激光辐照鱼类胚胎导致畸变

红激光(He—Ne,632.8nm)辐照金鱼(Carassius aurafus)受精卵和怀胎孔雀鱼(Poecilia reticulata),导致两种鱼胚胎畸变。金鱼胚胎在某一发自阶段的畸变率随辐照剂量的增加而提高;在同一剂量辐照下,不同发育期的胚胎畸变率各异,胚胎发育初期畸变率最高,此后随胚胎发育过程畸变率下降。经He—Ne激光辐照的孔雀亲鱼也能生产畸形仔鱼。在实验中还比较了红激光(632.8nm)和紫激光(N_2337.1nm)辐照金龟卵致变效果。     

激光参数与鱼类性状

本文根据激光,生物学的特点以及两者相互作用的机理和实验结果,初步探讨了激光与生物学的交叉学科内某些因素的相互关系。作了激光波长对鱼类生长速率,鱼类受精卵孵化率,鱼类胚胎畸变的影响和激光辐照剂量对鱼类生长速率的影响实验。     

蛋白激酶Cα在小鼠孤雌及四倍体胚胎早期发育过程中的分布和作用

为了观察蛋白激酶Cα(protein kinase Cα,PKCα在昆明白小鼠受精卵、孤雌激活和四倍体胚胎早期发育阶段的亚细胞定位和致密化进程中的表达变化,本实验利用免疫荧光化学染色与激光共聚焦显微镜观察相结合的方法,对受精卵、孤雌激活和四倍体胚胎早期发育阶段PKCα的表达进行了定位观察,并利用Western blot对三组胚胎致密化进程中PKCα的表达进行定量分析.结果显示,PKCα在上述三组胚胎发育的2-细胞期至囊胚期均有表达,虽然不同胚胎PKCα的分布在同一发育阶段存在差异,却表现出在各胚胎期主要分布于卵裂球核染色质内,以及在胚胎致密化开始,PKCα在卵裂球连接处发生重新分布的共同特点.此外,三组胚胎PKCα在致密化进程中的表达呈升高趋势,即致密化后的表达高于敛密化前.结果表明,PKCct对胚胎致密化的调节具有重要作用,其在8-细胞/4-细胞期的重新分布是胚胎进入桑椹胚期的必然事件,是胚胎致密化的前提,同时伴随蛋白表达增多.此外,PKCα在囊胚期发生了植入前的第二次重新分布.PKCα在三组胚胎各发育阶段表达情况各不相同,它对小鼠胚胎发育的影响体现在整个早期发育阶段.PKCα在小鼠受精卵早期发育阶段的两次重新分布可能与在致密化开始时启动的细胞黏附事件存在某种必然联系.     

不同能量激光照射后中华大蟾蜍早期胚胎发育及其蛋白质谱变化的研究

应用YAG倍频激光器选择不同能量密度激光微束对中华大蟾蜍4细胞期胚胎进行照射,观察胚胎的生长、发育状况,统计出膜率、畸胎率和死亡率。实验结果表明：低能量激光照射明显地提高了胚胎的孵化速度,且使畸变率降低;而高能量激光对胚胎发育有明显抑制作用,而且使畸变率增高。不同能量密度激光微束照射中华大蟾蜍早囊胚,0．5h后制备样品进行双向电泳,凝胶成像后用PDQuest软件进行分析。结果显示激光照射对蛋白质点数及其分布有影响,影响程度与照射激光密度有关。结论：激光照射可以影响胚胎发育和蛋白质的合成。     

