白菜BcMAF2基因克隆及功能验证

为了揭示白菜（Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino）开花调控转录因子（MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING 2）MAF2在开花过程中的作用,该研究通过同源克隆的方法获得BcMAF2基因的全长序列。结果表明：（1）BcMAF2基因含有1个长度为588 bp开放阅读框,编码196个氨基酸;将BcMAF2蛋白氨基酸序列与其他物种MAF2氨基酸比较表明,BcMAF2基因与其他物种中该基因具有高度保守的结构域。（2）将BcMAF2与YFP和HA标签融合,构建亚细胞定位载体pEarleyGate101 BcMAF2 YFP HA,采用农杆菌介导法将其瞬时表达于本氏烟草（Nicotiana tabacum）叶片中,激光共聚焦显微镜观察发现BcMAF2蛋白定位于细胞核中,表明BcMAF2符合作为转录因子的功能。（3）将BcMAF2基因遗传转化拟南芥中进行功能验证,通过蛋白印迹试验获得5个过表达株系,且在选取的蛋白表达量较高的第8、10株拟南芥中均表现出明显延迟其抽薹开花表型。研究推测BcMAF2基因可能参与植物开花的春化途径。     

青花菜雄性不育相关基因BoDHAR的克隆与表达分析

以一个与甘蓝显性核不育相关的差异表达片段的序列为信息探针,通过在NCBI与TAIR网站数据库中进行同源EST序列搜索,经人工拼接、RT-PCR、PCR克隆与序列分析,获得了青花菜脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶DHARdehydroascorbatereductase基因的cDNA与DNA全长序列,命名为BoDHAR。并利用双链接头介导PCR的染色体步行技术(genomewalking)克隆了其上游644bp的5′端序列。所获的BoDHAR基因全长1486bp,存在两个内含子,DNA编码区序列633bp,编码210个氨基酸;序列分析表明BoDHAR与同源基因AT1G19570.1cDNA序列有82.3%的一致性,推导的氨基酸序列有79.6%的一致性;编码的水溶性蛋白存在多个磷酸化位点;5′端上游区存在明显的转录调控序列。半定量RT-PCR结果表明BoDHAR在可育系花蕾中的表达量明显高于不育系花蕾,在花药中的表达明显高于其它部位。     

日本晚樱PrseSHP基因的克隆与功能分析

采用同源克隆方法结合RACE技术,从日本晚樱(Prunus lannesiana)品种‘大岛樱’中克隆到花发育调控相关的PrseSHP基因(GenBank登录号为GU362645)。PrseSHP基因序列全长1 223bp,包含1个长741bp的完整开放阅读框,编码246个氨基酸和1个终止密码子。分子系统发生分析表明,PrseSHP属MADS-box转录因子的PLE/SHP进化系,并与蔷薇科植物的SHP同源蛋白聚于同一进化分支;蛋白序列比对显示,该转录因子拥有M、I、K和C共4个结构域,且其C末端结构域中包含高度保守的AGⅠ和Ⅱ基序。基因表达分析表明,PrseSHP基因主要在‘大岛樱’的花瓣、雄蕊、雌蕊和幼果等器官中表达,在花萼中仅能检测到微弱的转录信号,在幼叶中不表达,与其他植物SHP同源基因的表达模式有一定的差别。功能分析显示,转PrseSHP基因拟南芥植株明显比野生型拟南芥弱小,转基因拟南芥在6~8片莲座叶后即抽薹开花,时间较野生型拟南芥(14~17片莲座叶后抽薹开花)明显提前,证明异位表达的PrseSHP基因能促进拟南芥早花,其在花发育过程中可能参与调控植物开花。     

青花菜雄性不育相关基因BoDHAR的克隆与表达分析

以一个与甘蓝显性核不育相关的差异表达片段的序列为信息探针,通过在NCBI与TAIR网站数据库中进行同源EST序列搜索,经人工拼接、RT-PCR、PCR 克隆与序列分析,获得了青花菜脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶DHAR dehydroascorbate reductase 基因的 cDNA 与 DNA 全长序列,命名为BoDHAR。并利用双链接头介导 PCR 的染色体步行技术（genome walking）克隆了其上游 644bp 的5′端序列。所获的BoDHAR基因全长 1486bp,存在两个内含子,DNA 编码区序列633bp,编码210个氨基酸;序列分析表明：BoDHAR与同源基因AT1G195701cDNA 序列有 82.3% 的一致性,推导的氨基酸序列有 79.6% 的一致性;编码的水溶性蛋白存在多个磷酸化位点;5′端上游区存在明显的转录调控序列。半定量RT-PCR结果表明：BoDHAR 在可育系花蕾中的表达量明显高于不育系花蕾,在花药中的表达明显高于其它部位。     

