Etiological structure of acute respiratory viral infections in children hospitalized in 1981-1999

The role of influenza and parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial viruses and adenoviruses in the etiological structure of morbidity in acute respiratory virus infections (ARVI) in children hospitalized during the 19 year period is analyzed. As the result of examination of 56,287 patients by direct immunofluorescent test, respiratory viruses were detected in 21% of cases. The seasonal character, periodicity and level of ARVI morbidity were established. According to medical records, in the 1990s ARVI took a more severe course in children than that observed in the 1980s. In addition, the data on morbidity among children regarding rotavirus infection and ARVI were found to be similar.     

Factors of influence on microbial pollution in the atmosphere over Beijing area

Summary The atmospheric microbial pollutants are potentially correlated to population density and activity as well as to human health. The higher the population density is, the heavier the air microbial pollution will become. Some meteorological factors exert great influence on air microbial pollution. Generally, wind, solar radiation and rainfalls purify air and, consequently cause a decrease in atmospheric microbial pollution. On the other hand, prevailing strong winds may favour this pollution, especially in dry conditions and in absence of vegetation. Obviously, relatively high temperatures associated with high RH enhance the growing of microbes. However, the higher the temperature is, the lower the viability of airborne microbes will be; nonetheless, with high RH a decrease in suspended particles may be recorded.     

Microbiocenosis of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and its correction with acipol in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory virus infections

Clinical and laboratory evaluation of the preparation Acipol in 45 children greatly susceptible to acute respiratory virus infections (ARVI) was carried out. Simultaneously with the clinical analysis, the study of the microflora of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tracts and intestine, as well as the levels of secretory IgA in saliva and coprofiltrates before and after treatment, was made. The inclusion of Acipol into the therapy of ARVI patients facilitated their clinical convalescence, uncomplicated course of the disease, correction of disturbances in the biocenosis of the upper respiratory tracts and increased infectious resistance.     

景观生态学在大气污染研究中的应用

快速城市化和工业化进程造成了一系列大气污染问题,亟需在宏观尺度上解析大气污染时空分布规律。景观生态学关注格局与过程耦合,景观"源汇"理论可对应解析大气污染物的源与汇效应,将景观生态学的理论与方法引入大气污染研究中已成为解决当前区域发展与大气污染权衡的有效途径。从景观生态学视角辨识了景观与大气污染物的源汇关系,系统梳理了景观格局与大气污染的定量关系,指出当前景观格局指标仍需进一步完善以表征大气污染时空分布特征,而高质量大气污染物时空数据的缺乏是限制景观格局与大气污染过程耦合分析的重要因素,拓展应用景观"源汇"理论,定量解析景观格局对大气污染的源汇效应,同时进一步研发遥感反演技术,实现大气污染物分布格局的精细刻画,将为区域景观规划提供重要支撑。强化大气污染研究中的景观生态学分析途径,将有助于深化景观生态学格局与过程耦合研究体系,也将为景观可持续管理提供有力的科学支撑。     

Influence of technogenic dust pollution on changes in the physiological and biochemical adaptation and radioresistance of pepperweed (Lepidium apetalum Wild.) seedlings

The influence of technogenic dust pollution on changes in the physiological and biochemical characteristics and their heterogeneity (variability) has been studied in Lepidum apetalum seedlings, as has the formation of their radioresistance. In spite of the high antioxidant status of seedlings, a higher level of dust pollution in the habitat of maternal plants does not significantly influence the radioresistance of seedlings when compared to the control group, which is probably a result of the reduced variability of the studied characteristics.     

北京城乡结合部气溶胶中水溶性离子粒径分布和季节变化

利用离子色谱分析北京市大气气溶胶中的水溶性无机离子,结果表明,北京城乡结合部TSP中水溶性离子的年均浓度为54.97μg.m-3,其中SO42-、NO3-、C a2 、NH4 4种组分占总离子浓度的85%。TSP中总离子浓度冬季最高、夏季最低。K 浓度夏季最高,C a2 和M g2 秋季浓度明显比其他季节高。NH4 和SO42-的浓度变化趋势相似,相关系数为0.97。大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的粒径分布各不相同,F-、M g2 和C a2 呈粗模态分布,NH4 是细模态分布,其余离子呈双模态分布。F-、NH4 、M g2 和C a2 4种离子粒径分布的季节变化不明显,冬季NO3-在细颗粒中的比例最大,春季N a 在粗颗粒中的比例最大,采暖期前后SO42-的粒径分布有明显变化。     

High radiopathogenic children's loads caused by "low doses" of technogenic chronic radiation

To study influence of "low radiodoses" on their early effects, the method to monitor peculiarities for human biochemphysic pathologies caused by technogenic chronic doses divided by natural constant radiation background doses (relative radiation loads as their ratios, RRL) has been developed. High radiolabile coupled system of harmful catabolites of the initiated lipoperoxic cascade with essential radioprotectors (vitamins A and E as natural antioxidants) as pathogenic significant test-objects were monitored. For exposed children low radiation technogenic doses were high enough as RRL to disturb and to dysregulate both systems. For evaluation of individual radiosensitivity significances of age for children especially, as of the biochemical status for both systems are shown. The approach permits to investigate pathologies of studied systems as primary factors for mechanisms of related radiogenic known somatic health secondary consequences and to use it for some important practical applications.     

