The rice hydroperoxide lyase OsHPL3 functions in defense responses by modulating the oxylipin pathway

As important signal molecules, jasmonates (JAs) and green leaf volatiles (GLVs) play diverse roles in plant defense responses against insect pests and pathogens. However, how plants employ their specific defense responses by modulating the levels of JA and GLVs remains unclear. Here, we describe identification of a role for the rice HPL3 gene, which encodes a hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), OsHPL3/CYP74B2, in mediating plant‐specific defense responses. The loss‐of‐function mutant hpl3‐1 produced disease‐resembling lesions spreading through the whole leaves. A biochemical assay revealed that OsHPL3 possesses intrinsic HPL activity, hydrolyzing hydroperoxylinolenic acid to produce GLVs. The hpl3‐1 plants exhibited enhanced induction of JA, trypsin proteinase inhibitors and other volatiles, but decreased levels of GLVs including (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol. OsHPL3 positively modulates resistance to the rice brown planthopper [BPH, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)] but negatively modulates resistance to the rice striped stem borer [SSB, Chilo suppressalis (Walker)]. Moreover, hpl3‐1 plants were more attractive to a BPH egg parasitoid, Anagrus nilaparvatae, than the wild‐type, most likely as a result of increased release of BPH‐induced volatiles. Interestingly, hpl3‐1 plants also showed increased resistance to bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae). Collectively, these results indicate that OsHPL3, by affecting the levels of JA, GLVs and other volatiles, modulates rice‐specific defense responses against different invaders.     

Oxylipin Metabolism in Soybean Seeds Containing Different Sets of Lipoxygenase Isozymes after Homogenization

The oxylipin metabolism was analyzed in soybean homogenates containing different sets of lipoxygenase isozymes (L-1, -2, and -3); namely, Suzuyutaka (containing L-1, -2, and -3), Yumeyutaka (containing only L-1), Kanto102 (containing L-2), Kyushu119 (containing L-3), and Ichihime (lacking all three isozymes). The amount of oxidized fatty acids in the esterified form was higher than that in the free form with every cultivar. Kanto102 formed the highest amount of oxidized lipids, and Yumeyutaka and Ichihime formed the lowest. With Kanto102 and Kyushu119, high amounts of keto fatty acids were formed, while they were undetectable with Yumeyutaka and Ichihime. Due to the lack of lipoxygenases in Ichihime, an accumulation of free fatty acids was expected; however, their amount in Yumeyutaka was significantly lower than was expected. It is suggested that a pathway existed to form C6-volatiles through hydroperoxides in the esterified form.     

Quantitative and qualitative differences in C6‐volatile production from the lipoxygenase pathway in an alcohol dehydrogenase mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana

Six‐carbon (C₆) volatile products are released from the enzymatic action of hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), a component of the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway and form the basis of the "green‐note" flavour characteristic of many consumed plant products. Arabidopsis leaf tissue contains the C₆‐aldehydes hexanal, and trans ‐2‐hexenal as well as the C₆‐alcohols: hexanol, and 3‐hexenol. Interconversion between C₆‐aldehydes and alcohols is thought to proceed through the action of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Using an ADH mutant of Arabidopsis , we have shown that there are large quantitative and qualitative differences in the accumulation of C₆‐volatiles in the absence of ADH activity. The total quantity of LOX‐derived volatiles is greater on a fresh weight basis in the ADH mutant. Qualitatively, hexanol and 3‐hexenol levels are approximately 62% and 51% lower in the mutant, respectively, whereas levels of hexenal are approximately 10‐fold higher. Hexanal accumulation, however, is unaffected in the mutant. The altered profile of LOX‐derived volatiles does not have an effect on the steady‐state levels of mRNA for allene oxide synthase (AOS) or LOX. HPL activity and mRNA quantity, however, are higher in the mutant relative to wild type, suggesting that altered product levels in the mutant affect HPL regulation.     

Cloning and Functional Analysis of an Allene Oxide Synthase in Physcomitrella patens

Jasmonic acid (JA) is a plant hormone that plays important roles in a large number of processes in stress adaptation and development in flowering plants. A search of genome database indicated the existence of allene oxide synthase (AOS), an enzyme of JA biosynthesis, in Physcomitrella patens, a model plant among mosses. In this study, the presence of JA was detected in P. patens. The recombinant AOS of P. patens, which was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, showed AOS activity. These data suggest that the octadecanoid pathway also exists in P. patens.     

拟南芥与水稻之间简单重复序列的比较分析

利用Peri,C 语言编写了鉴定和分析简单重复序列的一系列程序,在全基因组水平上分析了拟南芥(Arabidopsisthaliana L.)简单重复序列的分布及简单重复序列和基因的关系.共发现5 652个简单重复序列(≥20bp),大约每20.6kb有1个简单重复序列.拟南芥各染色体之间简单重复序列的密度基本一致.拟南芥的27 480条编码序列中,只有677条编码序列含有725个简单重复序列,其中的3碱基简单重复序列多数对应的是小的亲水性的氨基酸.在拟南芥和水稻(Oryza sativa L.)第4号染色体的高度保守的基因中,简单重复序列却并不保守.通过比较拟南芥和水稻之间简单重复序列的差异,推论出:水稻的全基因组和基因中简单重复序列的密度都比拟南芥大,这可能是水稻基因组序列比拟南芥大的原因之一,水稻基因组中0.21%来自简单重复序列,而拟南芥中只有0.13%;不但不同物种的基因组对简单重复序列的偏好性不同,而且不同物种的基因对简单重复序列的偏好性也不同.在水稻和拟南芥中部发现了一些嵌套性的卫星序列.     