水稻全基因组编码抗病基因同源序列分析

利用模糊搜索的方法,在TIGR水稻日本晴基因组数据库(TIGR Rice Genome Annotation-Release5)中识别出565个编码抗病蛋白质的同源序列;利用识别出565个编码抗病蛋白质序列分别与籼稻基因组数据库进行BLASTP联配,共确定320个对应的等位基因。通过在线生物信息学软件,识别了这565个抗病基因的保守结构域、保守模体和DNA序列内转座子元件,其中有14个抗病基因同源序列注释错误。同时绘出了这些基因的基因组分布,并基于这些基因的同源树分析和基因组物理分布,认为基因的原位和远程复制事件产生了抗病基因的现存分布和多样性,其中转座子在复制过程中扮演了重要角色。这些对抗病机制研究和抗病基因进化研究以及抗病基因的转育具有重要意义。     

利用基因芯片数据挖掘宫颈癌相关基因的EST片段

目的:利用基因芯片数据,探讨宫颈癌在分子水平上的发病机制,挖掘肿瘤相关基因EST片段,探索恶性肿瘤标志物,为肿瘤防治找到新的有效手段。方法:从基因芯片数据库GEO(gene expression omnibus)中获得GSM99077基因芯片数据,利用该数据筛选出宫颈癌相关基因的EST片段;然后通过NCBI中的在线BLAST软件找到与之相匹配的同源序列,对这些同源序列进行生物学功能分析,找到与肿瘤的相关性。结果:共发现宫颈癌组织与正常宫颈组织差异表达EST共127条,其中上调的106条,下调的11条,这些差异表达EST的同源序列的转录产物参与转录、翻译、细胞增殖分裂及细胞信号传导等过程。结论:基因芯片能有效、高通量地获取生物内在信息,通过对基因芯片数据再挖掘,可发现宫颈癌的发生涉及多个基因共同作用。     

Analysis of genomic DNA methylation and gene expression in Chinese cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis ) after continuous seedling breeding

Vernalization plays a key role in the bolting and flowering of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis). Plants can switch from vegetative to reproductive growth and then bolt and flower under low temperature induction. The economic benefits of Chinese cabbage will decline significantly when the bolting happens before the vegetative body fully grows due to a lack of the edible value. It was found that continuous seedling breeding reduced the heading of Chinese cabbage and led to bolt and flower more easily. In the present study, two inbred lines, termed A161 and A105, were used as experiment materials. These two lines were subjected to vernalization and formed four types: seeds-seedling breeding once, seedling breeding twice, seedling breeding thrice and normal type. Differences in plant phenotype were compared. DNA methylation analysis was performed based on MSAP method. The differential fragments were cloned and analyzed by qPCR. Results showed that plants after seedling breeding thrice had a loosen heading leaves, elongated center axis and were easier to bolt and flower. It is suggested that continuous seedling breeding had a weaker winterness. It was observed that genome methylation level decreased with increasing generation. Four differential genes were identified, short for BraAPC1, BraEMP3, BraUBC26 and BraAL5. Fluorescent qPCR analysis showed that expression of four genes varied at different reproduction modes and different vernalization time. It is indicated that these genes might be involve in the development and regulation of bolting and flowering of plants. Herein, the molecular mechanism that continuous seedling breeding caused weaker winterness was analyzed preliminarily. It plays an important guiding significance for Chinese cabbage breeding.     

Genome-wide identification of flowering time genes associated with vernalization and the regulatory flowering networks in Chinese cabbage

Flowering time (Ft) is the most important characteristic of Chinese cabbage with high leaf yields and late-flowering are favorable traits, while little knowledge on genes involved in Ft and the flowering mechanism in this crop. In this study, we conducted genome-wide RNA-seq analysis using an inbred Chinese cabbage ‘4004’ line in response to vernalization and compared the Ft gene expression with radish crop. A number of Ft genes which play roles in flowering pathways were performed quantitative RT-PCR analysis to verify the regulatory flowering gene network in Chinese cabbage. We found that a total of 223 Ft genes in Chinese cabbage, and 50 of these genes responded to vernalization. The majority of flowering enhancers were upregulated, whereas most flowering repressors were downregulated in response to vernalization as confirmed by RT-qPCR. Among the major Ft genes, the expression of BrCOL1-2, BrFT1/2, BrSOC1/2/3, BrFLC1/2/3/5, and BrMAF was strongly affected by vernalization. In reference to comparative RNA-seq profiling of Ft genes, Chinese cabbage and radish revealed substantially different vernalization response in particular GA flowering pathway. Thus, this study provides new insight into functional divergence in flowering pathways and the regulatory mechanisms in Brassicaceae crops. Further analysis of the major integrator genes between early and late-flowering inbred lines facilitates understanding flowering trait variation and molecular basis of flowering in Chinese cabbage.     

