异色瓢虫捕食胁迫对黑腹果蝇繁殖与后代发育的影响水

以模式昆虫黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)及捕食性天敌异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyridis)为研究系统,通过把异色瓢虫接入到有黑腹果蝇的指形管中,研究了黑腹果蝇雌、雄成虫单独或共同被异色瓢虫捕食胁迫后,其自身寿命、子代的生长发育、繁殖和适合度的变化。结果表明:当雄性黑腹果蝇受到异色瓢虫成虫胁迫时,其寿命明显延长,但胁迫与否对雌性黑腹果蝇的寿命无明显影响;当黑腹果蝇的雌雄成虫同时受到胁迫时,其子代幼虫的发育历期延长,雄性后代寿命也增加,而雌性或雄性黑腹果蝇单独受到胁迫,其子代幼虫发育进度没有明显改变;当初孵黑腹果蝇幼虫受到异色瓢虫成虫直接或间接捕食胁迫后,其后续幼虫的发育历期都会受到影响,其中1龄期受到的间接捕食胁迫作用的影响大于直接捕食胁迫作用,直接捕食胁迫1龄幼虫比间接捕食胁迫更能延长其将来雌性成虫的寿命。     

Synthesis of Drosophila melanogaster alcohol dehydrogenase in yeast

Expression systems for the heterologous expression of Drosophila melanogaster alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been designed, analyzed and compared. Four different yeast/Escherichia coli shuttle vectors were constructed and used to transform four different yeast strains. Expression was detectable in ADH- yeast strains, from either a constitutive promoter, yeast ADH1 promoter (ADCp), or a regulated promoter, yeast GALp. The highest amount of D. melanogaster ADH was obtained from a multicopy plasmid with the D. melanogaster Adh gene expressed constitutively under the control of yeast ADCp promoter. The D. melanogaster enzyme was produced in cell extracts, as assessed by Coomassie blue staining and Western blotting after polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and it was fully active and able to complement the yeast ADH deficiency. Results show that D. melanogaster ADH subunits synthesized in yeast are able to assemble into functional dimeric forms. The synthesized D. melanogaster ADH represents up to 3.5% of the total extracted yeast protein.     

大蒜素调控黑腹果蝇产卵偏嗜性和适合度

[目的]研究果蝇对大蒜素的产卵选择,并解析果蝇产卵避性的机制和生物学意义.[方法]应用产卵双向选择装置,检测黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster雌成虫对0.01％,0.015％和0.02％大蒜素的产卵选择性;利用产卵装置,检测黑腹果蝇对大蒜素的位置效应;通过毛细管摄食法检测黑腹果蝇摄食行为;利用黑暗(...     

Patterns of Microsatellite Variability in the Drosophila Melanogaster Complex

Forty-seven microsatellite loci were amplified in Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila simulans, Drosophila mauritiana and Drosophila sechellia. The two cosmopolitan species D. melanogaster and D. simulans were found to be the most variable ones, followed by D. mauritiana and D. sechellia. A model based clustering algorithm was applied to the population samples of D. melanogaster, D. simulans and D. sechellia. No evidence for population substructure was detected within species--most likely due to insufficient power. A Markov chain Monte Carlo method developed for demographic inference based on microsatellites provided unambiguous evidence for population contraction in D. melanogaster, D. simulans and D. sechellia, despite that the D. melanogaster and D. simulans population samples were of non-African origin and represented recently expanded populations.     