低强度He-Ne激光照射人外周血淋巴细胞两组试验结果的分析

本文采用染色体畸变 (chromosomalaberration CA)试验和微核 (micronucleus)试验两种方法对低强度He Ne激光辐照育龄妇女外周血淋巴细胞。激光能量密度分别为 14.31J cm2 (辐照 5′)、2 8.6 2J cm2 (辐照 10′) ,5 7.2 4J cm2(辐照 2 0′) ,114.5 2J cm2 (辐照 40′)。照射血样后 ,染色体畸变试验检测其淋巴细胞染色体畸变率 ,激光照射及空白对照组 ,血样染色体畸变率分别为 4.2 9‰、3.96‰、3.81、3.5 9‰和 4.19‰ ,X2 检验无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。阳性对照丝裂霉素MMC处理的血样淋巴细胞CA率平均为 14.41‰ ,明显高于激光照射和空白对照组 ,X2 检验有显著差异(P <0 .0 1)。微核试验检测结果 ,微核染色体分别为 1.0 2‰ ,1.17‰ ,1.18‰ ,1.31‰和 1.19‰对照 ,经统计分析激光照射各组与对照组微核率均在 2‰以下 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,属正常人体微核范围内。结果显示两组试验监测诱变均具有一致性。证明He Ne激光辐照人体细胞对染色体无致畸效应。且表明He Ne激光在治疗范围内应用安全、有效、不会对不体造成危害。     

激光辅助制作小鼠嵌合体胚胎的研究

目的：探索激光辅助体外制作小鼠嵌合体胚胎的方法。方法：激光辅助去除不同发育阶段体外受精胚胎的透明带,随机组合卵裂球体外培养,观察胚胎融合情况。结果：没有透明带的卵裂球体外能够“自发”融合,并且融合胚胎在体外培养环境中,能够发育至囊胚期,显微镜观察其形态基本与二倍体胚胎无差别。结论：激光辅助方法获得裸露的卵裂球能够在体外培养环境制作嵌合体胚胎。     

激光辐照对花生种子的细胞生物学效应

本文研究了用Ｎｄ∶ＹＡＧ(10 6 0ｎｍ)激光辐照花生种子后其Ｍ1代的细胞生物学效应。研究结果表明 ,不同剂量的ＹＡＧ(10 6 0ｎｍ)激光辐照均能诱发胚芽细胞的染色体畸变。在功率密度为 35.84ｗ ｃｍ2情况下 ,辐照时间由 3秒增至 8秒 ,畸变率相应由0 .16 %增至 0 .53% ,染色体畸变类型也随之增加。 8秒处理后的染色体畸变类型中 ,中期提早分离、数目变异、粘连、不均等分裂、多极分裂、核向细胞质突起等类型 ,在 3秒处理中均无出现。且根据种子萌发和生长情况 ,35.84ｗ ｃｍ2 × 8ｓ处理已达到致死剂量激光辐照对花生种子的细胞生物学效应@…     

川硬皮肿腿蜂的胚胎发育

在 2 6℃恒温和 70 %相对湿度条件下 ,川硬皮肿腿蜂胚胎发育全历期为 60～ 70h。卵黄少 ,原足期 (protopod)孵化。根据其胚胎形态变化特征可分 4个发育阶段 :早期发育阶段 ,卵产后 1～ 1 2h,包括卵割期、胚盘期和胚带期 ;胚胎伸长及器官发育阶段 ,卵后 1 2～ 5 0h,包括胚带分节、原头原躯分化、胚带再伸长、消化道和口器形成 ;胚胎背合阶段 ,卵产后 5 0～ 60h和胚胎成熟阶段 ,卵产后 60～ 70h。     

近红外激光对蝗虫与其寄主植物辐照效应初步研究

为探求激光作用于蝗虫与其寄主植物产生的效果,采用808 nm、2 W连续型二极管激光器,距离激光发光面不同距离处,对Ⅰ-Ⅲ和Ⅳ-Ⅴ龄蝗蝻头部、营养期狗尾草植物的叶片和杆茎,进行不同时间的辐照试验.观察照后5 d内蝗蝻的死亡率;照后3 d、7 d和30 d叶片和杆茎的变化;照后30 d、40 d狗尾草植株的总体生长趋势.结果显示,随着功率密度的增加、辐照时间及辐照后时间的延长,蝗蝻的致死率增加;相同辐照条件下,Ⅰ-Ⅲ龄比Ⅳ-Ⅵ龄更容易致死.此外,照后导致部分蝗蝻头部碳化和畸变现象严重.植物在被辐照后观测不到任何异样,总体生长趋势良好.试验结果表明,采用比蝗蝻致死剂量高的激光能量辐照营养期狗尾草,对植物的整个生长状态无破坏性损伤.     

