Genetic structure of Oryza rufipogon Griff. in China

Oryza rufipogon Griff. (common wild rice; CWR) is the ancestor of Asian cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.). Investigation of the genetic structure and diversity of CWR in China will provide information about the origin of cultivated rice and the grain quality and yield. In this study, we used 36 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to assay 889 accessions, which were highly representative of whole germplasm in China. The analysis revealed a hierarchical genetic structure within CWR. First, CWR has diverged into two ecotypic populations, a south subtropical population (SSP) and a middle subtropical population (MSP), probably owing to natural selection by the different climates. The distribution of specific alleles and haplotypes indicated that Chinese CWR had both indica-like and japonica-like variations; the SSP was an indica-like type, whereas the MSP was more japonica-like. The SSP and MSP further diverged into five (HN, GD-GX1, GX2, FJ and YN) and two (JX-HuN1 and HuN2) geographical populations, respectively. The genetic data suggest the isolation by distance, although water systems also appear to play an important role in the formation of homogenous populations, and occasionally landscape was also involved. The population GD-GX1, which grew widely in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, was the largest geographical population in China. It had a high level of genetic diversity (GD) and the closest genetic relationship with other inferred populations. The population HN, with the smallest SSR molecular weights and the highest level of GD, may be the most ancestral population.     

Intra-Population Genetic Structure of Oryza rufipogon Griff. in Yunnan, China

Oryza rufipogon Griff., allozyme analysis was conducted using 22 loci on a typical population from Yunnan Province, China. Non-random distribution of genotypes and/or genetic variability was found among three subpopulations, and the result was further demonstrated by considerable genetic differentiation observed (F _ST =0.206) within the population. Microhabitat selection may not be an important factor in shaping intra-population genetic structure, and restricted gene flow (N _m =0.964<1) and genetic drift act together towards a genetic subdivision within the population. This genetic subdivision may enhance inbreeding and will ultimately lead to genetic depletion within the predominantly outcrossing (t=0.830) perennial population, and therefore, more attention should be paid to the conservation and genetic management of the population. Received 25 June 1999/ Accepted in revised form 31 August 2000     

广东高州7个普通野生稻居群遗传结构的SSR分析

利用32对SSR引物对来自全部7个自然居群的217份广东高州普通野生稻（简称＂高野＂）材料进行遗传结构、多样性和遗传聚类分析。结果表明,高野各居群因遗传结构存在差异而相对独立,但各居群之间由于存在基因渗透又具有一定的相似性。高野总体多样性指数（Ht）为0.65,居群内的多样性（HS=0.431）略大于居群间的多样性（DS=0.392）,二者差异并不显著。居群间的遗传分化系数（GST）为0.611,说明高野群体的遗传差异是由居群内和居群间的遗传分化共同作用的结果。其中A、B、E居群间,D、F、G居群间遗传相似性较高,C居群与其它居群之间存在较大差异。根据7个居群的遗传结构,结合其地理分布状况,认为遗传多样性最大的B和E居群以及遗传分化最小的C居群应作为重点对象进行保护。     

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity and Development of a Core Collection of Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) Populations in China

Common wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.), the progenitor of Asian cultivated rice (O. sativa L.), is endangered due to habitat loss. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the genetic diversity of wild rice species in isolated populations and to develop a core collection of representative genotypes for ex situ conservation. We collected 885 wild rice accessions from eight geographically distinct regions and transplanted these accessions in a protected conservation garden over a period of almost two decades. We evaluated these accessions for 13 morphological or phenological traits and genotyped them for 36 DNA markers evenly distributed on the 12 chromosomes. The coefficient of variation of quantitative traits was 0.56 and ranged from 0.37 to 1.06. SSR markers detected 206 different alleles with an average of 6 alleles per locus. The mean polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.64 in all populations, indicating that the marker loci have a high level of polymorphism and genetic diversity in all populations. Phylogenetic analyses based on morphological and molecular data revealed remarkable differences in the genetic diversity of common wild rice populations. The results showed that the Zengcheng, Gaozhou, and Suixi populations possess higher levels of genetic diversity, whereas the Huilai and Boluo populations have lower levels of genetic diversity than do the other populations. Based on their genetic distance, 130 accessions were selected as a core collection that retained over 90% of the alleles at the 36 marker loci. This genetically diverse core collection will be a useful resource for genomic studies of rice and for initiatives aimed at developing rice with improved agronomic traits.     