Reproductive Isolation and Morphogenetic Evolution in Drosophila Analyzed by Breakage of Ethological Barriers

This article reports the breaking of ethological barriers through the constitution of soma-germ line chimeras between species of the melanogaster subgroup of Drosophila, which are ethologically isolated. Female Drosophila yakuba and D. teissieri germ cells in a D. melanogaster ovary produced functional oocytes that, when fertilized by D. melanogaster sperm, gave rise to sterile yakuba-melanogaster and teissieri-melanogaster male and female hybrids. However, the erecta-melanogaster and orena-melanogaster hybrids were lethal, since female D. erecta and D. orena germ cells in a D. melanogaster ovary failed to form oocytes with the capacity to develop normally. This failure appears to be caused by an altered interaction between the melanogaster soma and the erecta and orena germ lines. Germ cells of D. teissieri and D. orena in a D. melanogaster testis produced motile sperm that was not stored in D. melanogaster females. This might be due to incompatibility between the teissieri and orena sperm and the melanogaster seminal fluid. A morphological analysis of the terminalia of yakuba-melanogaster and teissieri-melanogaster hybrids was performed. The effect on the terminalia of teissieri-melanogaster hybrids of a mutation in doublesex, a regulatory gene that controls the development of the terminalia, was also investigated.     

Studies of sibling Drosophila species from Laguna Verde, Veracruz, Mexico: I. Species frequencies, viability, desiccation resistance, and vagility

The sibling species Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans were collected at Laguna Verde, Veracruz, Mexico. D. melanogaster was found in significantly greater frequency than was D. simulans. Ten isofemale lines of each species were tested for egg to adult viability, desiccation resistance, and vagility. D. melanogaster surpassed D. simulans in all three characteristics. The findings are discussed with reference to the climatic conditions at Laguna Verde and the expected effect of such an environment on the relative frequencies of these species. The dichotomous results in regard to desiccation resistance and vagility that were observed between recently collected D. melanogaster and the Oregon-R laboratory stock of that species are also discussed.     

基于四臂嗅觉仪内轨迹跟踪的昆虫嗅觉行为分析体系

[目的]结合四臂嗅觉仪与轨迹跟踪分析系统,通过分析不同试验条件下黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster的嗅觉行为,建立适合于果蝇等小型昆虫的嗅觉行为实验技术体系.[方法]采用Ethovision XT软件追踪黑腹果蝇在四臂嗅觉仪内的活动轨迹,分析各区域内的累计停留时长、运动速度;同时,考察气流速度和味源...     

植物乳杆菌、苹果醋酸杆菌和酿酒酵母三种微生物对黑腹果蝇行为和发育的影响

[目的]肠道微生物在宿主的多种生命活动中发挥重要作用.本研究旨在通过研究植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum,苹果醋酸杆菌Acetobacter malorum和酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3种微生物对黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster觅食、产卵和发...     

Hsp70 duplication in the Drosophila melanogaster species group: how and when did two become five?

To determine how the modern copy number (5) of hsp70 genes in Drosophila melanogaster evolved, we localized the duplication events that created the genes in the phylogeny of the melanogaster group, examined D. melanogaster genomic sequence to investigate the mechanisms of duplication, and analyzed the hsp70 gene sequences of Drosophila orena and Drosophila mauritiana. The initial two-to-four hsp70 duplication occurred 10--15 MYA, according to fixed in situ hybridization to polytene chromosomes, before the origin and divergence of the melanogaster and five other species subgroups of the melanogaster group. Analysis of more than 30 kb of flanking sequence surrounding the hsp70 gene clusters suggested that this duplication was likely a retrotransposition. For the melanogaster subgroup, Southern hybridization and an hsp70 restriction map confirmed the conserved number (4) and arrangement of hsp70 genes in the seven species other than D. melanogaster. Drosophila melanogaster is unique; tandem duplication and gene conversion at the derived cluster yielded a fifth hsp70 gene. The four D. orena hsp70 genes are highly similar and concertedly evolving. In contrast, the D. mauritiana hsp70 genes are divergent, and many alleles are nonfunctional. The proliferation, concerted evolution, and maintenance of functionality in the D. melanogaster hsp70 genes is consistent with the action of natural selection in this species.     

