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1.
Understanding why some human populations remain persistently poor remains a significant challenge for both the social and natural sciences. The extremely poor are generally reliant on their immediate natural resource base for subsistence and suffer high rates of mortality due to parasitic and infectious diseases. Economists have developed a range of models to explain persistent poverty, often characterized as poverty traps, but these rarely account for complex biophysical processes. In this Essay, we argue that by coupling insights from ecology and economics, we can begin to model and understand the complex dynamics that underlie the generation and maintenance of poverty traps, which can then be used to inform analyses and possible intervention policies. To illustrate the utility of this approach, we present a simple coupled model of infectious diseases and economic growth, where poverty traps emerge from nonlinear relationships determined by the number of pathogens in the system. These nonlinearities are comparable to those often incorporated into poverty trap models in the economics literature, but, importantly, here the mechanism is anchored in core ecological principles. Coupled models of this sort could be usefully developed in many economically important biophysical systems—such as agriculture, fisheries, nutrition, and land use change—to serve as foundations for deeper explorations of how fundamental ecological processes influence structural poverty and economic development.  相似文献   

2.
In spite of vast global improvements in living standards, health, and well-being, the persistence of absolute poverty and its attendant maladies remains an unsettling fact of life for billions around the world and constitutes the primary cause for the failure of developing states to improve the health of their peoples. While economic development in developing countries is necessary to provide for underlying determinants of health – most prominently, poverty reduction and the building of comprehensive primary health systems – inequalities in power within the international economic order and the spread of neoliberal development policy limit the ability of developing states to develop economically and realize public goods for health. With neoliberal development policies impacting entire societies, the collective right to development, as compared with an individual rights-based approach to development, offers a framework by which to restructure this system to realize social determinants of health. The right to development, working through a vector of rights, can address social determinants of health, obligating states and the international community to support public health systems while reducing inequities in health through poverty-reducing economic growth. At an international level, where the ability of states to develop economically and to realize public goods through public health systems is constrained by international financial institutions, the implementation of the right to development enables a restructuring of international institutions and foreign-aid programs, allowing states to enter development debates with a right to cooperation from other states, not simply a cry for charity.  相似文献   

3.
BACKGROUND: Within the Philippines areas endemic for lymphatic filariasis are in regions with the highest incidence of poverty. Out of a total of 79 provinces, 39 have a higher poverty incidence than the national average and 30 of these 39 provinces are endemic for lymphatic filariasis. DISCUSSION: Recognizing that provinces endemic for lymphatic filariasis (LF) are also the poorest provinces, the elimination of lymphatic filariasis in these areas presents significant opportunities to reduce poverty and inequalities in health. The implementation of an effective national programme for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis will provide means for sustainable development at national, local and community levels. SUMMARY: The elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem is a 20-year strategic plan for the world community, with the vision of all endemic communities free of transmission of lymphatic filariasis by 2020 and with the commitment to ensure the delivery of quality technologies and human services to eliminate lymphatic filariasis worldwide through a multi-stakeholder global alliance of all endemic countries. This global goal of elimination of lymphatic filariasis is a significant opportunity for partnerships - a world with less poverty through sustainable development and free from the scourge of lymphatic filariasis.  相似文献   

4.
By many people, the 20th century will be remembered as an era of great achievement in human endeavour, and of enormous economic growth and prosperity. Achievements in medical research, from eradicating infectious diseases to laser surgery; in engineering, from the transistor to space exploration; and in economic development have all contributed to greater well being in the world at the end of the 20th century. Among the challenges to development identified by the World Bank in the coming decades will be managing the twin processes of globalization and localization, as well as post-conflict reconstruction. These will form the backdrop of the Bank''s main focus of creating a world free of poverty.  相似文献   

5.
Purpose

In the European context, energy and climate have been prioritized by policies related to retrofitting, but social concerns such as unemployment or poverty need to be tackled. Policy makers need supporting assessment methods to comprehensively address complex processes as retrofitting, and the methodology of life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) seems an appropriate tool. However, LCSA needs further adaptation for the intended application. The objective of this work is to define socioeconomic models that, added to environmental life cycle assessment, enable LCSA. The intended application is guiding policy making related to retrofitting from a life cycle perspective.

