叶绿体内被膜上的磷酸丙糖转运器

叶绿体内膜上存在有磷酸丙糖转运器。本文着重对该转运器的结构和功能、转运特性及其对光合作用的调节等做一介绍。磷酸丙糖转运器能够催化磷、磷酸丙糖和3 磷酸甘油酸的反向交换运输,从而使光合初级产物从叶绿体转运到胞质。在生理条件下,这种转运严格遵循1∶1的反向交换原则,并且转运活性受光的调节。目前,已经从一些植物中分离到磷酸丙糖转运器蛋白,并克隆了它们的cDNA。近年来,利用基因工程手段对磷酸丙糖转运器功能的研究也取得了很重要的进展。     

小麦磷酸丙糖转运器的特性及其对同化物分配的调节

磷酸丙糖转运器(tnose phosphate/phosphatetranslocator,TPT)是源、库间光合产物分配的第一调控部位,研究TPT的特性及其对同化物分配的调节,对于提高光合作用同化物利用效率有着重要意义.我们首先采用Percoll密度梯度离心从小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)叶片中分离制备了完整性达91%以上、具有较高纯度的完整叶绿体.利用TPT不可逆抑制剂[H3]2-DIDS标记和SDS-PAGE,以及小麦TPT抗体进行Western blotting分析,证明TPT蛋白仅存在于叶绿体被膜中,约占被膜总蛋白的15%,其分子量为35 kD,而在液泡膜和线粒体膜上不存在.采用硅油离心法研究TPT对磷酸二羟丙酮(dihydroxyacetone phosphate,DHAP)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(phosphoenolpyruvate,PEP)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸(glucose-6-phosphate,G6P)与Pi的反向运输动力学的结果表明,DHAP/Pi的最大运输活性最高,PEP/Pi次之,G6P/Pi最低.TPT与这些运输底物的Km值由小至大,分别为DHAP、Pi、PEP和G6P,证明TPT的最适运输底物为DHAP.用DIDS处理时,TPT对DHAP运输活性的抑制达95%.TPT运输活性受到抑制时,可导致叶绿体内大量积累淀粉.TPT在调控小麦叶绿体同化产物的分配中起着重要作用,在保证卡尔文循环正常运转的前提下,通过TPT外运到胞质中参与蔗糖合成和其他代谢活动的磷酸丙糖(triose phosphate,TP)约占93.6%,而用于叶绿体内合成淀粉的TP仅占6.4%.生理条件下其功能是高效率地把大部分光合同化产物TP及时运出叶绿体到胞质中,用于合成蔗糖并运输到其他库器官的需要.     

小麦磷酸丙糖转运器的特性及其对同化物分配的调节(英文)

磷酸丙糖转运器(triosephosphate/phosphatetranslocator,TPT)是源、库间光合产物分配的第一调控部位,研究TPT的特性及其对同化物分配的调节,对于提高光合作用同化物利用效率有着重要意义。我们首先采用Percoll密度梯度离心从小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)叶片中分离制备了完整性达91%以上、具有较高纯度的完整叶绿体。利用TPT不可逆抑制剂[H3]2-DIDS标记和SDS-PAGE,以及小麦TPT抗体进行Westernblotting分析,证明TPT蛋白仅存在于叶绿体被膜中,约占被膜总蛋白的15%,其分子量为35kD,而在液泡膜和线粒体膜上不存在。采用硅油离心法研究TPT对磷酸二羟丙酮(dihydroxyacetonephosphate,DHAP)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(phosphoenolpyruvate,PEP)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸(glucose-6-phosphate,G6P)与Pi的反向运输动力学的结果表明,DHAP/Pi的最大运输活性最高,PEP/Pi次之,G6P/Pi最低。TPT与这些运输底物的Km值由小至大,分别为DHAP、Pi、PEP和G6P,证明TPT的最适运输底物为DHAP。用DIDS处理时,TPT对DHAP运输活性的抑制达95%。TPT运输活性受到抑制时,可导致叶绿体内大量积累淀粉。TPT在调控小麦叶绿体同化产物的分配中起着重要作用,在保证卡尔文循环正常运转的前提下,通过TPT外运到胞质中参与蔗糖合成和其他代谢活动的磷酸丙糖(triosep     