Two non-linked genes for specific virulence of Leptopilina boulardi against Drosophila melanogaster and D. yakuba

The developmental success of Leptopilina boulardi parasitoids within host species of the melanogaster subgroup is determined mainly by their ability to suppress the host immune reaction (virulence). Host resistance and parasitoid virulence are genetically variable in both partners. A gene for specific resistance against L. boulardi (Rlb) has been identified in Drosophila melanogaster, and a gene for the immune suppression (IS) of D. melanogaster has been identified in L. boulardi. To understand the evolution of the IS gene, we determined its specificity regarding potential hosts of the melanogaster subgroup. It did not affect the virulence against any other species of the melanogaster subgroup and was called ISm for immune suppression of D. melanogaster. Another gene (ISy), non-linked to the gene ISm, was characterized for the specific immune suppression of D. yakuba. These results suggesting that natural selection for virulence against one host species does not influence the evolution of virulence against another will allow us to develop pertinent hypotheses concerning the evolution of this character which is expected to drive the evolution of the parasitoid toward narrow host specialization. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Basal relationships in the Drosophila melanogaster species group

The Drosophila melanogaster species group is a popular model for evolutionary studies due to its morphological and ecological diversity and its inclusion of the model species D. melanogaster. However, phylogenetic relationships among major lineages within this species group remain controversial. In this report, the phylogeny of 10 species representing each of the well-supported monophyletic clades in the melanogaster group was studied using the sequences of 14 loci that together comprise 9493 nucleotide positions. Combined Bayesian analysis using gene-specific substitution models produced a 100% credible set of two trees. In the strict consensus of these trees, the ananassae subgroup branches first in the melanogaster species group, followed by the montium subgroup. The remaining lineages form a monophyletic clade in which D. ficusphila and D. elegans branch first, followed by D. biarmipes, D. eugracilis, and the melanogaster subgroup. This strongly supported phylogeny resolves most basal relationships in the melanogaster species group, and provides a framework that can be extended in the future to encompass more species.     

黑腹果蝇对高盐的产卵避性反应及其生物学意义

【目的】研究黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster对高盐的产卵避性,并通过高盐下后代生存率和发育历期的变化来揭示这一现象的生物学意义。【方法】应用产卵双选择装置,检测黑腹果蝇和雅库巴果蝇D. yakuba雌成虫分别对含有0. 25和1 mol/L NaCl的培养基的产卵选择性;利用产卵装置,检测黑腹果蝇对1 mol/L NaCl的位置效应;通过强迫产卵实验检测钠盐胁迫下黑腹果蝇的产卵能力;通过毛细管摄食法和观察口器延伸,检测钠盐胁迫下黑腹果蝇的摄食行为。利用黑暗条件和突变体Orco2分别探究视觉和嗅觉对高盐的产卵选择性。通过外科手术法摘除黑腹果蝇前足部分味觉感受器,并使用咸味突变体Ionotropic Receptor 76b (IR76b),研究介导该行为的感觉系统。在含有不同浓度NaCl (0,0. 25,0. 50,0. 75和1 mol/L)的培养基上培养黑腹果蝇,探究NaCl对黑腹果蝇后代的发育历期和存活率的影响。【结果】雌性黑腹果蝇产卵对高盐产生避性反应,对0. 25和1 mol/L NaCl的产卵偏嗜指数分别为-0. 45和-0. 59;雅库巴果蝇对高盐的反应与黑腹果蝇相同,对0. 25和1 mol/L NaCl的产卵偏嗜指数分别为-0. 78和-0. 99;并且两种果蝇均对0. 25和1 mol/L KCl和CaCl2产生产卵避性反应。黑腹果蝇避开含0. 25和1 mol/L NaCl培养基,位置指数分别为-0. 74和-0. 88。高盐不影响黑腹果蝇的生育能力,其对0,0. 25和1 mol/L NaCl的产卵指数分别为5. 59,6. 63和5. 41。黑腹果蝇对0. 25和1 mol/L NaCl摄食产生明显排斥反应,摄食指数分别为-0. 37和-0. 41,且随浓度增大食欲越低。同时在黑暗条件下,黑腹果蝇对0. 25和1 mol/L NaCl仍产生了显著的避性反应,产卵偏嗜指数分别为-0. 49和-0. 59,摘除前足的黑腹果蝇对0. 25 mol/L NaCl的产卵偏嗜指数为-0. 05,IR76b突变体对高盐的产卵避性反应消失,对0. 25和1 mol/L NaCl的产卵偏嗜指数分别为0. 46和0. 39。0. 25 mol/L NaCl明显延长了后代成蛹时间0. 40 d,后代幼虫存活率降低了16. 5%,而在1 mol/L NaCl上后代卵完全不能形成蛹和成虫。【结论】黑腹果蝇雌成虫通过咸味感觉器官感知高盐而产生产卵避性反应,以促进后代的生长发育和提高后代的幼虫存活率。     

