Inhibitory effect of glycation on catalytic activity of alanine aminotransferase

Non-enzymatic glycation is a common post-translational modification of tissue and plasma proteins which can impair their functions in living organisms. In this study, the authors have demonstrated for the first time an inhibitory effect of in vitro glycation on the catalytic activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT, EC 2.6.1.2), a pyridoxal phosphate enzyme with several lysine residues in the molecule. The porcine heart enzyme was incubated with 50 mmol/l D-fructose, D-glucose, D,L-glyceraldehyde, or D-ribose in 0.1 mol/l phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 25°C for up to 20 days. The strongest glycation effect was shown by D,L-glyceraldehyde, which caused complete enzyme inhibition within 6 days. After 20 days of incubation, the ALT activity in samples with D-fructose and D-ribose was less than 7% of the initial enzyme activity. A statistically significant effect of D-glucose on the enzymatic activity of ALT was not found. Incubation of ALT with D-fructose, D,L-glyceraldehyde and D-ribose minimized its catalytic activity both in the glycated and non-glycated fractions of the samples. Markedly higher activity was found in the glycated fraction with glucose. The inhibitory effect of glycation of ALT with D-fructose and D-ribose was found to be more intensive in the presence of L-alanine and weaker in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate. The findings suggest that glycation of the e-amino group of Lys313 as a crucial part of the catalytic site of ALT may contribute to ALT inactivation in the presence of glycating sugars. Nevertheless, glycation of lysine residues outside the active center of ALT seems to be primary.     

D-fructose dehydrogenase of Gluconobacter industrius: purification, characterization, and application to enzymatic microdetermination of D-fructose.

D-Fructose dehydrogenase was solubilized and purified from the membrane fraction of glycerol-grown Gluconobacter industrius IFO 3260 by a procedure involving solubilization of the enzyme with Triton X-100 and subsequent fractionation on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and hydroxylapatite columns. The purified enzyme was tightly bound to a c-type cytochrome and another peptide existing as a dehydrogenase-cytochrome complex. The purified enzyme was deemed pure by analytical ultracentrifugation as well as by gel filtration on a Sephadex G-200 column. The molecular weight of the enzyme complex was determined to be about 140,000, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the presence of three components having molecular weights of 67,000 (dehydrogenase), 50,800 (cytochrome c), and 19,700 (unknown function). Only D-fructose was readily oxidized by the enzyme in the presence of dyes such as ferricyanide, 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, or phenazine methosulfate. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and oxygen did not function as electron acceptors. The optimum pH of D-fructose oxidation was 4.0. The enzyme was stable at pH 4.5 to 6.0 Stability of the purified enzyme was much enhanced by the presence of detergent in the enzyme solution. Removal of detergent from the enzyme solution facilitated the aggregation of the enzyme and caused its inactivation. An apparent Michaelis constant for D-fructose was observed to be 10(-2) M with the purified enzyme. D-Fructose dehydrogenase was shown to be a satisfactory reagent for microdetermination of D-fructose.     

Characterization of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens D-psicose 3-epimerase that converts D-fructose to D-psicose

The noncharacterized gene previously proposed as the D-tagatose 3-epimerase gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed enzyme was purified by three-step chromatography with a final specific activity of 8.89 U/mg. The molecular mass of the purified protein was estimated to be 132 kDa of four identical subunits. Mn2+ significantly increased the epimerization rate from D-fructose to D-psicose. The enzyme exhibited maximal activity at 50 degrees C and pH 8.0 with Mn2+. The turnover number (k(cat)) and catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/Km) of the enzyme for D-psicose were markedly higher than those for d-tagatose, suggesting that the enzyme is not D-tagatose 3-epimerase but D-psicose 3-epimerase. The equilibrium ratio between D-psicose and D-fructose was 32:68 at 30 degrees C. D-Psicose was produced at 230 g/liter from 700-g/liter D-fructose at 50 degrees C after 100 min, corresponding to a conversion yield of 32.9%.     