Methods

This study defines models to assess social and socioeconomic impacts similarly to environmental life cycle assessment. These models address social and socioeconomic concerns, relevant in housing retrofitting processes, for which a cause-effect relationship can be established. Characterization models result from the identification, combination, and adaptation of available methods, developed within various research fields. These methods analyze damages to the health of workers involved in the life cycle and to the health of the household living in the retrofitted dwelling. Impacts on human well-being and dignity are addressed by analyzing prosperity, in terms of fair employment, alleviation of fuel poverty of households, and economic growth.

Results and discussion

With the proposed LCSA methods, we have compared impacts associated to the retrofitting of a house in Brussels in two scenarios, considering a remaining life cycle of 30 years and taking into account the reference situation. Environmental damages significantly decrease in one of the scenarios, but slightly increase for households that commonly under-heat. Retrofitting prevents indoor mold and associated damages on health but implies damages on the health of workers. Fair working hours involved in the life cycle have been quantified as well as the effects on the households regarding fuel poverty. The effects on the economic growth have also been studied to provide insights for the optimization of encouraging measures.

Conclusions

This LCSA proposal consists of a set of socioeconomic characterization models coupled with selected environmental ones. The models have been defined adapted to the particular application, given the context-specific nature of some of the social concerns, indicators, and characterization factors. This LCSA proposal helps adapting policies to housing typologies, household and dwelling conditions, as well as identifying potential improvements in the life cycle.

  相似文献   

6.

Background

Cambodia is one of the poorest countries in south-east Asia and is still emerging from the events of the Khmer Rouge reign. It has been suggested that the atrocities experienced by the Cambodian population can explain why Cambodia continues to lag behind its neighbours in economic outcomes. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is an association between exposure to past trauma and/or current poor mental health and current economic status in Cambodia.

Method

A newly conducted survey performed in two regions (north-west and south-east Cambodia) collected information on trauma exposure, psychiatric symptoms, self-rated health outcomes and socio-economic information for 3200 persons aged 18–60. Economic outcomes were measured as household debt and poverty status and whether the respondent was economically inactive. All models were analysed using logistic regression.

Results

No association was found between high exposure to conflict-related or civilian trauma and any economic outcomes save for a negative association between civilian trauma and poverty in the south-east. Current post-traumatic stress was related solely to poverty status. All other measures of current mental health status, however, were found to be strongly negatively associated with all measures of economic status. Thus, mental health interventions could potentially be utilised in poverty reduction strategies, but greater efficacy is likely to be achieved by targeting current mental health status rather than previous trauma exposure.  相似文献   

7.
While large populations in the third world are enduring famine, much of the developed world is undergoing an obesity epidemic. In addition to reflecting an unbalanced distribution of food, the "epidemic of overabundance" is ironically leading to a decrease in the health and longevity of the obese and improperly nourished in the first world. International consortia, such as the European Nutrigenomics Organization (NuGO), are increasing our knowledge of nutrientgene interactions and the effects of diet and obesity on human health. In this review, we summarize both previous and ongoing nutrigenomics studies in Drosophila and we explain how these studies can be used to provide insights into molecular mechanisms underlying nutrigenomics in humans. We will discuss how quantitative trait locus (QTL) experiments have identified genes that affect triglyceride levels in Drosophila, and how microarray analyses show that hundreds of genes have altered gene expression under different dietary conditions. Finally, we will discuss ongoing combined microarray-QTL studies, termed "genetical genomics," that promise to identify "master modulatory loci" that regulate global responses of potentially hundreds of genes under different dietary conditions. When "master modulatory loci" are identified in Drosophila, then experiments in mammalian models can be used to determine the relevance of these genes to human nutrition and health.  相似文献   