胞质蛋白转运到叶绿体的研究进展

本文对胞质转运到叶绿体的研究进展进行了综述，包括胞质蛋白转移到叶绿体的重要性，胞质叶绿体蛋白的种类，引导肽的结构和功能，胞质蛋白转运到叶绿体的机理等。     

胞质蛋白转运到叶绿体的研究进展

 本文对胞质蛋白转运到叶绿体的研究进展进行了综述,包括胞质蛋白转移到叶绿体的重要性质胞质叶绿体蛋白的种类,引导肽的结构和功能,胞质蛋白转运到叶绿体的机理等。     

光对花生叶片绿色细胞糖酵解代谢的影响

光下花生叶肉细胞悬浮液暗呼吸只有暗中的18％左右,丙酮酸含量下降,细胞质磷酸丙糖积累,叶绿体3—磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶活性上升,而非叶绿体的酶活性下降,叶绿体和细胞质的ATP/ADP比值同时增加。ATP/ADP>1时离体细胞质3—磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶活性下降,但叶绿体的酶不受影响。表明光下ATP/ADP比值上升影响细胞质3—磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶活性而使糖酵解受抑制。     

叶绿体硫氧还蛋白系统的调节机制

硫氧还蛋白(Trx)属于巯基-二硫键氧化还原酶家族, 通过作用于底物蛋白侧链2个半胱氨酸残基之间的二硫键(还原、异构和转移)来调控胞内蛋白的结构和功能。叶绿体Trx系统包括Trx及Trx类似蛋白、铁氧还蛋白(Fd)依赖的硫氧还蛋白还原酶(FTR)和还原型烟酰腺嘌呤二核苷磷酸(NADPH)依赖的硫氧还蛋白还原酶C (NTRC)。除了基质蛋白酶类活性变化及叶绿体蛋白的转运受Trx系统调控之外, 在叶绿体中还存在1条跨类囊体膜的还原势传递途径, 把基质Trx的还原势经跨膜转运蛋白介导, 最终传递给类囊体腔蛋白。FTR和NTRC共同作用维持叶绿体的氧化还原平衡。该文对叶绿体硫氧还蛋白系统的调节机制进行了综述, 同时讨论了叶绿体硫氧还蛋白系统对维持植物光合效率的重要意义。     

蛋白质向叶绿体的转运

对近年来叶绿体蛋白质前导肽序列、叶绿体被膜中的蛋白质转运器、监护蛋白在蛋白转运过程中的作用、蛋白质导入叶绿体的途径、前体蛋白的加工的研究进展进行了介绍和评述     

番茄Rubisco小亚基叶绿体转运肽的克隆及其功能验证

转运肽对于大多数蛋白转运到叶绿体是必需的。虽然利用生物信息学分析可预测蛋白的定位信息及转运肽的序列信息,但转运肽的转运效果仍需要进一步的验证。本研究基于Gen Bank所报道的番茄Rubisco小亚基叶绿体转运肽(T_(CTP))的信息,利用特异引物从番茄DNA中扩增获得一段约170bp的片段,克隆到pMD~@18-T simple载体,测序表明获得番茄Rubisco小亚基的转运肽。为了进一步验证其功能,将其连接到瞬时表达载体P322-d1-eGFP,构建瞬时表达载体TCTP-eGFP-d1,利用PEG介导法将重组瞬时表达载体转入水稻原生质体,激光共聚焦显微镜分析表明,该转运肽可以顺利将eGFP定位到叶绿体,该研究有助于TCTP的进一步应用。     

细菌磷酸转移酶系统(PTS)的组成与功能研究进展

细菌磷酸烯醇丙酮酸(phosphoenolpyruvate,PEP)-磷酸转移酶系统(phosphotransferase system,PTS)广泛存在于细菌、真菌和一些古细菌中,但不存在于动植物中。PTS由酶I (EI)、组氨酸磷酸载体蛋白(HPr或NPr)和酶II复合物等磷酸转移酶组成,既具有催化转运功能,又具有非常广泛的调节功能。PTS主要是通过磷酸级联反应将各种糖及其衍生物进行磷酸化然后运输到胞内。其不仅参与碳、氮中心代谢,调节铁、钾稳态,调控某些病原体的毒力,还能介导应激反应。在这些不同的调节过程中,信号由PTS组分的磷酸化状态提供,而该磷酸化状态根据PTS底物的可用性和细胞代谢状态的变化而变化。本文对细菌中磷酸转移酶系统的组成和调控网络进行综述,以期为PTS的整体调控机制及其对细菌整体代谢影响的研究提供参考依据。     