不同血清对水牛早期胚胎性别比率的影响

研究了不同血清对水牛早期胚胎性别比率的影响.结果表明,同种血清不同批次对胚胎性别比率没有影响.添加胎牛血清组3个不同发育阶段雄性胚胎比率之间差异显著(P<0.05),随着细胞数目的增加雄性胚胎比率不断增加.添加发情牛血清组3个不同发育阶段雄性胚胎比率之间差异显著(P<0.05),但不同于胎牛血清组,未出现随着细胞数目的增加而雄性比率不断增加的现象.无血清组两个细胞期雄性胚胎比率之间差异不显著(P>0.05).     

Thermoregulatory behavior and critical thermal limits of the angelfish Pterophyllum scalare (Lichtenstein) (Pisces: Cichlidae)

(1)Final temperature preferendum of juvenile (0.9–1.9 g) and adult (5.2–12.5 g) angelfish Pterophyllum scalare were determined with acute and gravitation methods. The final preferenda were similar, independent of the method and development stage (29.0–31.1°C).

(2)The critical thermal maxima (CTMax) for juveniles were 36.9°C, 37.6°C, 40.6°C, 40.8°C and for adults 38.4°C, 38.6°C, 41.0°C, 42.1°C. Adult angelfish CTMax was slightly higher than in juveniles (1°C; P<0.05); the endpoint of CTMax was the onset of spasms.

(3)The acclimation response ratio for both stages had an interval of 0.33–0.44; these values are in agreement with results for subtropical and tropical fishes.

(4)Therefore it is recommended that angelfish cultivation should be consistent with temperatures that do not change abruptly throughout the year and temperature maximum does not exceed 30°C.

     

Description of the digestive tract and feeding habits of the king angelfish and the Cortes angelfish

Morphologically, the digestive tracts of the king angelfish Holacunthus passer and the Cortes angelfish Pomacanthus zonipectus are similar, yet the king angelfish intestine is almost 30% longer than that of the Cortes angelfish. Both pomacanthids have a small mouth with villiform teeth, a short oesophagus, a well-defined stomach, and a terminal sac at the end of the digestive tract. The terminal sac, the acid pH in the stomach, and the long intestine may facilitate efficient use of seaweed nutrients. Stomach contents were analysed to determine diets and interspecific overlap. Seventy-one species were found in the stomachs of the king angelfish and 53 in the stomachs of the Cortes angelfish. Because of the wide range of species in their diets, both angelfish must be regarded as omnivorous. The most frequent foods were seaweed and sponges, but for the king angelfish, crustaceans were also important. A cluster analysis was done to determine whether the diets of these fish were similar by sex, size, or season. No similarities were found. Dietary overlap is high in relation to other pomacanthids.     

Do body and fin form affect the abilities of fish to stabilize swimming during maneuvers through vertical and horizontal tubes?