拟南芥与水稻之间简单重复序列的比较分析

利用Perl,C 语言编写了鉴定和分析简单重复序列的一系列程序,在全基因组水平上分析了拟南芥(ArabidopsisthalianaL.)简单重复序列的分布及简单重复序列和基因的关系。共发现5652个简单重复序列(≥20bp),大约每20.6kb有1个简单重复序列。拟南芥各染色体之间简单重复序列的密度基本一致。拟南芥的27480条编码序列中,只有677条编码序列含有725个简单重复序列,其中的3碱基简单重复序列多数对应的是小的亲水性的氨基酸。在拟南芥和水稻(OryzasativaL.)第4号染色体的高度保守的基因中,简单重复序列却并不保守。通过比较拟南芥和水稻之间简单重复序列的差异,推论出:水稻的全基因组和基因中简单重复序列的密度都比拟南芥大,这可能是水稻基因组序列比拟南芥大的原因之一,水稻基因组中0.21%来自简单重复序列,而拟南芥中只有0.13%;不但不同物种的基因组对简单重复序列的偏好性不同,而且不同物种的基因对简单重复序列的偏好性也不同。在水稻和拟南芥中都发现了一些嵌套性的卫星序列。     

Jasmonate Signal Pathway in Arabidopsis

Jasmonates （JAs）, which include jasmonic acid and its cyclopentane derivatives are synthesized from the octadecanoid pathway and widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. JAs modulate the expression of numerous genes and mediate responses to stress, wounding, insect attack, pathogen infection, and UV damage. They also affect a variety of processes in many plant developmental processes. The JA signal pathway involves two important events： the biosynthesis of JA and the transduction of JA signal. Several important Arabidopsis mutants in jasmonate signal pathway were described in this review.     

植物体内一氧化氮合成途径研究进展

一氧化氮(NO)作为一种气体信号分子,在植物生理过程中发挥重要作用,它参与调节植物的生长、发育及对外界环境的应激反应.植物体内主要通过酶催化途径和非酶催化途径合成NO.酶催化途径合成NO的主要酶包括一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)和硝酸还原酶(nitrate reductase,NR),以及在某些植物的特定组织或器官或在特殊环境条件下存在的一氧化氮氧化还原酶(nitric oxide oxidoreductase,Ni-NOR)和黄嘌呤氧化还原酶(xanthine oxidoreductase,XOR).非酶催化合成途径主要是在酸性和还原剂存在条件下将亚硝酸盐还原成NO.该文主要结合研究方法,综述了植物体内NO合成途径的研究进展,为植物体内NO信号的作用机理的深入研究提供信息资料.     

水稻与拟南芥PHD-finger蛋白的系统分析

PHD-finger(plant homeodomain finger)是具Cys4-His-Cys3特征结构的锌指蛋白结构域,它广泛存在于植物或动物转录调节蛋白中。此类蛋白在植物或动物蛋白质组中具有多个功能各异的家族成员,并在发育中扮演重要的角色。鉴定了水稻44个推定的非冗余PHD-finger蛋白,并与拟南芥蛋白质组中45个该家族成员进行了比较;所构建的2棵进化树涵盖了这89个蛋白质,暗示水稻、拟南芥与人的PHD-finger蛋白中存在共同祖先。     

The COI1 and DFR Genes are Essential for Regulation of Jasmonate-Induced Anthocyanin Accumulation in Arabidopsis

Jasmonates(JAs)are a class of plant hormones that play important roles in the regulation of plant development and plantdefense.It has been shown that Arabidopsis plants produce much higher levels of anthocyanins when treated exogenouslywith methyl jasmonate(MeJA).However,a molecular link between the JA response and anthocyanin production hasnot been determined.The CORONATINE INSENTITIVE1(COI1)gene is a key player in the regulation of many JA-relatedresponses.In the present study,we demonstrate that the COI1 gene is also required for the JA-induced accumulation ofanthocyanins in Arabidopsis.Furthermore,the MeJA-inducible expression of DIHYDROFLAVONOL REDUCTASE(DFR),anessential component in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway,was completely eliminated in the coil mutant.Jasmonate-induced anthocyanin accumulation was found to be independent of auxin signaling.The present results indicate that theexpression of both COI1 and DFR genes is required for the regulation of JA-induced anthocyanin accumulation and thatDFR may be a key downstream regulator for this process.     