Functional characterization of the plastidic phosphate translocator gene family from the thermo-acidophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria reveals specific adaptations of primary carbon partitioning in green plants and red algae

In chloroplasts of green plants and algae, CO₂ is assimilated into triose-phosphates (TPs); a large part of these TPs is exported to the cytosol by a TP/phosphate translocator (TPT), whereas some is stored in the plastid as starch. Plastidial phosphate translocators have evolved from transport proteins of the host endomembrane system shortly after the origin of chloroplasts by endosymbiosis. The red microalga Galdieria sulphuraria shares three conserved putative orthologous transport proteins with the distantly related seed plants and green algae. However, red algae, in contrast to green plants, store starch in their cytosol, not inside plastids. Hence, due to the lack of a plastidic starch pool, a larger share of recently assimilated CO₂ needs to be exported to the cytosol. We thus hypothesized that red algal transporters have distinct substrate specificity in comparison to their green orthologs. This hypothesis was tested by expression of the red algal genes in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and assessment of their substrate specificities and kinetic constants. Indeed, two of the three red algal phosphate translocator candidate orthologs have clearly distinct substrate specificities when compared to their green homologs. GsTPT (for G. sulphuraria TPT) displays very narrow substrate specificity and high affinity; in contrast to green plant TPTs, 3-phosphoglyceric acid is poorly transported and thus not able to serve as a TP/3-phosphoglyceric acid redox shuttle in vivo. Apparently, the specific features of red algal primary carbon metabolism promoted the evolution of a highly efficient export system with high affinities for its substrates. The low-affinity TPT of plants maintains TP levels sufficient for starch biosynthesis inside of chloroplasts, whereas the red algal TPT is optimized for efficient export of TP from the chloroplast.     

菠菜磷酸丙糖转移蛋白在烟草中正义及反义表达及其对碳水化合物转运的影响

以菠菜（Ｓｐｉｎａｃｉａ ｏｌｅｒａｃｅａ Ｌ．）为材料,取幼叶分离ｍＲＮＡ,反转录合成ｃＤＮＡ,以ｃＤＮＡ第一链为模板,通过ＰＣＲ扩增,获得菠菜磷酸丙糖转移蛋白（Ｔｒｉｏｓｅ ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅ ｔｒａｎｓｌｏｃａｔｏｒ,ＴＰＴ）ｃＤＨＡ目的片段。对其进行序列分析,结果表明,分离的目的片段核苷酸序列与文献报道相比同源率为９９．９％,只不１个碱基发生改变。将得到的菠菜ｔｐｔ ｃＤＮＡ与ＣａＭＶ３５     

小麦磷酸丙糖转运器cDNA的克隆及其基因表达分析

利用RT-PCR方法以及RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends)策略,从小麦(Triticum aestivum L.) 幼苗叶片中克隆了编码磷酸丙糖转运器(TPT)的全长cDNA.序列分析结果表明,小麦TPT cDNA编码402个氨基酸的前体蛋白,其中信号肽含有78个氨基酸.成熟蛋白部分与玉米(Zea mays L.)TPT有很高的同源性(89%).推测小麦TPT成熟蛋白有8个跨膜区,形成双亲α-螺旋的跨膜结构.位于第7个跨膜区的Arg-274和Lys-275可能是底物结合位点.比较TPT基因在小麦幼苗的根、胚芽鞘、叶片和种子中的表达差异表明:TPT基因在叶片、胚芽鞘中均有表达,但在胚芽鞘中的表达量较低,在种子和根中未见有表达.由此看来,小麦TPT的基因可能只局限在绿色组织中表达.还就C3和C4植物TPT不同的底物特异性问题进行了讨论.     