8.
王昭  刘建红  李同昇  阮征  武风奇 《生态学报》2019,39(11):3908-3917
以国家扶贫开发重点县山阳县为例,采用遥感与地理信息技术对研究区的生态脆弱性进行定量评价,并构建以行政村为单元的经济贫困评价指标体系,以此分析研究区生态脆弱性与经济贫困耦合协调度的空间分异特征。研究结果表明:①山阳县生态脆弱性整体处于中等偏高水平,生态脆弱性高的地区集中分布在人类活动频繁的河川地带和水土流失严重的低山区;②贫困程度整体较深,地形条件、资源丰度、交通通达性及经济区位的综合差异形成了山阳县经济贫困的空间分布格局;③将山阳县生态脆弱性与经济贫困的耦合关系分为失调共损型、失调环境滞后型、失调经济滞后型、协调同步型、协调环境滞后型及协调经济滞后型六种类型,协调同步型行政村比例仅为13.0%,生态脆弱性与经济贫困的耦合协调度整体较低;④失调共损型、协调同步型及协调环境滞后型空间分布较分散,失调环境滞后型、失调经济滞后型及协调经济滞后型有明显的集聚区,失调环境滞后型和协调经济滞后型集中分布在低山河谷区,失调经济滞后型集中分布在海拔1000 m以上的偏远山区。  相似文献   

9.
弘扬生态文明深化学科建设   总被引:15,自引:7,他引:8  
王如松  胡聃 《生态学报》2009,29(3):1055-1067
阐述了"生态"的"耦合关系、整合功能与和谐状态"三大内涵;提出了以气候变化、经济振荡和社会冲突为标志的全球生态安全问题,以资源耗竭、环境污染和生态胁迫为特征的区域生态服务问题,以及以贫穷落后、超常消费和野蛮开发为诱因的人群生态健康和社会生态福祉下降等世界三大生态焦点议题;探讨了生态文明的认知、体制、物态和心态内涵及其研究、发展和管理战略.提出了深化与创新基础生态学和应用生态学研究、献身生态学教育与科普工作、参与生态学决策与管理的对策和倡议.  相似文献   

10.
While most of the world is thought to be on long-term economic growth paths, more than one-sixth of the world is roughly as poor today as their ancestors were hundreds of years ago. The majority of the extremely poor live in the tropics. The latitudinal gradient in income is highly suggestive of underlying biophysical drivers, of which disease conditions are an especially salient example. However, conclusions have been confounded by the simultaneous causality between income and disease, in addition to potentially spurious relationships. We use a simultaneous equations model to estimate the relative effects of vector-borne and parasitic diseases (VBPDs) and income on each other, controlling for other factors. Our statistical model indicates that VBPDs have systematically affected economic development, evident in contemporary levels of per capita income. The burden of VBDPs is, in turn, determined by underlying ecological conditions. In particular, the model predicts it to rise as biodiversity falls. Through these positive effects on human health, the model thus identifies measurable economic benefits of biodiversity.  相似文献   

11.
For randomly selected 50 villages in Bangladesh, an interview survey with a structured questionnaire was conducted to reveal their perception on the environmental, health and economic conditions at present and for the past 10-year change. The eight following items were analyzed in this paper: air pollution and water pollution, which represent environmental conditions with close relation to health conditions, soil degradation and deforestation, which represent environmental conditions with close relation to economic conditions, epidemic diseases and malnutrition, which represent health conditions, and poverty and jobless, which represent economic conditions. Among the 50 villages, deforestation was most frequently perceived serious at present and worsened in the past 10 years. Of the remaining seven items, those related to economic conditions were more seriously perceived than those related to health and environmental conditions. As revealed by the cluster analysis for the inter-item relations, epidemic diseases, which formed the same cluster with the environmental items, were recognized less serious whereas malnutrition, which formed the same cluster with the economic items, was recognized more serious. These findings are useful not only for rural development programs but also for mitigation programs toward health and environmental hazards in Bangladesh.  相似文献   

