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Ella Been Asier Gómez‐Olivencia Patricia A. Kramer 《American journal of physical anthropology》2014,154(2):307-314
Recently, interest has peaked regarding the posture of extinct hominins. Here, we present a new method of reconstructing lordosis angles of extinct hominin specimens based on pelvic morphology, more specifically the orientation of the sacrum in relation to the acetabulum (pelvic incidence). Two regression models based on the correlation between pelvic incidence and lordosis angle in living hominoids have been developed. The mean values of the calculated lordosis angles based on these models are 36°?45° for australopithecines, 45°?47° for Homo erectus, 27°?34° for the Neandertals and the Sima de los Huesos hominins, and 49°?51° for fossil H. sapiens. The newly calculated lordosis values are consistent with previously published values of extinct hominins (Been et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 147 (2012) 64–77). If the mean values of the present nonhuman hominoids are representative of the pelvic and lumbar morphology of the last common ancestor between humans and nonhuman hominoids, then both pelvic incidence and lordosis angle dramatically increased during hominin evolution from 27° ± 5 to 22° ± 3 (respectively) in nonhuman hominoids to 54° ± 10 and 51° ± 11 in modern humans. This change to a more human‐like configuration appeared early in the hominin evolution as the pelvis and spines of both australopithecines and H. erectus show a higher pelvic incidence and lordosis angle than nonhuman hominoids. The Sima de los Huesos hominins and Neandertals show a derived configuration with a low pelvic incidence and lordosis angle. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:307–314, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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The nearly ubiquitous presence of a continuous crest connecting the protoconid and metaconid of the lower molars (often referred to as the middle trigonid crest), is one of several dental traits that distinguish Homo neanderthalensis from Homo sapiens. This study examined variation in trigonid crest patterns on the enamel and dentine surfaces to (1) evaluate the concordance between the morphology of trigonid crests at the inner dentine and the outer enamel surfaces; (2) examine their developmental origin(s); and (3) examine trait polarity through comparison with Australopithecus africanus and Pan. The sample included 73 H. neanderthalensis, 67 contemporary H. sapiens, 5 A. africanus, and 24 Pan lower molars. Results indicate general agreement in the morphology observed on the dentine and enamel surfaces. All but one H. neanderthalensis molar shows some trigonid crest development, whereas trigonid crests occur in low frequency in contemporary humans. Pan and A. africanus both also show high frequencies of a continuous trigonid crest. However, the origin of the trigonid crest differs among groups. H. neanderthalensis uniquely possesses a 'middle' trigonid crest that originates from the mesial accessory ridge of one or both cusps. Based on our results we suggest that presence of a continuous middle trigonid crest at the dentine surface is primitive and the lack of any trigonid crest is derived. Genetic drift may explain the high frequency of trigonid crests in H.neanderthalensis. However, H. neanderthalensis still appears to be derived relative to Pan and A. africanus in its high frequency of the mesial-mesial trigonid crestconfiguration. 相似文献
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Frank L'Engle Williams Zachary Cofran 《American journal of physical anthropology》2016,159(3):394-409
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Milford H. Wolpoff Fred H. Smith Mirko Malez Jakov Radov
i&#x; Darko Rukavina 《American journal of physical anthropology》1981,54(4):499-545
Human remains excavated from Vindija cave include a large although fragmentary sample of late Mousterian-associated specimens and a few additional individuals from the overlying early Upper Paleolithic levels. The Mousterian-associated sample is similar to European Neandertals from other regions. Compared with earlier Neandertals from south central Europe, this sample evinces evolutionary trends in the direction of Upper Paleolithic Europeans. Compared with the western European Neandertals, the same trends can be demonstrated, although the magnitude of difference is less, and there is a potential for confusing temporal with regional sources of variation. The early Upper Paleolithic-associated sample cannot be distinguished from the Mousterian-associated hominids. We believe that this site provides support for Hrdli?ka's “Neandertal phase” of human evolution, as it was originally applied in Europe. 相似文献
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《人类演化》一书,作者是美国密歇根大学古人类学教授沃尔波夫,大13开本,厚达900多面。初次看到如此又大又厚的书时,着实使人吃惊。16午前,沃尔波夫曾出版过一部《古人类学》教科书,在学术界颇有影响。现在出版的虽然书名为《人类演化》,但在编写材料的安排次序上,与前者并无二致,而在内容上却大大扩充了。全书内容分四大部分。第一部分是有关人类演化的基础知识,分三章,分别论述年代测定、演化理 相似文献
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辽宁营口金牛山人化石头骨的复原及其主要性状 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
本文叙述了辽宁营口金牛山人化石头骨的保存情况、复原过程及其主要性状。从头骨壁之薄、脑量之大、以及其他的形态特征,认为它属于早期智人类型而不是猿人,对它的年代为距今28万年的报道,提出了疑问。 相似文献
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A fairly complete fossil skeleton of human was found in 1984 by the Paleolithic Archeology Student Excavation Team of Peking University headed by Lu Zun'e at the foot of Jinniushan (Golden Ox Mountain) in Yinkou County, Liaoning Province in northeast China about 400 kilometres to the north of Beijing.<br>The skull was broken into more than one hundred pieces and it was sent to me for reconstruction. As most of the broken pieces are still kept in their original places, the skull can be quite accurately reconstructed with the help of our technician Zhao Zhongyi.<br>The skull belongs to a male individual over 30 years of age.<br>lts cranial capacity is about 1390 ml. The thickness of the vault is 4.5 mm in average. Together with many other features, the total morphological pattern is much more closer to that of the early or archaic Homo sapiens such as the Dali skull than to that of the latest Homo erectus such as the Peking Man skull found in the upper part of the Zhoukoudian Lower cave.<br>The tentative date of the Jinniushan skull of 280,000 years old as given by Lu is doubtful. 相似文献
