业基地建设、中介服务网络构建、人才培养与引进、以及国际合作等方面对国际上行之有效的生物技术产业政策进行了归纳分析 。     

Controlling the risks to health and environment from biotechnology — what is the European Community doing?

The EEC is an economic community which must endeavour to unify the regulation of trade and environment among its member states. The establishment of international regulatory standards in biotechnology will be relatively less hindered by entrenched national legislation and practices than in other industrial sectors. Rapid progress towards a common biotechnology market will benefit both manufacturers and research in Europe, and provide common standards of health and environmental protection.     

Analysing biotechnology's traumas

Some of the most important factors that played a role in provoking the upheavals which overwhelmed the agri-foods biotechnology industry in Europe at the end of the 20th century are described and analysed, focusing especially on the impact of the introduction of a statutory labelling scheme that could be enforced. The implications of those upheavals for the development of biotechnology, for consumers and public policy makers, and corporate strategists, nationally and globally are outlined. The contention is that the trauma which overwhelmed the agri-food biotechnology sector in Europe had profound roots and rich implications which extend to the whole biotechnology sector and beyond.     

Biotechnology,people and markets

In assessing the likely demand for biotechnology products it is not sufficient just to look at what is happening in firms and their immediate market environment. There is no one 'market' for biotechnology products: there are differences between sectors and between countries. You have instead to look at the institutional contexts of the biotechnology product's development. This paper reviews work which has been carried out by social scientists, especially those using 'social shaping' approaches, on the development of new products based on advances in biotechnology and on the creation of markets to go with these products. It examines work on public attitudes to the exploitation of the technology, focusing especially on the issue of social inclusion and exclusion and how biotechnology might make exclusion more likely. It concludes by considering what current differences in public attitudes to the development of some biotechnology-based products might mean for the development of markets for those products in the UK.     

Public perceptions of biotechnology

The very term ‘Biotechnology’ elicits a range of emotions, from wonder and awe to downright fear and hostility. This is especially true among non-scientists, particularly in respect of agricultural and food biotechnology. These emotions indicate just how poorly understood agricultural biotechnology is and the need for accurate, dispassionate information in the public sphere to allow a rational public debate on the actual, as opposed to the perceived, risks and benefits of agricultural biotechnology. This review considers first the current state of public knowledge on agricultural biotechnology, and then explores some of the popular misperceptions and logical inconsistencies in both Europe and North America. I then consider the problem of widespread scientific illiteracy, and the role of the popular media in instilling and perpetuating misperceptions. The impact of inappropriate efforts to provide ‘balance’ in a news story, and of belief systems and faith also impinges on public scientific illiteracy. Getting away from the abstract, we explore a more concrete example of the contrasting approach to agricultural biotechnology adoption between Europe and North America, in considering divergent approaches to enabling coexistence in farming practices. I then question who benefits from agricultural biotechnology. Is it only the big companies, or is it society at large – and the environment-also deriving some benefit? Finally, a crucial aspect in such a technologically complex issue, ordinary and intelligent non-scientifically trained consumers cannot be expected to learn the intricacies of the technology to enable a personal choice to support or reject biotechnology products. The only reasonable and pragmatic alternative is to place trust in someone to provide honest advice. But who, working in the public interest, is best suited to provide informed and accessible, but objective, advice to wary consumers?     

Biotechnology and sustainability: the role of transatlantic cooperation in research and innovation

Life sciences and biotechnology are increasingly providing sustainable solutions in a wide range of areas from medicine to industry, agriculture and the environment. The United States and Europe are the two largest regions in which the revolution in life sciences and biotechnology has been taking place. Established in 1990, the EC-US Task Force on Biotechnology Research has provided a fruitful forum for the exchange of information, for the discussion of ideas and for the joint sponsoring of research activities between the US and the European Union.     

Advanced agricultural biotechnologies and sustainable agriculture

Agricultural biotechnologies are anchored to a scientific paradigm rooted in experimental biology, whereas sustainable agriculture rests on a biological paradigm that is best described as ecological. Both biotechnology and sustainable agriculture are associated with particular social science paradigms: biotechnology has its foundation in neoclassical economics, but sustainability is framed by an emerging community-centered, problem-solving perspective. Fundamentally, biotechnology and neoclassical economics are reductionist in nature. Sustainability and community problem-solving, however, are nonreductionist. Given these differences, we might see the development of two rather distinct systems of food production in the near future.     

Indian entrepreneurship in biotechnology comes of age

Biotechnology is one of the fastest growing, knowledge-driven industries in India and is expected to play a key role in shaping India’s rapidly developing economy. Since its inception in 1986 the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has been guiding to foster growth of Indian biotechnology with a range of initiatives. Indian biotechnology industry registered over 3.0 billion USD revenue generation in 2009–10, which constitutes about 2 % share of the global biotechnology market. More than 300 companies are engaged in different biotechnology sectors in India, majority of which are clustered in western and southern regions. Biopharmaceuticals is the largest biotechnology sector in India with about 62 % market share. Bioservices ranked second due to the upward trend in a range of service oriented research activities. Bioagriculture recorded highest growth in 2009–10 and is dominated by insect resistant transgenic cotton. Bioindustrial, which deals with production of enzymes for different industrial uses, is the smallest biotechnology sector in India with 6 % revenue share.     

The biotech equipment and supplies sector in Europe-is it European?

Socio-economic research on biotechnology is dealing mainly with the sectors of biopharmaceuticals, agro-food or environmental technologies. In contrast, the equipment and supplies sector seems to be largely ignored. This is surprising because this sector provides important input in terms of technology and material for the development of biotechnology in general. Our comparative analysis of the sector in eight countries indicates that there exists no specific science base for the sector and that it is largely neglected by public research funding. Commercial activities are concentrated in countries with a large general science base in biotechnology and strong multinational pharmaceutical or chemical companies. There is a rather broad diversity in the way the sector has developed in the eight countries. Our data support the notion that national peculiarities seem dominant for explaining this picture. We anticipate growing business opportunities for European firms to step into large markets of equipment and supplies for functional genomics and protein analyses where Europe maintains a strong science base.     

Biosafety legislation and biotechnology development gains momentum in Africa

Opinion in Africa over the use of genetically modified crops for food has been divided, honed by more than a decade of arguments in Europe and elsewhere. Fortunately, the perceived image of a passive Africa in this game is changing rapidly with clear positions on how to harness modern biotechnology. This article examines the status of biosafety regulation across Africa, pertinent challenges and the extent to which regulation fosters or constrains the development of agricultural biotechnology.     

海洋生物技术催生蓝色生物经济

海洋生物技术是20世纪末国际出现的前沿技术,至今发展势头良好,方兴未艾。在全球经济面临转型换代的关键时刻,蓝色经济渐现端倪。探讨了蓝色生物经济的概念和内涵,评述了海洋生物技术研发前沿与重点应用领域,展望了蓝色生物经济的良好市场前景与可持续发展,提出了加快发展我国蓝色生物经济的策略和建议。