小麦磷酸丙糖转运器cDNA的克隆及其基因表达分析

利用RT_PCR方法以及RACE(rapidamplificationofcDNAends)策略 ,从小麦 (TriticumaestivumL .)幼苗叶片中克隆了编码磷酸丙糖转运器 (TPT)的全长cDNA。序列分析结果表明 ,小麦TPTcDNA编码 40 2个氨基酸的前体蛋白 ,其中信号肽含有 78个氨基酸。成熟蛋白部分与玉米 (ZeamaysL .)TPT有很高的同源性 (89% )。推测小麦TPT成熟蛋白有 8个跨膜区 ,形成双亲α_螺旋的跨膜结构。位于第 7个跨膜区的Arg_2 74和Lys_2 75可能是底物结合位点。比较TPT基因在小麦幼苗的根、胚芽鞘、叶片和种子中的表达差异表明 :TPT基因在叶片、胚芽鞘中均有表达 ,但在胚芽鞘中的表达量较低 ,在种子和根中未见有表达。由此看来 ,小麦TPT的基因可能只局限在绿色组织中表达。还就C3 和C4植物TPT不同的底物特异性问题进行了讨论     

Compared Anatomy of Young Leaves of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch with Different Degrees of Susceptibility to Taphrina deformans (Berk.) Tul

Anatomical observations of leaves infected by Taphrina deformans were studied in tolerant peach trees (TPT) and in very susceptible (VSPT) ones. Leaves from the first sampling (2nd April) showed hyphae penetrating through the stomata or into the cuticle of the host tissue; anatomical structures of leaf sections were similar for both TPT and VSPT. The ultrastructure of the leaves of TPT showed seemingly normal mesophyll cells. In contrast, mesophyll cells of the VSPT showed important signs of degradation. Cells were organelle‐free and the middle lamella was expanded and invaded by hyphae of T. deformans. In some samples, the leaves of TPT showed deformed epidermal cells, loss of some spongy cells and increase of the intercellular spaces and division of the palisade cells. The pathogen proliferation in the leaves of the VSPT was considerably superior. In this case, stimulation of cell division occurred in the abaxial epidermis. Cells showed periclinal and oblique divisions, with an increased number of plasmodesmata; palisade or spongy cells were not differentiable. Leaves from TPT collected on 26th April showed hyphae with a non‐cylindrical section and with a squashed aspect. The hyphae were very evident in the intercellular spaces, showing abundant endoplasmic reticulum of rough type (RER) in the cytoplasm. On the other hand, epidermis of the leaves of the VSPT had numerous hyphae under the cuticle, which were growing in a thick pectin matrix. Leaves from TPT and VSPT collected on 6th May showed relevant differences. The leaves of TPT had a palisade mesophyll with fewer cells but with active chloroplasts. In contrast, the leaves from VSPT showed empty mesophyll cells, the cytoplasm was collapsed and the adaxial epidermis was covered with the fungus fructification. The observed anatomical and ultrastructural differences of leaves from TPT and VSPT confirm a different behaviour in plant‐host reaction at early stages of infection.     

Determination of plasma topotecan and its metabolite N-desmethyl topotecan as both lactone and total form by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

Topotecan (TPT) undergoes hepatic N-demethylation forming N-desmethyl topotecan (NDS). To evaluate the effect of drug-drug interactions on NDS disposition in children receiving TPT we developed and validated a sensitive and specific HPLC-fluorescence detection method for lactone and total (lactone plus carboxylate) TPT and NDS. Deproteinized plasma is vortexed, centrifuged, and the methanolic extract diluted with water for the lactone form of NDS and TPT or diluted with 1.5% phosphoric acid for NDS and TPT total. A 100 microL sample is injected onto a Varian ChromGuard RP column attached to an Agilent SB-C(18) reversed-phase analytical column held at 50 degrees C. The mobile phase (flow-rate, 0.8 mL/min) consists of methanol-aqueous buffer (27:73, v/v) (75 mM potassium phosphate and 0.2% triethylamine, pH 6.5). TPT and NDS were detected with excitation and emission wavelengths set at 376 and 530 nm, respectively. The standard curves for both forms of TPT ranged from 0.25 to 80 ng/mL, and for NDS ranged from 0.10 to 8.0 ng/mL. Within-day and between-day precision (% RSD) was 相似文献