Structure and regulation of the Arabidopsis thaliana allene oxide synthase gene

Allene oxide synthase (AOS) is encoded by a single intronless gene in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. The promoter region of the AOS gene exhibits, in addition to the elements of a minimal promoter and the presence of general enhancers, cis-elements that, in other promoters, are responsible for stress- and ethylene-responsiveness. Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum L. were transformed with a chimaeric gene consisting of a 1.9-kb 5′-upstream sequence and the first 95 nucleotides of the AOS coding sequence translationally fused to uid A encoding β-glucuronidase (GUS). Using histochemistry, GUS activity was seen in older leaves, in the bases of petioles and in stipules, during the early stages of carpel development, in maturing pollen grains and at the base of elongated filaments, as well as in abscission-zone scars. A role for jasmonates in floral organ abscission is suggested by these findings. Furthermore, the AOS promoter was activated both locally as well as systemically upon wounding. Jasmonic acid, 12-oxophytodienoic acid and coronatine strongly induced GUS activity. This induction remained confined to the treated leaf when agonists were applied locally to a leaf, suggesting that neither jasmonic acid nor 12-oxophytodienoic acid are physiologically relevant components of the systemic wound signal complex. Rather, the data show that jasmonates behave as local response regulators produced at or around the sites of action in response to appropriate triggers of their synthesis. Received: 21 September 1998 / Accepted: 30 December 1998     

Jasmonates and Related Compounds in Plant-Insect Interactions

Herbivore attack elicits defense responses in host plants by a complex chain of events that starts with the introduction of herbivore-specific elicitors into the wounds at the feeding or oviposition site, their recognition by the plant, and activation of several signaling cascades that trigger defense responses that finally increase resistance. Oxylipin signaling plays a central role in the activation of these herbivore-induced responses. Wounding activates some but not all of these defense responses, but herbivore attack frequently amplifies the oxylipin responses well beyond that elicited by wounding alone, suggesting recognition of herbivore attack. In addition to their signaling role within the plant, oxylipins can also directly influence the performance of herbivores or attract natural enemies to feeding herbivores. Here we review the literature on the regulation and function of herbivore-specific oxylipin signaling and the direct effects of oxylipins on herbivore performance. Online publication: 13 January 2005     

The COI1 and DFR Genes are Essential for Regulation of Jasmonate-Induced Anthocyanin Accumulation in Arabidopsis

Jasmonates （JAs） are a class of plant hormones that play important roles in the regulation of plant development and plant defense. It has been shown that Arabidopsis plants produce much higher levels of anthocyanins when treated exogenously with methyl jasmonate （MeJA）. However, a molecular link between the JA response and anthocyanin production has not been determined. The CORONATINE INSENTITIVE1 （COI1） gene is a key player in the regulation of many JA-related responses. In the present study, we demonstrate that the COI1 gene is also required for the JA-induced accumulation of anthocyanins in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, the MeJA-inducible expression of DIHYDROFLAVONOL REDUCTASE （DFR）, an essential component in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, was completely eliminated in the coil mutant. Jasmonateinduced anthocyanin accumulation was found to be independent of auxin signaling. The present results indicate that the expression of both COI1 and DFR genes is required for the regulation of JA-induced anthocyanin accumulation and that DFR may be a key downstream regulator for this process.     

Fatty acid ketodienes and fatty acid ketotrienes: Michael addition acceptors that accumulate in wounded and diseased Arabidopsis leaves

Physical damage and disease are known to lead to changes in the oxylipin signature of plants. We searched for oxylipins produced in response to both wounding and pathogenesis in Arabidopsis leaves. Linoleic acid 9- and 13-ketodienes (KODEs) were found to accumulate in wounded leaves as well as in leaves infected with the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Quantification of the compounds showed that they accumulated to higher levels during the hypersensitive response to Pst avrRpm1 than during infection with a Pst strain lacking an avirulence gene. KODEs are Michael addition acceptors, containing a chemically reactive alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl group. When infiltrated into leaves, KODEs were found to induce expression of the GST1 gene, but vital staining indicated that these compounds also damaged plant cells. Several molecules typical of lipid oxidation, including malonaldehyde, also contain the alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl reactivity feature, and, when delivered in a volatile form, powerfully induced the expression of GST1. The results draw attention to the potential physiological importance of naturally occurring Michael addition acceptors in plants. In particular, these compounds could act directly, or indirectly via cell damage, as powerful gene activators and might also contribute to host cell death.     

拟南芥CBF/DREB途径的研究进展及其在植物基因工程中的应用

细胞膜感知低温环境信号,通过信号转导激活以CBF/DREB信号途径为主、兼与其他途径交谈和交叠所构成的信号网络,继而调控下游相应功能蛋白的表达,赋予植物低温抗性。文章重点介绍了拟南芥CBF/DREB信号传导途径的研究进展、CBF基因在高等植物中的保守性,以及构建CBF转基因抗冻植物所取得的成果,包括CBF的表达调控与作用的分子机制、影响CBF途径的一些重要蛋白和环境因子、组成性启动子以及冷诱导特异性启动子驱动CBF基因表达所获得的抗冻转基因植物的研究进展。同时,对该研究领域未来可能的发展方向进行了展望。