12.
贫困县监测作为新阶段国家扶贫战略格局的重要组成部分,也是国家“精准扶贫”战略实施的前提和保障.本研究充分考虑片区内脆弱生态环境与经济贫困的共生共存关系,以全国14个集中连片特困区内的724个县为研究区,设计体现经济状态(贫困表象)、社会状态(生活保障能力)和生态环境状态(区域发展潜在能力)的县级多维贫困度量指标体系,多尺度多角度分析贫困县的贫困程度、贫困类型、致贫原因及其空间分布特征.结果表明: 研究区内各县贫困程度为较低贫困和中度贫困多、低度贫困和高度贫困少的 “橄榄型”分布结构;空间上表现为西高东低的“阶梯状”异质性格局,同时存在不同量级、“星点”式贫困核心,贫困县多维贫困存在较强的全局空间依赖性,局部呈现为高-高与低-低集中式分布、高-低与低-高离散分布;胡焕庸线两侧的贫困分布特征差异明显;七因素综合型贫困县数量最多,区位优势、地形条件、扶贫绩效等是影响减贫发展的显著性因素,生态环境恶化、自然禀赋恶劣所导致的生态贫困已经成为我国大部分地区贫困的区域性特征.  相似文献   

13.
High population growth and deteriorating economic conditions imperil Africa's natural environment. Conservationists are trying to cope with the threat by working in rural communities. Yet it is unclear whether they can be effective when social and economic change in rural areas is so rapid. Northeast Swaziland provides a case study. The landscape has been transformed since the 1950s, and conservationists are the only people now giving nature conservation a high priority. Land uses incompatible with local nature reserves are supported because they provide jobs. Thus, conservationists find themselves facing a world where wildlife is increasingly devalued as the forces of change accelerate. This paper concludes: (1) conservationists must expand their influence into rural communities, (2) an integrated development and conservation plan is required for northeastern Swaziland, and (3) only the alleviation of poverty will secure the future of nature conservation in Swaziland as well as the rest of Africa.  相似文献   

14.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disorder closely linked to obesity, hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes and is increasingly recognized as a major health problem in many parts of the world. While early stages of NAFLD are characterized by a bland accumulation of fat (steatosis) in hepatocytes, the disease can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) which involves chronic liver inflammation, tissue damage and fibrosis and can ultimately lead to end-stage liver disease including cirrhosis and cancer. As no approved pharmacological treatment for NAFLD exists today, there is an urgent need to identify promising pharmacological targets and develop future therapies. For this purpose, basic and translational research in NAFLD animal models is indispensable. While a large number of diverse animal models are currently used in the field, there is an ongoing challenge to identify those models that mirror human pathology the closest to allow good translation of obtained results into further clinical development. This review is meant to provide a concise overview of the most relevant NAFLD animal models currently available and will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these models with regard to their comparability to human disease conditions.  相似文献   

15.
Biotechnology can contribute to improved human health. Such improvement will also enhance significantly the economic development of the lesser developed nations. If one has in the biomedical sciences the skill and the will, one can utilize the powerful tools of biotechnology to better the well-being of makind throughout the world.  相似文献   

16.
Often it is understood that Islam prohibits family planning because the Qur'an does not explicitly address contraception. Public health and development officials have recently congratulated the Muslim world for decreases in fertility given the supposed constraints placed on reproductive healthcare by Islam, while popular culture writers have warned the West of threats by young Muslims if the population goes uncontrolled. This article draws on data collected through interviews with working-class women seeking reproductive healthcare at clinics in Rabat, Morocco, and with medical providers to challenge the link between Islamic ideology and reproductive practices and the correlation among Islam, poverty, and fertility. Morocco, a predominantly Muslim country, has experienced a dramatic decrease in fertility between the 1970s and today. I argue that patients and providers give new meanings to modern reproductive practices and produce new discourses of reproduction and motherhood that converge popular understandings of Islam with economic conditions of the Moroccan working class.  相似文献   

