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Hala Nayel Barakat 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》1995,4(2):101-108
Charcoal recovered from middens and graves in the neolithic site of Kadero, north of Khartoum, Sudan was analysed. The site lies within the semi-desert vegetation zone at present. During the occupation period (5960-5030 uncal B.P.), a scrub and thorn savanna grew around the site. It is further suggested that the vegetation during the neolithic period at Kadero was already under strong human impact through controlled fires, felling and grazing. 相似文献
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Charcoal analysis was carried out as part of an interdisciplinary project focusing on the copper mining history of the former
mining area of Schwaz and Brixlegg, a region pivotal as a copper source in prehistoric Europe. The goal was to use remains
of carbonised wood to investigate environmental implications of prehistoric mining, as well as to gain new insight about the
ancient mining technique of fire-setting. Charcoal samples from seven copper mining sites (Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age)
were analysed. The results reveal a strong preference for coniferous wood as fuel in fire-setting, but not in ore smelting/roasting
processes. Species composition at the ore-processing sites indicates moderate forest degradation processes caused by human
intervention. 相似文献
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Cassandra Rowe 《Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology》2007,251(1):83-103
The islands of Torres Strait occupy a shallow area of submerged continental shelf narrowly separating Cape York Peninsula, Australia, from New Guinea. The human history of Torres Strait is unique with respect to mainland northern Australia. Island vegetation, however, exhibits a strong affinity with the environments of the western lowlands regions of Cape York Peninsula and with the vegetation of seasonal tropical Australia in general. Cape York Peninsula is both climatically and biologically diverse, yet few pollen studies have been carried out in its seasonally tropical environments. A summary presentation of palynological results, tracing the nature of vegetation change in Torres Strait, offers a possible framework for vegetation changes in similar environments on mainland Australia and also provides an opportunity to explore the relationship between Quaternary change in humid-tropical Australian environments and their seasonal-tropical counterparts.Six pollen records from Torres Strait provide evidence of vegetation change and fire history over approximately the last 8000 years. Near-shore sediments reveal a Holocene succession in vegetation incorporating lower-tidal mangrove, upper-tidal mangrove, saltmarsh and freshwater swamp communities. Extensive stable mangrove communities dominated coastal Torres Strait between approximately 6000 and 3000 radiocarbon years before present (yr BP). Inland, the strongest Myrtaceae-forest and rainforest representation occurs around the mid-Holocene only to be replaced by open sclerophyll woodlands, as tree density and diversity decline in the last 3000 years. The development of continuous island freshwater swamp conditions, at the coast and inland, is similarly restricted to the late Holocene (c. 2600 yr BP) and fire, as a prominent feature in the Torres Strait environment, is also a relatively recent phenomenon. Comparisons with regional mainland Australian palynological records reveal a degree of consistency in results from Torres Strait suggesting a similarity in late Quaternary trends through Australian humid and seasonally tropical environments. A number of differences, however, are also apparent, highlighting a degree of diversity which warrants further attention. 相似文献
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Susanne Jahns 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2006,15(1):57-63
A pollen diagram from the Ahlequellmoor in the Solling area shows the history of vegetation and settlement over the last 7,800
years. In the early Atlantic period mixed deciduous forest with mainly Tilia together with Ulmus and Quercus
grew in the area. In the late Atlantic period Quercus became most abundant. Fagus spread in the Sub-boreal period at about 2700 B.C. Since ca. 900 B.C. the Solling was covered by beech forests with some
oak. In prehistoric times woodland grazing is indicated. Only in Medieval times are two settlements in the vicinity of the
Ahlequellmoor reflected in the pollen diagram. The earlier one is dated to about A.D. 750–1020, and may be connected with
the former Monastery of Hethis, which is thought to have existed close to the fen from A.D. 815 to 822. The second Medieval
settlement dates to the 11th–12th century. The large-scale woodland destruction of late Medieval and modern times is not clearly
visible. The silvicultural measures of the last 200 years are reflected by increasing values of spruce and grassland taxa. 相似文献
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Isabel Figueiral 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》1995,4(2):93-100