Purification and properties of a polyol dehydrogenase from the phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides

A polyol dehydrogenase was detected in cell extracts of the facultative phototrophic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain Si 4 grown on D-glucitol (sorbitol) as the sole carbon source. The enzyme was purified 150-fold to apparent homogeneity by steps involving fractionated (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, chromatography on Q-Sepharose and phenyl-Sepharose, and FPLC on Superose 12. The relative molecular mass (Mr) of the native polyol dehydrogenase was 47,200 as calculated from its Stokes' radius (rs = 2.76 nm) and sedimentation coefficient (s20, w = 4.15 S). SDS/PAGE resulted in one single band representing a polypeptide with a Mr of 52,200, indicating that the native protein is a monomer. The isoelectric point of the polyol dehydrogenase was determined to be pH 4.3. The enzyme was specific for NAD+ and oxidized both D-glucitol and D-mannitol to D-fructose, as well as D-arabinitol to D-ribulose. The pH optimum of substrate oxidation was pH 9.0 in 0.1 M Tris/HCl and that of substrate reduction was pH 6.5 in 0.1 M potassium phosphate. The reactions exhibited normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics allowing the estimation of KM values for NAD+ (0.18 mM) in the presence of D-glucitol, and for D-glucitol (31.8 mM), D-mannitol (0.29 mM) and D-arabinitol (1.8 mM), respectively. The KM value for D-fructose was 16.3 mM and that for NADH 0.02 mM. The equilibrium constants determined for the conversion of D-mannitol, D-glucitol and D-arabinitol were 4.5 nM, 0.58 nM and 80 pM, respectively. Based on the catalytic preference of the polyol dehydrogenase for D-mannitol, an enzymatic assay for D-mannitol was elaborated.     

Kinetic study of the catalytic mechanism of mannitol dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas fluorescens.

To characterize catalysis by NAD-dependent long-chain mannitol 2-dehydrogenases (MDHs), the recombinant wild-type MDH from Pseudomonas fluorescens was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The enzyme is a functional monomer of 54 kDa, which does not contain Zn(2+) and has B-type stereospecificity with respect to hydride transfer from NADH. Analysis of initial velocity patterns together with product and substrate inhibition patterns and comparison of primary deuterium isotope effects on the apparent kinetic parameters, (D)k(cat), (D)(k(cat)/K(NADH)), and (D)(k(cat)/K(fructose)), show that MDH has an ordered kinetic mechanism at pH 8.2 in which NADH adds before D-fructose, and D-mannitol and NAD are released in that order. Isomerization of E-NAD to a form which interacts with D-mannitol nonproductively or dissociation of NAD from the binary complex after isomerization is the slowest step (>/=110 s(-)(1)) in D-fructose reduction at pH 8.2. Release of NADH from E-NADH (32 s(-)(1)) is the major rate-limiting step in mannitol oxidation at this pH. At the pH optimum for D-fructose reduction (pH 7.0), the rate of hydride transfer contributes significantly to rate limitation of the catalytic cascade and the overall reaction. (D)(k(cat)/K(fructose)) decreases from 2.57 at pH 7.0 to a value of 相似文献   

链霉菌来源D-甘露糖异构酶的性质及其在制备D-甘露糖中的应用

【背景】D-甘露糖具有多种功能活性,在食品、医药、饲料等行业应用广泛。D-甘露糖异构酶可以催化D-果糖与D-甘露糖之间的相互转化,在D-甘露糖的酶法制备中具有应用潜力。【目的】克隆一个链霉菌(Streptomycessp.)来源的D-甘露糖异构酶基因(ssMIaseA)并在大肠杆菌中表达,研究其酶学性质,并用于制备D-甘露糖。【方法】从链霉菌(Streptomycessp.)中发掘一个D-甘露糖异构酶基因(ssMIaseA),构建重组表达质粒pET-28a-ssMIaseA并在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中表达,经Ni-NTA亲和层析纯化后测定酶学性质,利用高效液相色谱对SsMIaseA制备D-甘露糖进行研究。【结果】SsMIaseA与嗜热裂孢菌(Thermobifda fusca)来源的D-甘露糖异构酶ManI相似性最高,为60.2%。该酶比酶活为525 U/mg,分子量约为45 kD,最适pH和温度分别为7.5和45°C,在pH 6.5-10.0范围内和45°C以下保持稳定。该酶对甘露糖具有最高催化活性,其次是果糖、塔罗糖和塔格糖。利用SsMIaseA转化600 g/L D-果糖,反应8 h达到平衡,生成185 g/L D-甘露糖,转化率为31%。【结论】SsMIaseA作为新型D-甘露糖异构酶为D-甘露糖的酶法制备奠定了基础。     