The value of two Collembola species as food for a linyphiid spider

Egg production by the cereal spider Erigone atra was used as a fitness parameter for evaluating the food quality of two species of Collembola: Folsomia fimetaria and Isotoma anglicana. Drosophila melanogaster was used as reference prey. We tested the hypothesis that due to differences in food quality, the two Collembola species would affect the reproduction of the spider differently. The quality ranking of the prey types turned out as: I. anglicana > D. melanogaster > F. fimetaria. With F. fimetaria alone, spiders were unable to maintain reproduction. E. atra was more efficient in utilising I. anglicana and D. melanogaster. Thus, daily consumption rates of I. anglicana were lower in spite of higher egg laying rates by E. atra. A mixed diet of F. fimetaria and D. melanogaster resulted in a lower reproductive output than a pure diet of D. melanogaster, indicating a toxic element in F. fimetaria. In the mixed diet F. fimetaria had a negative influence on the consumption capacity of the spider towards D. melanogaster, while D. melanogaster had a positive influence on the consumption capacity towards F. fimetaria. It is concluded that a high abundance of I. anglicana may support a high reproductive output of E. atra, while the presence, of F. fimetaria in fields may reduce the spider's reproductive output.     

Evidence for recent horizontal transfer of gypsy-homologous LTR-retrotransposon gtwin into Drosophila erecta followed by its amplification with multiple aberrations

Long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon gtwin was initially discovered in silico, and then it was isolated as gypsy-homologous sequence from Drosophila melanogaster strain, G32. The presence of ORF3 suggests, that gtwin, like gypsy, may be an endogenous retrovirus, which can leave the cell and infect another one. Therefore, in this study we decided to investigate the distribution of gtwin in different species of the melanogaster subgroup in order to find out whether gtwin can be transferred horizontally as well as vertically. Gtwin was found in all 9 species of this subgroup, hence it seems to have inhabited the host genomes for a long time. In addition, we have shown that in the Drosophila erecta genome two gtwin families are present. The first one has 93% of identity to D. melanogaster element and is likely to be a descendant of gtwin that existed in Drosophila before the divergence of the melanogaster subgroup species. The other one has >99% of identity to D. melanogaster gtwin. The most reasonable explanation is that this element has been recently horizontally transferred between D. melanogaster and D. erecta. The number and variety of gtwin copies from the "infectious" family suggest that after the horizontal transfer into D. erecta genome, gtwin underwent amplification and aberrations, leading to the rise of its diverse variants.     