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Williams SA 《American journal of physical anthropology》2012,148(1):111-122
A fundamental adaptation to orthograde posture and locomotion amongst living hominoid primates is a numerically reduced lumbar column, which acts to stiffen the lower back and reduce injuries to the intervertebral discs. A related and functionally complementary strategy of spinal stability is a caudal position of the diaphragmatic vertebra relative to the primitive condition found in nonhominoid primates and most other mammals. The diaphragmatic vertebra marks the transition in vertebral articular facet (zygapophysis) orientation, which either resists (prediaphragmatic) or allows (postdiaphragmatic) trunk movement in the sagittal plane (i.e., flexion and extension). Unlike most mammals, which have dorsomobile spines (long lumbar columns and cranially placed diaphragmatic vertebrae) for running and leaping, hominoids possess dorsostable spines (short lumbar columns and caudally placed diaphragmatic vertebrae) adapted to orthogrady and antipronogrady. In contrast to humans and other extant hominoids, all known early hominin partial vertebral columns demonstrate cranial displacement of the diaphragmatic vertebra. To address this difference, variation in diaphragmatic placement is assessed in a large sample of catarrhine primates. I show that while hominoids are characterized by modal common placement of diaphragmatic and last rib-bearing vertebrae in general, interspecific differences in intraspecific patterns of variation exist. In particular, humans and chimpanzees show nearly identical patterns of diaphragmatic placement. A scenario of hominin evolution is proposed in which early hominins evolved cranial displacement from the ancestral hominid condition of common placement to achieve effective lumbar lordosis during the evolution of bipedal locomotion. 相似文献
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Maja Šešelj 《American journal of physical anthropology》2013,150(1):38-47
Dental development and skeletal growth are central aspects used by anthropologists when investigating the ontogeny of a population or species. The interrelatedness of the two phenomena is often assumed to be high, but the nature of their relationship is obscured by the fact that they are both highly dependent upon chronological age. The exact relationship between the tempo of dental development and skeletal growth is unclear even in modern humans, which limits the ability to extrapolate to archaeological or fossil forms. It is clear that the influence of chronological age on these two aspects of ontogeny must be accounted for before examining their relationship to one another. This study tests whether dental development and skeletal growth are conditionally independent given age using known‐age modern human skeletal samples and proportional odds logistic regression. The results suggest that dental development and skeletal growth are moderately correlated and thus not conditionally independent given age. That is, individuals that are dentally advanced relative to their peers also tend to be skeletally advanced. However, this relationship is moderate at best, so dental development does not appear to be a highly reliable proxy for skeletal growth, or vice versa, in modern humans. These findings have implications for the reconstruction of ontogeny and life history of fossil hominin taxa, since the pace of dental development is often used as a life history proxy. Implications of this study suggest that the proposed accelerated dental development in Pleistocene hominins was not necessarily accompanied by faster skeletal growth. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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M.K. Karapetian 《HOMO》2017,68(3):176-198
Studies on discrete traits of the human cervical vertebrae, appearing at certain intervals during the last century, posed some questions regarding evolutionary processes that human cervical spine underwent during phylogenesis. To address questions of significance of these morphological traits we need first a good knowledge of the extent of their variation in modern humans. The aim of the current work was to integrate available data on the occurrence of various non-metric traits in the human cervical spine and search for the pattern of their distribution on intra- and inter-population levels. The study was based on data from five osteological samples from North America (Terry and Grant collections) and Russia (mid 20th c. and 18th c.); and data taken from literature. Traits were categorized into rare (<3%), low frequency (up to 10%), often encountered (10–30%) and characteristic for modern humans (>50% on average). Several traits showed mild to strong association with each other indicating interrelation between various spine characteristics. Of the traits analyzed, the following had consistent pattern of sex-related variability: complete dorsal ponticle, bifid spinous processes and cervical ribs; and ancestry-related variability: dorsal ponticle and bifid spinous processes. Each ancestry group (European, African, Asian and North American) had its specifics regarding the latter two traits which might be related to genetic isolation. Most of the traits, however, showed relatively similar pattern of distribution among various populations, including the pattern of within-spine variability. This suggests a common intraspecific pattern and a possible link to some fundamental characteristics of the human vertebral column. 相似文献
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Intra‐individual metameric variation expressed at the enamel‐dentine junction of lower post‐canine dentition of South African fossil hominins and modern humans 
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下载免费PDF全文 Lei Pan John Francis Thackeray Jean Dumoncel Clément Zanolli Anna Oettlé Frikkie de Beer Jakobus Hoffman Benjamin Duployer Christophe Tenailleau José Braga 《American journal of physical anthropology》2017,163(4):806-815
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