Linkage Map Construction and Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis for Bolting Based on a Double Haploid Population of Brassica rapa

Early bolting of Chinese cabbage （Brassica rapa L.） during spring cultivation often has detrimental effects on the yield and quality of the harvested products. Breeding late bolting varieties is a major objective of Chinese cabbage breeding programs. In order to analyze the genetic basis of bolting traits, a genetic map of B. rapa was constructed based on amplified fragment-length poiymorphism （AFLP）, sequence-related amplified poiymorphism （SRAP）, simple sequence repeat （SSR）, random amplification of polymorphic DNA （RAPD）, and isozyme markers. Marker analysis was carried out on 81 double haploid （DH） lines obtained by microspore culture from F1 progeny of two homozygous parents： B. rapa L. ssp. pekinensis （BY） （an extra-early bolting Chinese cabbage line） and B. rapa L. ssp. rapifera （MM） （an extra-late bolting European turnip line）. A total of 326 markers including 130 AFLPs, 123 SRAPs, 16 SSRs, 43 RAPDs and 14 isozymes were used to construct a linkage map with 10 linkage groups covering 882 cM with an average distance of 2.71 cM between loci. The bolting trait of each DH line was evaluated by the bolting index under controlled conditions. Quantitative trait loci （QTL） analysis was conducted using multiple QTL model mapping with MapQTL5.0 software. Eight QTLs controlling bolting resistance were identified. These QTLs, accounting for 14.1% to 25.2% of the phenotypic variation with positive additive effects, were distributed into three linkage groups. These results provide useful information for molecular marker-assisted selection of late bolting traits in Chinese cabbage breeding programs.     

Time course and amplitude of DNA methylation in the shoot apical meristem are critical points for bolting induction in sugar beet and bolting tolerance between genotypes

An epigenetic control of vernalization has been demonstrated in annual plants such as Arabidopsis and cereals, but the situation remains unclear in biennial plants such as sugar beet that has an absolute requirement for vernalization. The role of DNA methylation in flowering induction and the identification of corresponding target loci also need to be clarified. In this context, sugar beet (Beta vulgaris altissima) genotypes differing in bolting tolerance were submitted to various bolting conditions such as different temperatures and/or methylating drugs. DNA hypomethylating treatment was not sufficient to induce bolting while DNA hypermethylation treatment inhibits and delays bolting. Vernalizing and devernalizing temperatures were shown to affect bolting as well as DNA methylation levels in the shoot apical meristem. In addition, a negative correlation was established between bolting and DNA methylation. Genotypes considered as resistant or sensitive to bolting could also be distinguished by their DNA methylation levels. Finally, sugar beet homologues of the Arabidopsis vernalization genes FLC and VIN3 exhibited distinct DNA methylation marks during vernalization independently to the variations of global DNA methylation. These vernalization genes also displayed differences in mRNA accumulation and methylation profiles between genotypes resistant or sensitive to bolting. Taken together, the data suggest that the time course and amplitude of DNA methylation variations are critical points for the induction of sugar beet bolting and represent an epigenetic component of the genotypic bolting tolerance, opening up new perspectives for sugar beet breeding.     

Combining Ability and Heritability Analysis of Bolting Character of Non heading Chinese Cabbage

Combining ability and heritability of bolting character of four non heading Chinese cabbage inbred lines were analyzed using Griffing diallel cross I. The results showed that the general combining ability of inbred lines M11 1 2 and M11 1 4 were better, with as bolting resistant potential parental material. The broad sense heritability and narrow sense heritability of bolting character were 9742% and 9141% respectively, and mainly affected by additive genes.So,the selection of bolting characters in non heading Chinese cabbage was effective in early generations.     

Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses of Resistant Host Responses in Arachis diogoi Challenged with Late Leaf Spot Pathogen,Phaeoisariopsis personata

Late leaf spot is a serious disease of peanut caused by the imperfect fungus, Phaeoisariopsis personata. Wild diploid species, Arachis diogoi. is reported to be highly resistant to this disease and asymptomatic. The objective of this study is to investigate the molecular responses of the wild peanut challenged with the late leaf spot pathogen using cDNA-AFLP and 2D proteomic study. A total of 233 reliable, differentially expressed genes were identified in Arachis diogoi. About one third of the TDFs exhibit no significant similarity with the known sequences in the data bases. Expressed sequence tag data showed that the characterized genes are involved in conferring resistance in the wild peanut to the pathogen challenge. Several genes for proteins involved in cell wall strengthening, hypersensitive cell death and resistance related proteins have been identified. Genes identified for other proteins appear to function in metabolism, signal transduction and defence. Nineteen TDFs based on the homology analysis of genes associated with defence, signal transduction and metabolism were further validated by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses in resistant wild species in comparison with a susceptible peanut genotype in time course experiments. The proteins corresponding to six TDFs were differentially expressed at protein level also. Differentially expressed TDFs and proteins in wild peanut indicate its defence mechanism upon pathogen challenge and provide initial breakthrough of genes possibly involved in recognition events and early signalling responses to combat the pathogen through subsequent development of resistivity. This is the first attempt to elucidate the molecular basis of the response of the resistant genotype to the late leaf spot pathogen, and its defence mechanism.