17.
The neglected tropical diseases or ‘NTDs’ represent the most common infections of the world's one billion poorest people. Unlike the better known acute or emerging infections, the NTDs are generally chronic and disabling (and often disfiguring) conditions. The long-term disability they cause has been revealed as a major reason why poor people in developing countries cannot escape the poverty trap. Because NTDs are associated with poverty, vaccines against these conditions are sometimes referred to as antipoverty vaccines. However, despite their global public health and economic importance, such vaccines have largely been ignored by industry and today are predominantly being produced through the activities of non-profit product development partnerships (PDPs). The Human Hookworm Vaccine Initiative based at the Sabin Vaccine Institute is one such PDP developing two antipoverty vaccines for hookworm and schistosomiasis, respectively. It has been proposed to combine these vaccines in order to target polyparasitic co-infections leading to severe anemia. Ultimately, to ensure global access of a multivalent anthelminthic vaccine, it may be linked to deworming programs through vaccine-linked chemotherapy. This would be an important step towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals for sustainable poverty reduction by 2015.  相似文献   

18.
The limited international resources for economic aid and conservation can only mitigate poverty and losses of biodiversity. Hence, developing nations must establish the capacity to resolve their problems. Additionally, policy-makers and donors need to obtain scientific input on issues such as global change and ecosystem services. We propose that for nations rich in biodiversity, ecosystem services derived from bioprospecting, or drug discovery, could contribute to economic development. In the case where unstudied samples are shipped abroad for research, the chances of obtaining royalties are infinitesimally small. Therefore developing nations will only realize benefits from bioprospecting through in-country research on their own biodiversity. Policy-makers and donors have failed to appreciate the value of this approach. In order to provide an example of the inherent links between conservation and sustainable economic development, we initiated a drug discovery effort in Panama that emphasizes local benefit. As much of the drug discovery process as possible is conducted in Panamanian laboratories, providing jobs dependent on intact biodiversity and enhancing local research and training. In short, research, plus the spin-offs from research, provide immediate and long-lasting benefits to Panama. The connection between conservation and development has been highlighted in publicity about the project in Panama’s urban media. This provides a constructive alternative to the perception the among the urban populace that economic development inevitably competes with conservation. In summary, our program uses biodiversity to promote human health as well as to support research capacity, economic development and conservation within Panama. The program provides an example of the widely recognized but little developed concept of bioprospecting research as an ecosystem service.  相似文献   

19.
喀斯特脆弱生态系统复合退化控制与重建模式   总被引:25,自引:3,他引:22  
以西南喀斯特地区为例,通过总结前人的研究成就和采集中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所喀斯特生态实验站部分收集整理和试验数据,系统分析了喀斯特脆弱生态系统及其退化的机理,从"人-自然-经济复合生态系统"的观点出发,以干扰程度、群落类型、服务功能、土地退化和贫困状况为指标,创新性地提出了喀斯特脆弱生态系统的复合退化模式(含4个阶段),运用现代生态恢复学原理、方法和现代管理学创新理论,建立了喀斯特脆弱生态系统复合退化的控制模型.以此为基础,在喀斯特石山区、半石山区和土山丘陵区3个区域环境尺度范围内,针对性地建立了生态保护型、外向经济型和双三重螺旋3种生态恢复与重建模式,以促进喀斯特区域生态、经济、社会的全面协调与可持续发展.  相似文献   

20.
保持生态环境与经济建设的协调发展是新阶段国家扶贫开发的重要策略之一.本文以扶贫开发“新纲要”中规划的14个连片特困区714个贫困县为例,基于敏感性-恢复力-压力度(SRP)的概念模型,构建生态脆弱性评价指标体系,从社会、经济两方面构建了县级尺度上的经济贫困评价指标体系,在此基础上,设计了连片特困区生态环境脆弱与经济贫困耦合模型,对研究区生态脆弱性与经济贫困进行了耦合协调度分析.结果表明: “胡焕庸线”能够很好地刻画连片特困区生态环境脆弱性、经济贫困以及两者耦合协调度的空间分布特征,在扶贫开发过程中,应充分考虑“胡焕庸线”对于我国贫困东西格局划分和减贫的影响;连片特困区脆弱生态环境与经济贫困共生共存,应该充分考虑贫困地区生态环境保护的战略意义,通过保护地区生态环境来达到减少经济贫困的目的;研究区一半左右的县市为衰退失调型,且两者不能做到同步发展.  相似文献   

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