Vegetation and environmental change from late Bronze Age to the Roman period in north-west Portugal is reconstructed on the basis of charcoal analyses. The site was occupied by people of the Castrejo culture, i.e. an Iron Age culture that developed in the north-west Iberian peninsula. The pattern of exploitation of natural wood resources by local populations during this period appears to be similar during the three phases of occupation. The frequencies of light-demanding plant species, mostly Leguminosae, testify to considerable destruction and degeneration of the climax woodlands. The preference of particular wood for specific uses, such as roofing, is discussed and the Holocene history of selected trees within the wider region is considered. 相似文献
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Verushka Valsecchi Willy Tinner Walter Finsinger Brigitta Ammann 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2006,15(2):99-113
Lake-sediment records were used to reconstruct human impact on the landscape around Lago Lucone (45°33′N, 10°29′E, 249 m a.s.l.),
a former lake in the western amphitheatre system of the Lago di Garda. Presence of prehistoric human populations is attested
by pile-dwelling settlements from the Early-Middle Bronze Age, with one settlement at a distance of only 100 m from the coring
site. Pollen, plant-macrofossil and microscopic charcoal analyses were applied to a 250 cm sediment core with four dates providing
the time control. A mixed oak forest that was important during the Early-Middle Holocene was cleared and replaced by open
vegetation during the Bronze Age (∼2000–1100 b.c.) when open lands were estimated to have covered more than 60% of the total relevant pollen-source area. During a phase of
high human impact, independent climatic proxies suggest warm and dry climatic conditions. Later, ca. 1100 b.c., palaeobotanical evidence indicates a sharp decrease in human pressure in the Lago Lucone area. The comparison with other
sedimentary palaeocultural records shows that the period 1300–1100 b.c. was characterised by general declines of agricultural activities both south and north of the Alps. These declines have been
previously attributed to a change towards wetter and colder climatic conditions in and around the Alps. However, the decline
in human impact around Lago Lucone cannot be exclusively attributed to climatic variation. Therefore other forcing factors
independent of climatic changes, such as cultural crises or changes in spatial organisation of the habitats, cannot be ruled
out under the present state of knowledge. 相似文献
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A 9200 14C year fossil pollen record from a small kettle lake in central Maine, northeast U.S.A., records the development of nearby upland vegetation throughout the Archaic, Ceramic, and Historic periods of human history. The Early Archaic period (9000 to 8000 B.P.) began as open woodland dominated by Picea, Populus, and Larix, which was replaced by Pinus forest. During the Middle Archaic (8000-6000 B.P.) Tsuga-dominated forest, which developed ca. 7400 B.P., was followed by Pinus forest (ca. 6400 B.P.). The Late Archaic (6000-3000 B.P.) was a period of great transition; Tsuga forest developed again ca. 5700 B.P., but was abruptly replaced by northern hardwood forest ca. 4700 B.P. That Late Archaic expansion of hardwoods would have provided better forage for beaver. Coincidentally, boreal wetland mammals such as beaver (Castor canadensis) and muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) increase in faunal assemblages of local archaeological sites, while remains of anadromous fish decrease. We postulate that the apparent increase in human populations throughout the region during the Late Archaic may be attributed to an increase in the resource base within both upland and wetland areas resulting from the development of hardwood forest in response to climatic cooling. 相似文献
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Archaeophytes in Britain 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
CHRISTOPHER D. PRESTON DAVID A. PEARMAN ALLAN R. HALL 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2004,145(3):257-294
The concept of 'archaeophytes' (alien taxa which became established in a study area before AD 1500) is widely used in floristic analyses in central and northern Europe, but few authors have applied it to the British flora. Six criteria for the recognition of archaeophytes are outlined, drawing upon evidence of fossil and recent history, current habitat and European and extra-European distribution. These are used to identify 157 probable archaeophytes in Britain. Only five of these are known from fossil records from the Neolithic; most are first recorded in archaeological contexts in the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age, Roman or Medieval periods. As a group, archaeophytes (unlike neophytes) have declined in Britain in the 20th century. Comparison of the accepted status of these species in the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland and Finland demonstrates that over 50% are treated as archaeophytes in central Europe, but in Finland many are absent or only present as casual introductions. Species regarded as archaeophytes in these countries but as natives in Britain are also reviewed. The indirect nature of the evidence used to identify archaeophytes means that it is usually impossible to be certain about the history of a species; in particular, archaeophytes which have successfully invaded semi-natural habitats are likely to be overlooked as natives. The suggestion that a species is an archaeophyte is best regarded as a hypothesis to be tested by further studies. There is considerable scope for archaeological investigations aimed at addressing these botanical problems. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2004, 145 , 257−294. 相似文献