Effects of air pollution on biogenic volatiles and ecological interactions

Chemical signals play important roles in ecological interactions but are vulnerable to perturbation by air pollution. In polluted air masses, signals may travel shorter distances before being destroyed by chemical reactions with pollutants, thus losing their specificity. To determine which scent-mediated interactions are likely to be affected, we review existing literature to build a picture of what chemicals are commonly found in such interactions and the spatial scales at which interactions occur. We find that pollination, attraction of natural enemies of plant pests, aggregation pheromones, and mate attraction are likely to be affected. We review the scant literature on this topic and extend the hypothesis to include heretofore unexplored interactions. New research should investigate whether air pollution deleteriously affects populations of organisms that rely on scent plumes. Additionally, we need to investigate whether or not breakdown products created by the reaction of signaling chemicals with pollutants can provide usable signals, and whether or not there has been adaptation on the part of scent emitters or receivers to use either breakdown products or more robust chemical signals. The proposed research will necessarily draw on tools from atmospheric science, evolutionary biology, and ecology in furthering our understanding of the ecological implications of how air pollution modifies the scentscape.     

Response of forest communities of xylotrophic fungi on industrial pollution: Multimodel inference

Communities of xylotrophic basidial fungi of the South taiga subzone of the Middle Urals that are exposed to industrial air pollutants have been studied. We quantitatively assessed the dependence of basic cenotic parameters of xylomycocomplexes on the distance from the source of technogenic pollution and the peculiarities of wood substrates. It was noted that the species abundance and generative and competitive activity of basidial fungi significantly decrease upon approaching the source of air pollutants, and defectiveness of trees trunks moderately increase. A higher activity of the phytopathogenic component was shown in polluted regions as compared to background zone. The data were analyzed using generalized linear model theory. For the sake of optimal models selection the consistent Akaike criterion was used.     

Prevalence and structure of acute respiratory virus infections

Information on epidemiology of acute respiratory virus infections (ARVI) is reviewed and analyzed. In addition to influenza viruses, the role of respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV), rhino- and adenoviruses, as well as other viruses, in the development of respiratory diseases, especially in newborns, young children and elderly persons, is emphasized. A high proportion of RSV in the etiology the severe forms of ARVI and in the development of intrauterine infection is pointed out. The conclusion has been made that the identification of the causative agents of ARVI with the use of modern methods makes it possible to determine the real role of each of the pathogens in the formation of the severe forms of diseases, as well as the expediency of vaccinal prophylaxis.     

大气颗粒物污染对土地覆盖变化的响应

土地利用-覆盖变化(LUCC)直接或间接影响颗粒物污染。了解颗粒物污染对LUCC的响应,对维护和改善生态环境具有重要的意义。基于卫星遥感技术,从广域的空间尺度分析颗粒物污染对LUCC的响应。使用MODIS数据分别提取与颗粒物污染相关性较高的城市用地、林地等土地利用类型,确定土地利用类型的变化趋势,利用长时间序列MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD,Aerosol optical depth)产品分析颗粒物污染与土地利用类型的变化的相关性。以山东省青岛市、淄博市、济南市3个典型城市为例,研究了AOD随土地利用类型的变化趋势。同时,考虑并分析了颗粒物污染对土地利用变化响应的敏感性,以及城市区域变化对环境的影响。研究结果表明,不同的城市类型,由于决定环境变化主导因素的差异,颗粒物污染对LUCC的响应具有明显的差异。青岛市地区,由于受海洋影响显著,大气颗粒物污染与LUCC的相关性较低,如中度污染天气与林地的相关系数为-0.451;而淄博市和济南市的相关系数分别为-0.473、-0.507。     

不同大气校正方法对森林叶面积指数遥感估算影响的比较

利用TM原始图像以及经过6S模型和基于影像自身的Gilabert模型大气校正后的地面绝对反射率图像,分别计算了褒河流域阔叶林和针阔混交林2种林型的5类光谱植被指数(SR、NDVI、MNDVI、ARVI和RSR),并建立各林型森林叶面积指数与同时相的各个植被指数的相关关系。结果表明,2种大气校正模型均显著提高了各植被指数与森林叶面积指数的相关关系,除了对森林叶面积指数与植被指数SR和NDVI的相关关系影响不显著外,对森林叶面积指数与植被指数MNDVI、ARVI和RSR相关关系的影响均非常显著。说明不同大气校正模型对叶面积指数的遥感估算结果有较大影响。因此,在利用遥感数据进行定量分析、信息提取和生态遥感应用时,不仅要进行大气校正,而且还要慎重选择大气校正模型和植被指数。     