Goldfish, Carassius auratus, silver dollar, Metynnis hypsauchen, and angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare were induced to swim through narrow vertical and horizontal tubes ranging in length from 0 to 20 cm (approximately 0 to 3 times total fish length, FL). The ability to stabilize the body while negotiating these confined spaces was quantified as (1) the minimum width of vertical (w_v) and horizontal (w_h) tubes traversed, where width is the smaller cross-sectional dimension of the tube, (2) the ratio w_v/w_h, and (3) transit speed through the tubes. Tube width was expressed as relative width, obtained by dividing tube width by fish length. Minimum relative widths traversed increased from 0.15 to 0.19 in the order silver dollar > angelfish > goldfish for vertical tubes and from 0.17 to 0.18 in the order goldfish=silver dollar > angelfish for horizontal tubes. w_v/w_h increased from 0.91 to 1.10 in the order silver dollar=angelfish > goldfish. Minimum tube widths generally increased with tube length for vertical tubes. Although significant differences in relative minimum widths among species were found, these were small. In contrast, for horizontal tubes, there was no significant effect of tube length on minimum tube width for any species. Large differences were found in transit speed. Transit speed generally decreased as the tube length increased. The slope of the relationship between transit speed and tube length varied among species generally increasing from – 0.41 to – 1.16 for horizontal tubes in the order goldfish > silver dollar > angelfish and from – 0.42 to – 1.07 in the order silver dollar > goldfish > angelfish for vertical tubes. As a result, goldfish usually took longest to traverse tubes of zero length but the shortest time to traverse the longest tubes. In contrast, angelfish traversed short tubes in the least time and long tubes in the greatest time. Deeper bodied angelfish swam slowly and traversed tubes with difficulty because they required experience during each trial to replace median and paired fin with body and caudal fin swimming. According to our data, goldfish were best able to swim in confined spaces.     

Anti-egg predator behaviors of the small angelfish Centropyge ferrugatus (Pomacanthidae)

Synopsis Predation on eggs of the angelfish, Centropyge ferrugatus, was observed in the coral reefs of Sesoko Island, Okinawa, Japan. This angelfish released pelagic eggs in pairs at sunset after slow ascents. Of 99 matings of this angelfish, an omnivorous damselfish Amblyglyphidodon curacao approached in 25, and fed on the released eggs in eight cases. The spawning angelfish never attacked the egg-predators. Pairs of this angelfish avoided the egg-predators by delaying mating for several minutes during courtships, and by frequent changes of spawning sites. Of the 25 matings targeted by the egg-predators, the angelfish successfully avoided predation in 17 cases. Eight matings were failures mainly due to lack of any attempt to elude the predator, suggesting that the delayed matings on multiple spawning sites are effective anti-egg predator behaviors.     

Influence low-intensity laser irradiation on the ultrastructural organization of loach embryo cells

The ultrastructural organization of loach embryo cells (Misgurnus fossilis L.) at the stage of the first and the tenth embryo divisions was investigated under the influence of low intensity helium-neon laser irradiation of 5 min exposure. It was determined that the effect of laser irradiation led to ultrastructural changes: the shape of mitochondria and multivesicular bodies changes. The obtained results explain the possible mechanism of influence of low-intensity laser irradiation at the cellular level.     

Effects of breed, age of donor and dosage of follicle stimulating hormone on the superovulatory response of beef cows

Data were obtained on 1039 recoveries of embryos from beef cows of four breeds at two locations, in clinic and on farm. General linear models procedures were utilized to determine the effects of breed, location, age of donor, dosage of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and the interaction of age and FSH on the following dependent variables: 1) the mean number of ova (unfertilized oocytes and embryos) recovered; 2) the mean number and percentage of embryos (fertilized; live and dead) recovered; and 3) the mean number and percentage of transferable embryos recovered. The interaction of age of donor and dosage of FSH with breed and location prevented the pooling of data over breed and location. The mean number of ova recovered was affected by age of the donor (Charolais-in clinic), or the interaction between age of donor and dosage of FSH (Polled Hereford-in clinic and -on farm and Simmental -on farm). The mean number of embryos was affected by age of donor (Polled Hereford-in clinic), dosage of FSH (Simmental-in clinic) or their interaction (Angus-on farm). The mean number of transferable embryos was affected by age of donor (Polled Hereford-in clinic and -on farm, Simmental-in clinic and Angus-on farm). General linear models procedures were utilized to determine the effects of the embryo (stage of development and quality) and the recipient (synchrony with the donor) on the rate of pregnancy. Rate of pregnancy varied with embryo quality score and synchrony of the recipient and the embryo. In conclusion, the superovulatory response was found to be highly breed-specific, and most of the variability in embryos produced was attributed to the number of ova recovered. However, the number of ova, embryos and transferable embryos recovered was further influenced by age of the donor, dosage of FSH or their interaction.     