Allosteric activation and competitive inhibition of yeast phosphofructokinase by d-fructose.

Purified phosphofructokinase from bakers yeast is activated by D-fructose in low concentrations (up to 1 mM) and inhibited by high concentrations. The stimulatory effect of D-fructose is similar, but smaller than that of AMP. In the presence of AMP (0.4 mM or higher) D-fructose does no longer stimulate, but its inhibitory effect persists (KI = 8 mM). Its dualistic action on phosphofructokinase activity indicates that D-fructose might induce low frequency in glycolytic oscillations by direct interaction with the enzyme.     

Sepharose-bound trypsin and activated sepharose-bound trypsinogen. Studies with small and large substrates

Several enzymic and physical properties of Sepharose-bound trypsin and activated Sepharose-bound trypsinogen have been compared to those of the soluble enzyme. Sepharose-bound trypsinogen could be activated to the same extent as soluble trypsinogen; the release of the activation peptide and formation of the active site occurred as expected in the presence of catalytic amounts of trypsin. With synthetic substrates, the relative activity and pH dependence of both immobilized trypsin preparations were essentially identical and nearly the same as the soluble enzyme. Sepharose-trypsin also formed an inactive complex with soybean trypsin inhibitor, with 85% of the active sites participating. In contrast, the activity of Sepharose-trypsin with chymotrypsinogen and with trypsinogen as substrates was only 40% that of soluble trypsin. There is evidence for some catalytic heterogeneity of active sites of bound trypsin; probably those sites buried within the gel have a limited catalytic efficiency with macromolecular substrates. The immobilized enzyme is more stable than the soluble enzyme at elevated temperatures and to concentrated urea, and denaturation by urea at pH 8 is fully reversible since the loss of molecules by autolysis is eliminated.     

The kinetic mechanism of sheep liver sorbitol dehydrogenase.

The relations between the kinetic parameters for both sorbitol oxidation and fructose reduction by sheep liver sorbitol dehydrogenase show that a Theorell-Chance compulsory order mechanism operates from pH 7.4 to 9.9. This is supported by many parallels with the kinetics of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, which operates by this classical mechanism. An isotope-exchange study using D-(2H8)sorbitol confirmed the existence of ternary complexes and that, under maximum velocity conditions, their interconversion is not rate-determining. Substrate inhibition at high concentrations of D-sorbitol or D-fructose confirmed rate-determining enzyme--coenzyme product dissociation, slowed by the existence of more stable abortive ternary enzyme-coenzyme product complexes with substrate. The effect of the inhibitor/activator 2,2,2-tribromoethanol showed the existence of enzyme-NAD-CBr3CH2OH complexes inhibiting the first phase of reaction and enzyme-NADH-CBr3CH2OH complexes dissociating more rapidly than the usual rate-determining enzyme-NADH coenzyme product dissociation in the final phase. Inhibition studies with dithiothreitol also confirmed an ordered binding of coenzymes and second substrates to sorbitol dehydrogenase. Neither D-sorbitol nor D-fructose had any effect on enzyme inactivation by the affinity labelling reagent DL-2-bromo-3-(5-imidazolyl)propionic acid, thus giving no evidence for their existence as binary enzyme-substrate complexes. Several alternative polyol substrates for sorbitol dehydrogenase gave the same maximum velocity as sorbitol. This indicated a common rate-limiting binary enzyme-NADH product dissociation and a similarity of mechanism. An enzyme assay for pH 7.0 and 9.9 is given which enables the concentration of sorbitol dehydrogenase to be determined from initial rate measurements of enzyme activity.     