黑腹果蝇成虫生长过程的脂质组分析

果蝇是一种重要的模式生物,为遗传学研究作出了巨大贡献。近几十年来,在发育生物学、行为生物学、神经生物学等领域也都发挥了十分关键的作用。脂质是构成生命的4大类基本物质之一,但关于果蝇脂质组特征研究并不多,尤其是黑腹果蝇在生长发育过程中的脂质组含量变化尚未见报导。为更全面了解果蝇生长发育的特性,本研究应用脂质组学方法,系统地表征了黑腹果蝇成虫生长过程中的337种脂质分子的变化。结果显示,磷脂总量从152.61 ± 4.92 nmol/mg 降低至112.3 ± 3.87 nmol/mg,其中溶血磷脂酰胆碱含量从0.70 ± 0.03 nmol/mg 升高至0.93 ± 0.11 nmol/mg。而中性脂甘油三酯 (TAG) 和甘油二酯 (DAG) 变化最剧烈,伴随果蝇生长,从356.12 ± 34.05 nmol/mg下降至86.99 ± 13.07 nmol/mg。同时,分析了与细胞膜稳定性有关的膜脂碳链长度、双键数目(DBI)和磷脂酰胆碱(PC)/磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)比值的变化。结果显示,果蝇成虫在生长阶段早中期（8～15 d）细胞膜最稳定,通过增加膜脂双键数目（10%～20%）和升高PC/PE比值（14%）,增强膜稳定性。黑腹果蝇在成虫生长的不同阶段,其脂质分子组成特征不同,我们所发现的黑腹果蝇成虫生长过程中脂质分子含量变化,一方面为在脂质水平研究黑腹果蝇生长调控奠定了重要基础,另一方面也为黑腹果蝇作为研究模型时控制其正常健康生长提供了参考标准。     

Polymorphism and differentiation of multilocus DNA markers in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster

Using multilocus (RAPD) markers, variation and divergence of genomic DNA was examined in two Drosophila melanogaster populations from Russia and three populations from Ukraine. The populations were found to exhibit high polymorphism at RAPD markers. Estimation of genetic distances between the populations showed low differentiation of geographically distant populations of D. melanogaster. Significant gene flow between the D. melanogaster populations was found, which depended on the geographical distance between them.     

Regulative interactions between cells of wing discs from different dipteran species

The mechanism by which patterns are produced appears to be repeated in each segment of an animal, and it has been proposed that it may even have been conserved in evolution so that different species would have the same system of positional information. This idea has been tested by mixing cells of a defined fragment of the wing disc of Drosophila melanogaster with wing disc fragments of five other dipteran species to assay the ability of these disc fragments to stimulate intercalary regeneration of the D. melanogaster cells. The genetically marked (y; mwh) D. melanogaster fragment was mechanically mixed with wing discs or wing disc fragments of four drosophilids (D. melanogaster as a control, D. virilis, D. hydei, Zaprionus vittiger), of Musca domestica, and of Piophila casei. The mixed aggregates were cultured in vivo for 7 days, then metamorphosed in D. melanogaster larval hosts. The D. melanogaster fragments were only stimulated to regenerate when combined with complementary fragments from D. melanogaster or D. virilis wing discs. In the combination between D. melanogaster and D. hydei, the tissue formed integrated mosaic patterns, but no regeneration ensued. The one positive result (D. melanogaster mixed with D. virilis) shows that positional cues can be exchanged and correctly interpreted between cells of different species. The negative results do not prove that the mechanism for establishing patterns is different in the tested species, but may be due to incompatibilities that are not related to pattern formation.     

A cloned Drosophila DNA fragment which codes for a 4 S RNA species.

A collection of random Drosophila melanogaster DNA fragments cloned individually in Escherichia coli was screened for the presence of sequences complementary to the 4 S, 5 S and 5.8 S RNA species produced in the D. melanogaster Kc tissue culture line. Four D. melanogaster DNA fragments were found which possessed sequences complementary to the 4 S RNA species but not complementary to the 5 S or 5.8 S RNA. One such cloned fragment (6.81 kilobase in length) was characterized further. It hybridizes in situ to region 22A-C of the left arm of chromosome 2 and does not contain repetitive sequences detectable by renaturation (cot) analysis. This same region was reported earlier by Steffensen and Wimber (Genetics (1971) 69, 163--178) to hybridize in situ to bulk tRNA extracted from D. melanogaster.