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Pollen records of Holocene sediment cores from the Costa Rican Cordillera de Talamanca (La Chonta bog, 2310 m and La Trinidad bog, 2700 m) show the postglacial development of the montane oak forest zone from ca. 9500 to 1500 yr BP. During the early Holocene (ca. 9500–700 yr BP), alder vegetation covered the La Chonta and La Trinidad bogs and their adjacent hills. The upper forest line is inferred to be at 2800–3000 m elevation. A Podocarpus-Quercus forest characterised the middle Holocene (ca. 7000–4500 yr BP). The upper forest line is located at >3000 m reaching the present-day altitudinal distribution. A Quercus forest characterised the late Holocene (ca. 4500–1500 yr BP). Compared to modern conditions, the early Holocene has similar average temperatures, but the moisture level was probably higher. Pollen evidence for the late Holocene indicates drier environmental conditions than today. In order to improve the paleoecological interpretation, we described the local vegetation and used moss samples as pollen traps at both montane bogs along strong soil moisture gradients.The Netherlands Centre for Geo-ecological Research, ICG 相似文献
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Marjolein van der Linden Bas van Geel 《Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology》2006,240(3-4):649-667
A peat core from a raised bog in southern Sweden was examined (plant macrofossils, pollen/non-pollen microfossils, colorimetric humification, carbon/nitrogen ratios, bulk densities, loss on ignition) to investigate the effects of climate change and human impact on the plant species composition and carbon accumulation of the peat forming vegetation. 14C wiggle-match dating was applied for fine-resolution dating. Cooling at the start of the Little Ice Age was reflected by a decline of thermophilous trees from the pollen record between ca. cal AD 1275–1590, coinciding with increases in atmospheric Δ14C pointing to decreases of solar activity (Wolf and Spörer minimum). Human impact also decreased. Later, the effect of human impact was clearly visible in the form of a black brown, decomposed peat layer, the top of which marks a gap of more than 300 years. Artificial drainage probably caused secondary decomposition and oxidation of the peat. From ca. cal AD 1960 the water table of the peat bog was restored following construction of a road and raised bog vegetation regenerated. 相似文献
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Susanne Jahns 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2007,16(2-3):157-169
A Late Pleistocene and Holocene sediment core from the nowadays terrestrialised portion of the Löddigsee in Southern Mecklenburg, Germany was palynologically investigated. The lake is situated in the rarely investigated Young moraine area at the transition from the Weichselian to the Saalian glaciation. The high-resolution pollen diagram contributes to the establishment of the north-eastern German Late Pleistocene pollen stratigraphy. The vegetation distribution pattern after the end of the Weichselian is in good agreement with other studies from North-eastern Germany, but also has its own characteristics. The Holocene vegetation development reveals features from the north-eastern and north-western German lowlands. A special focus was laid on the environmental history of the two settlements on an island within the lake (Late Neolithic and Younger Slavic period), which were preserved under moist conditions. Both settlements were constructed during a period of low lake level. Although there is evidence of agriculture in the area during the respective periods, the two island settlements seem to have served other purposes. 相似文献
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Eric Fouache Jean-Jacques Dufaure Michelle Denèfle Anne-Marie Lézine Pétrika Léra Frano Prendi Gilles Touchais 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2001,10(2):79-86
The archaeological site of Sovjan is located at the edge of lake Maliq. It was occupied from the early Bronze Age to the
early Iron Age. Pollen data from a short sequence of peat deposits dated between 4255±50 and 2420±45 uncal B.P. and charcoal,
seeds and wood from archaeological deposits have provided new information on human activities in the region. They are discussed
in the general frame of agricultural developments in the Balkans. Regional environment (regarding vegetation and hydrology)
and climate are also discussed.