Influence of anions and pH on the conformational change of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase induced by binding of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide: binding of chloride to the catalytic metal ion

The conformational change of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase induced by binding of NAD+ was studied by electronic absorption spectroscopy using cobalt as a spectroscopic probe in the active site. The complex of the enzyme with NAD+ exists in an acidic and an alkaline form. The transition between the two forms proceeds through several intermediates and is controlled by an apparent pKa of 6.9. Only at pH values below this pKa can a complex between enzyme, NAD+, and Cl- be formed. The spectral changes indicate that chloride displaces the cobalt-bound water molecule in a tetracoordinate structure. We conclude that a negative charge at the active site is necessary to stabilize the closed conformation of the enzyme in the presence of NAD+. Spectral correlations are given which strongly support the postulation of a metal-bound alkoxide in the closed structure of the enzyme as an essential feature of the catalytic mechanism of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase.     

Lactose and D-galactose metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus. III. Purification and properties of D-tagatose-6-phosphate kinase

D-Tagatose-6-phosphate kinase, an inducible enzyme that functions in the metabolism of lactose and D-galactose in Staphylococcus aureus, was purified about 300-fold from an extract of D-galactose-grown cells. The enzyme catalyzed the nucleoside triphosphate-dependent phosphorylation of both D-tagatose 6-phosphate and D-fructose 6-phosphate. Although the Vmax values were equal for these two substrates, the apparent Km values differed by 10,000-fold, being 16 micro M for D-tagatose 6-phosphate and 150 mM for D-fructose 6-phosphate. The purified enzyme was free from the constitutive D-fructose-6-phosphate kinase. Phosphoryl donors used by D-tagatose-6-phosphate kinse, listed in order of decreasing rates at saturating concentrations were GTP, UTP ITP ATP, CTP, and TTP; the Km values were 0.38, 0.91, 0.17, 0.16, 18, and 20 mM, respectively. The enzyme appeared to be nonallosteric; it exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics and was not inhibited by high concentrations of MgATP. However, it was activated 3- to 4-fold by 33.3 mM K+, NH4+, Rb+, and Cs+, and was inhibited 31 to 65% by 33.3 mM Na+ and Li+. It was inactivated reversibly by the thiol reagent, N-ethylmaleimide. The subunit molecular weight was estimated to be 52,000, and the native enzyme appeared to be a dimer with a sedimentation coefficient of 6.8 S. Data on stability, pH optimum, and inducibility of the enzyme are also presented.     

A needle in a haystack: the active site of the membrane-bound complex cytochrome c nitrite reductase

Cytochrome c nitrite reductase is a multicenter enzyme that uses a five-coordinated heme to perform the six-electron reduction of nitrite to ammonium. In the sulfate reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774, the enzyme is purified as a NrfA2NrfH complex that houses 14 hemes. The number of closely-spaced hemes in this enzyme and the magnetic interactions between them make it very difficult to study the active site by using traditional spectroscopic approaches such as EPR or UV-Vis. Here, we use both catalytic and non-catalytic protein film voltammetry to simply and unambiguously determine the reduction potential of the catalytic heme over a wide range of pH and we demonstrate that proton transfer is coupled to electron transfer at the active site.     

Yeast glutathione reductase. Studies of the kinetics and stability of the enzyme as a function of pH and salt concentration.

1. The pH dependencies of the apparent Michaelis constant for oxidized glutathione and the apparent turnover number of yeast glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) have been determined at a fixed concentration of 0.1 mM NADPH in the range pH 4.5--8.0. Between pH 5.5 and 7.6, both of these parameters are relatively constant. The principal effect of low pH on the kinetics of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction is the observation of a pH-dependent substrate inhibition by oxidized glutathione at pH less than or equal 7, which is shown to correlate with the binding of oxidized glutathione to the oxidized form of the enzyme. 2. The catalytic activity of yeast glutathione reductase at pH 5.5 is affected by the sodium acetate buffer concentration. The stability of the oxidized and reduced forms of the enzyme at pH 5.5 and 25 degrees C in the absence of bovine serum albumin was studied as a function of sodium acetate concentration. The results show that activation of the catalytic activity of the enzyme at low sodium acetate concentration correlates with an effect of sodium acetate on a reduced form of the enzyme. In contrast, inhibition of the catalytic activity of the enzyme at high sodium acetate concentration correlates with an effect of sodium acetate on the oxidized form of the enzyme.     