EMBRYOLOGICAL STUDY OF HERMINIUM MONORCHIS (ORCHIDACEAE) USING CONFOCAL SCANNING LASER MICROSCOPY

The embryology of Herminium monorchis (Orchidaceae) was studied using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM), a new technique for embryological studies. This technique may contribute new information to plant embryology. Herminium monorchis has a monosporic embryo sac development. The mature embryo sac is 8-nucleate. Two integuments, both 2-layered, are formed, but only the inner takes part in formation of the micropyle. Double fertilization takes place. The primary endosperm nucleus does not divide, but remains alive at least at the 3-celled stage of embryo development. The three antipodals do not show any sign of degeneration at this stage.     

An Arabidopsis embryonic lethal mutant with reduced expression of alanyl—t RNA synthetase gene

In present paper,one of the T-DNA insertional embryonic lethal mutant of Arabidopsis is identified and designated as acd mutant.The embryo developmant of this mutant is arrested in globular stage,The cell division pattern is abnormal during early embryogenesis and results in distubed cellular differentiation.Most of mutant embryos are finally degenerated and aborted in globular stage,However,a few of them still can germinate in agar palte and produce seedlings with shoter hypoctyl and distorted shoot meristem.To understand the molecular basis of the phenotype of this mutant,the joint fragment of T-DNA/plant DNA is isolated by plasmid rescue and Dig-labeled as probe for cDNA library screening.According to the sequence analysis and similarity searching,a 936 bp cDNA sequence(EMBL accession #:Y12555)from selectoed positive clone shows a 99.8%(923/925bp) sequence homolgy with Alanyl-tRNA Synthetase(AlaRS) gene of Arabidopsis thaliana.Furthermore,the data of in situ hybridization experiment indicate that the expression of Ala RS gene is weak in early embryogenesis and declines along with globular embryodevelopment in this mutant Accordingly,the reduced expression of Ala RS gene may be closely related to the morphological changes in early embryogenesis of this lethal mutant.     

Abnormalities Occurring during Female Gametophyte Development Result in the Diversity of Abnormal Embryo Sacs and Leads to Abnormal Fertilization in indica/japonica Hybrids in Rice

Embryo sac abortion is one of the major reasons for sterility in indica/japonica hybrids in rice. To clarify the causal mechanism of embryo sac abortion, we studied the female gametophyte development in two indica/japonica hybrids via an eosin B staining procedure for embryo sac scanning using confocal laser scanning microscope. Different types of abnormalities occurred during megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis were demonstrated. The earliest abnormality was observed in the megasporocyte. A lot of the chalazal-most megaspores were degenerated before the mono-nucleate embryo sac stage. Disordered positioning of nucleus and abnormal nucellus tissue were characteristics of the abnormal female gametes from the mono-nucleate to four-nucleate embryo sac stages. The abnormalities that occurred from the early stage of the eight-nucleate embryo sac development to the mature embryo sac stage were characterized by smaller sizes and wrinkled antipodals. Asynchronous nuclear migration, abnormal positioning of nucleus, and degeneration of egg apparatus were also found at the eight-nucleate embryo sac stage. The abnormalities that occurred during female gametophyte development resulted in five major types of abnormal embryo sacs. These abnormal embryo sacs led to abnormal fertilization. Hand pollination using normal pollens on the spikelets during anthesis showed that normal pollens could not exclude the effect of abnormal embryo sac on seed setting.