Received June 15, 2000 / Accepted March 8, 2001 相似文献
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The direct comparison between microcharcoal and pollen data from the Holocene sediment core of Lago di Pergusa (central Sicily, Italy) led us to investigate the linkages between fire, vegetation, and climate in the Mediterranean Basin. The role of human populations in shaping the environment of the last millennia was closely examined as well. Pollen and charcoal were extracted using a standard pollen methodology and both identified from the same pollen slides. At Lago di Pergusa the importance of fire in maintaining and favouring a Mediterranean vegetation, a basic concept in ecology, seems to be inconsistent, as important fires took place in the open environments with xeric vegetation at the beginning of the Holocene well before the expansion of evergreen vegetation. On the contrary some big fires seem to have happened in the period (around 8000 years BP) in which the greatest wetness, the thickest forest canopy, and the most important expansion of submontane vegetation of the record are found. A probable explanation of this phenomenon can be found in the precipitation regime, in the increased available biomass and in the resulting increase in combustible material, indicating also that the highest humidity achieved in central Sicily during the Holocene was not strong enough to prevent fires. During this period drops in arboreal pollen concentration match in minima in the charcoal curves. Fires were practically absent during the Neolithic and Eneolithic periods and not responsible for the general trend towards aridification identified in the pollen record, at times in which prehistoric populations are generally believed to have caused forest clearance by burning. Important and frequent burnings are documented for the Bronze and Iron Ages and probably not all of them were fires of living trees, but burning of wood for producing metals, cooking or heating. The occurrence of a fire around 3700 years BP temporarily caused a minor decrease of arboreal pollen concentration. In the open landscapes of the two last millennia an almost continuous sign of regional burnings is recognized, confirming the historical evidence of an intense land use in central Sicily at least since Roman times. 相似文献
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Lin Zhao Chunmei Ma Lingyu Tang Kam-biu Liu Limi Mao Yu Zhang Huayu Lu Shuangye Wu Qingyun Tu 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2016,25(4):359-373
In this study, late Holocene vegetation, climate and human impacts were investigated using multiproxy data-pollen percentages, pollen accumulation rates (PAR), humification and loss-on-ignition (LOI)—measured from peat sediments from Daiyun Mountain, southeast China. A stratigraphic chronology was established on the basis of four radiocarbon dates. The 4,350 year sequence of vegetation history and climate change exhibits three distinctive stages: (1) 4,350–1,000 cal bp, during which the vegetation was dominated by evergreen forests mainly composed of broad-leaf trees, indicating a warm and wet climate; (2) 1,000–550 cal bp, during which the climate was thought to be cool and dry, based on a decrease in pollen percentages and the PARs of trees, shrubs and wetland herbs, and an increase in the pollen percentage and PAR of dry land herbs, as well as high overall LOI values; and (3) 550 cal bp to modern times, during which higher pollen percentages of dry land and wetland herbs, along with low pollen percentage and PAR of trees and shrubs, as well as low absorbance and LOI values, suggest relatively cooler but wetter climate conditions. In addition, major climatic events, such as the warm period from ad 670–960, the Medieval Warm Period (ad 1050–1520) and the Little Ice Age (ad 1580–1850), could be identified within the peat sediments in this study, with climatic conditions at these times being characteristically warm and wet, warm and dry, and cold and wet, respectively. Pollen signals indicate significant human impact since 1,000 cal bp, which may be linked to the development of the local porcelain industry and a rapid increase in the population in the study region. 相似文献
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Tuberculosis has been recognized in Japan and Korea for more than 500 years in historical medical documents. However, the origin and early existence of tuberculosis is poorly understood in these regions. Very recently, skeletal evidence for tuberculosis from the Bronze Age (or Aneolithic) period was reported from Japan and Korea. This article describes a possible case of spinal tuberculosis from an archeological site in Korea, which was dated to the first century BC. This date corresponds to the Aneolithic (Yayoi) period in Japan. Skeletal evidence for tuberculosis during the Bronze Age period found in both Korea and Japan are, therefore, discussed as evidence of the earliest tuberculosis outbreaks in East Asia and as biological indicators of population movement between Korea and Japan during this period. 相似文献