Aspartate transcarbamylase of Escherichia coli. Heterogeneity of binding sites for carbamyl phosphate and fluorinated analogs of carbamyl phosphate.

Some preparations of both native aspartate transcarbamylase from Escherichia coli and catalytic subunit have fewer tight binding sites per oligomer for carbamyl-P than the number of catalytic peptide chains. In contrast, the number of sites for the tight-binding inhibitor N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate does equal the number of catalytic chains in each case. Binding of the labile carbamyl-P was determined using rapid gel filtration, with conversion to stable carbamyl-L-aspartate during collection. Native enzyme (six catalytic chains) obtained from cells grown under the conditions of J.C. Gerhart and H. Holoubek (J. Biol. Chem. (1967) 242, 2886-2892) has 5.4 tight sites for carbamyl-P at pH 8.0 (KD = 9.9 muM), whereas native enzyme from cells grown with higher concentrations of glucose, uracil, and histidine (to yield more enzyme per unit volume of culture) has only 1.9 tight sites at pH 8.0 (KD = 4.6 muM) and only 2.3 tight sites at pH 7.0 (KD = 2.6 muM). At pH 8.0, catalytic subunit (three catalytic chains) obtained from the former native enzyme has 2.2 tight sites for carbamyl-P (KD = 2.4 muM) and the number of sites is 2.3 in the presence of 35 mM succinate, whereas catalytic subunit obtained from the latter native enzyme has 1.8 tight sites (KD = 3.6 muM) in the absence of succinate and 2.3 tight sites in its presence. The number of tight binding sites is also less than the number of subunit peptide chains in 19F nuclear magnetic resonance experiments performed with catalytic subunit and two fluorinated analogs of carbamyl-P at comparable concentrations of analogs and active sites. A model is proposed in which incomplete removal of formylmethionine from the NH2 termini of the enzyme under conditions of extreme depression affects affinity for ligands.     

Effects of sulfhydryl agents on the activation of tryptophan-5-monooxygenase from bovine pineal glands.

Partially purified tryptophan-5-monooxygenase (L-tryptophan, tetrahydropteridine: oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating) EC 1.14.16.4)from bovine pineal gland was activated by preincubation with sulfhydryl agents such as dithiothreitol, L-cysteine, cysteamine, L-cysteine ethylester, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, 2-mercaptoethanol and reduced glutathione, at alkaline pH (optimum pH equals 8.5). Dithiothreitol was the most effective of these, leading to approximately 50-fold activation of the enzyme after preincubation. Fe-2+ or other reducing agents such as borohydride, dithionite and ascorbate facilitated the velocity of the activation in the presence of sulfhydryl agents. In the absence of sulfhydryl agents, no activation was observed even in the presence of Fe-2+ or other reducing agents, suggesting an obligatory role or sulhydryl agents during the activation. The relative velocity and full extent of the activation were dependent on the concentrations of both the sulfhydryl agent and the enzyme in the activation mixture. The kinetic analysis of the activation indicated that the sulfhydryl agent reacts with more than 2 sites in the enzyme; one type of site is reduced by sulfhydryl agents, Fe-2+ or other reducing agents and the other specifically modified by a sulfhydryl agent. The activated enzyme did not require any exogenous Fe-2+ for its catalytic activity, but some roles of iron maybe exist in its catalytic reaction. The optimum pH for catalytic reaction of the activated enzyme was approximately 6.5. The apparent Km for L-tryptophan and pteridine cofactor, tetrahydro-pteridine (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin), of the activated enzyme were 30 and 35 muM respectively.     