The New Airborne Disease: Community Air Pollution

Community air pollution is the new airborne disease of our generation''s communities. It is caused by the increasing use of fuel, associated with both affluence and careless waste. Photochemical air pollution of the California type involves newly defined atmospheric reactions, is due mostly to motor vehicle exhaust, is oxidizing, and produces ozone, plant damage, impairment of visibility and eye and respiratory symptoms.Aggravation of asthma, impairment of lung function among persons with chronic respiratory disease and a possible causal role, along with cigarette smoking in emphysema and chronic bronchitis, are some of the effects of photochemical pollution.More subtle effects of pollution include impairment of oxygen transport by the blood due to carbon monoxide and interference with porphyrin metabolism due to lead. Carbon monoxide exposures may affect survival of patients who are in hospitals because of myocardial infarction.While many uncertainties in pollution-health reactions need to be resolved, a large number of people in California have health impairment due to airborne disease of this new type.     

Recommendations for a medical-meteorologic prognosis for hemophilia]

A one year lasting study about the relation between bleedings in haemophiliacs and weather was performed. There had been included 1802 bleeding events. The influence of meteorologic factors to bleeding was proved. The influx of warm air proved inopportune. The decrease in atmospheric pressure as well as winter cold fronts lead to increase of bleeding tendency. Haemophiliacs should avoid physical and psychical stress in such unconvenient atmospheric situations. The replacement therapy should be adapted to the weather situation.     

植被指数研究进展:从AVHRR-NDVI到MODIS-EVI

目前应用广泛的植被指数AVHRR—NDVI仍有一些缺陷。主要表现在：(1)在植被高覆盖区容易饱和。这除了红光通道就容易饱和外．主要是基于NIR／Red比值的NDVI算式本身存在容易饱和的缺陷;(2)没有考虑树冠背景对植被指数的影响;(3)NDVI的比值算式和最大值合成算法(MVC)确实消涂了某些内部和外部噪音。但最终的合成产品仍然有较多噪音;(4)MVC不能确保选择最小视角内的最佳像元。所有这此AVHRR—NDVI的局限性。在基于“中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)”的“增强型植被指数(EVI)”产品中。都有不同程度改善。MODIS—EVI改善表现在：(1)大气校正包括大气分子、气溶胶、薄云、水汽和臭氧。而AVHRR—NDVI仅对瑞利散射和臭氧吸收做了校正;这样MODIS—EVI可以不采用基于比值的方法。因为比值算式是以植被指数饱和为代价来减少大气影响;(2)根据蓝光和红光对气溶胶散射存在差异的原理。采用“抗大气植被指数(ARVl)对残留气溶胶做进一步的处理;(3)采用“土壤调节植;波指数(SAVl)”减弱了树冠背景土壤变化对植被指数的影响;(4)综合ARVI和SAVI的理论基础。形成“增强型植被指数(EVI)”。它可以同时减少来自大气和土壤噪音的影响;(5)采用“限定视角内最大值合成法(CV—MVC)”。选择最小视角内的最佳像元。此外。目前正在试验的“双向反射分布函数(ERDF)合成法”。首先把不同视角换算为星下点像元反射值。然后采用CV—MVC合成。目的是进一步提高EVI对植被季节性变化的敏感性。总之。MODIS—EVI使植被指数与不同覆盖程度植被的线性关系得到明显改善。尤其在高覆盖区表现良好。     

The structural-functional characteristics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Syringa vulgaris</Emphasis> L. and an assessment of their applicability in diagnosing the atmospheric pollution of the city of Kemerovo

Structural-functional characteristics on the level of the leaf apparatus, spear, and whole organism of the common lilac under the conditions of the city of Kemerovo have been revealed. The possibility of using these characteristics in diagnosing atmospheric pollution is given an assessment. Maximum changes in the investigated parameters in the common lilac have been observed in the Zavodskii, Kirovskii, and Rudnichnyi districts which are characterized by a high degree of pollution of the atmospheric air.     

Regeneration successions of northern taiga spruce forests under reduction of aerotechnogenic impact

The development of the composition and structure of northern taiga spruce forests on the Kola Peninsula under regeneration succession with a reduction in emissions from the metallurgical combine are described. Parameters of species diversity and ecological-coenotic structure of plant communities, including algosinusia of soils, are assessed under different technogenic impacts. Significant indices of stable transformations of plants from different layers during the regeneration succession were revealed. Strongly transformed communities in the vicinity of the combine are shown to remain in a critical state due to the preserved high level of soil pollution and demutation changes of the taiga components in the course of allogenic succession.     

Acute respiratory viral infections and bronchial asthma. Cellular and molecular aspects of the problem

In this review information on relationships between acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) and attacks of bronchial asthma is presented. The mechanisms of the appearance of virus induced attacks and bronchial hyperreactiveness have been analyzed. The role of the immune response of the body as well as anti-inflammatory and chemotaxic cytokines in the development of bronchial obstruction and hyperreactiveness has been substantiated. The conclusion on the role of ARVI especially induced by respiratory syncytial virus and rhinoviruses, in the development of immune response facilitating allergic sensitization and provoking attacks of bronchial asthma has been made.