D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate: a naturally occurring activator for inorganic pyrophosphate:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase in plants

Inorganic pyrophosphate:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase from mung beans ($\text{Phaseolus}\text{aureus}\text{Roxb.}$) was activated markedly by D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, with a K_A of about 50 nM. The enzyme exhibited hyperbolic kinetics both in the absence and presence of the activator. D-Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (1 μM) decreased the K_m for D-fructose 6-phosphate 67-fold (from 20 mM to 0.3 mM) and increased the V_max 15-fold; these two effects combined to give a 500-fold activation at 0.3 mM D-fructose 6-phosphate. In contrast, ATP:D-fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase from the same source was found not to be affected by D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.A natural activator for inorganic pyrophosphate:D-fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase was isolated from mung-bean extracts and identified as D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.     

Oxidation-reduction potential measurements on chloroperoxidase and its complexes.

The oxidation-reduction potential of chloroperoxidase, an enzyme which catalyzes peroxidative chlorination, bromination, and iodination reactions, has been investigated. In addition to catalyzing biological halogenation reactions, chloroperoxidase is unusual in that the carbon monoxide complex of ferrous chloroperoxidase shows the typical long wavelength Soret absorption associated with P-450 hemoproteins. The pH dependence of the chloroperoxidase oxidation-reduction potential shows a discontinuity around pH 4.7. Similarly, measurements of the affinity of ferrous chloroperoxidase for carbon monoxide monitored both by spectroscopic and potentiometric titration exhibit a discontinuity in the pH 4.7 region. Oxidation-reduction potential measurements on chloroperoxidase in a CO atmosphere also show a discontinuous pH profile. These results suggest that ferrous chloroperoxidase undergoes reversible modification at low pH and that these changes are reflected in the oxidation-reduction potential. The oxidation-reduction potential of chloroperoxidase at pH 6.9 is - 140 mV, close to that measured for cytochrome P-450cam in the presence of substrate. The oxidation-reduction potential of chloroperoxidase at pH 2.7, the pH optimum for enzymatic chlorination, is +150 mV. The oxidation-reduction potentials of the halide complexes of chloroperoxidase (chloride, bromide, and iodide) are essentially identical with the potential measurements on the native enzyme. These observations suggest that, although halide anions bind to the enzyme, they probably do not bind as an axial ligand to the heme ferric iron.     

The complete primary structure of the allosteric L-lactate dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus casei

The polypeptide chain of the allosteric L-lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) of Lactobacillus casei consists of 325 amino acid residues. Despite the strikingly different enzymatic characteristics of the allosteric L-lactate dehydrogenase of L. casei and of the non-allosteric vertebrate enzymes, the sequence of the allosteric enzyme shows a distinct homology with that of the non-allosteric vertebrate enzymes (average identity: 37%). An especially high sequence homology can be identified within the active center (average identity: 70%). A clear deviation of the L. casei enzyme from the vertebrate enzyme is the lack of the first 12 amino acid residues at the N terminus and an additional 7 amino acid residues at the C terminus. The localization of the binding site of the allosteric effector D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and pH and effector-induced changes of the spectroscopic properties are discussed on the basis of the primary structure.     

Purification and characterization of 5-ketofructose reductase from Erwinia citreus.

5-Ketofructose reductase [D(-)fructose:(NADP+) 5-oxidoreductase] was purified to homogeneity from Erwinia citreus and demonstrated to catalyse the reversible NADPH-dependent reduction of 5-ketofructose (D-threo-2,5-hexodiulose) to D-fructose. The enzyme appeared as a single species upon analyses by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing with an apparent relative molecular mass of 40,000 and an isoelectric point of 4.4. The amino acid composition of the enzyme and the N-terminal sequence of the first 39 residues are described. The steady-state kinetic mechanism was an ordered one with NADPH binding first to the enzyme and then to 5-ketofructose, and the order of product release was D-fructose followed by NADP+. The reversible nature of the reaction offers the possibility of using this enzyme for the determination of D-fructose.