海南普通野生稻稻瘟病的抗性鉴定与评价

在苗期应用自然诱发鉴定法对海南普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogonGriff.)41个居群的410份材料进行了2年的稻瘟病(rice blast)抗性鉴定,结果表明:经过初鉴和复鉴,410份海南普通野生稻中有21份表现高抗,占5.1%,117份表现抗,占28.5%,说明海南普通野生稻具有较好的稻瘟病抗性。     

Genetic Evaluation of in situ Conserved and Reintroduced Populations of Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon: Poaceae) in China

We evaluated the genetic consequences and efficiency of conservation practices in Oryza rufipogon using microsatellite DNA markers. Spatial autocorrelation analysis from 12 microsatellite loci revealed that microsatellite alleles were exclusively distributed in patches within the population, indicating that large populations were unlikely to be homogeneous. An in situ conserved stand of O. rufipogon, which has been protected by a concrete wall from a large population, captured only 67.9% of the total genetic variation of the previous large population. The concrete wall was built to protect the wild rice, but it acted more as a physical barrier to gene exchanges between the two sides. An assignment test revealed only 11.1% putative seed exchanges across the wall. A reintroduced population was found to be genetically very diverse. About 76.3% of the total genetic variation detected in other populations was captured in this reintroduced population, and 24.8% of the total genetic variation in this population was not found in other populations. These results display two important findings for conservation of O. rufipogon. First, conserving one part of a large population of O. rufipogon will not preserve an adequate sample of the genetic variability, since populations are not homogeneous, and genotype distribution varies among localities. Second, a reintroduced population is not genetically depauperate, but it is too early to assess its long-term survival.     

广西普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon Griff)表型性状和SSR多样性研究

以中国普通野生稻初级核心种质中广西普通野生稻部分中的 2 2 3份野生稻为材料 ,以平均分布于水稻 12条染色体上的 34对SSR引物和中国稻种资源目录中的表型性状分析广西普通野生稻SSR位点的等位变异、多样性的地理分布及不同生长习性间的多样性分布等。结果表明 ,每对引物检测到的多态性片段 7～ 4 8条 ,平均为 2 4 .91条 ,普通野生稻的等位变异数明显大于地方稻种 ,在所分析的SSR位点中杂合位点比例变化在 1.35 %～ 81.31%之间 ,平均为 32 .0 1% ,与自花授粉的栽培稻相比具有较高的杂合率 ;北纬 2 2°～ 2 3°和 2 3°～ 2 4°范围内的两个区域内(一个包括隆安、扶绥和邕宁三县 ,另一个包括象州、来宾、武宣、玉林和贵港五个县 )所包含的普通野生稻数量多 ,遗传多样性大 ,在DNA水平上是广西普通野生稻的遗传多样性中心 ,而表型性状多样性中心是在北纬 2 1°～ 2 2°和2 2°～ 2 3°,其多样性分布与DNA水平不完全一致。在 4种生长习性间 ,DNA水平上的遗传多样性大小依次为匍匐型 ,倾斜型 ,半直立型和直立型 ,表型水平的多样性与DNA水平的多样性基本一致。     

普通野生稻miR160f的克隆和功能分析

MicroRNAs是一类在调节基因转录后表达中起重要作用的非编码RNA。miR160通过调节生长素响应因子(ARF)参与根细胞的分裂和分化,从而影响根的发育。克隆了普通野生稻mi R160f基因,并将其转入拟南芥中鉴定功能。结果表明,过表达mi R160f的拟南芥莲座叶的数量减少,抽薹时间缩短,开花的时间提前。qPCR检测显示miR160f的靶基因ARF10、ARF16及ARF17在过表达拟南芥植株中的表达下调,而ARF10和ARF16蛋白的缺失或减少会导致根冠细胞分化受阻、分裂失控,并导致根尖干细胞群的异位扩大,因此可以表明miR160不仅影响根的发育,还可能与水稻的开花时间相关。     

Identification of a Drought Tolerant Introgression Line Derived from Dongxiang Common Wild Rice (O. rufipogon Griff.)

Construction of introgression lines using cultivated rice as recipient and wild rice is a novel approach to explore primitive and broad genetic resources in rice breeding. We recently generated a set of 159 introgression lines via a backcrossing program using an elite Indica cultivar rice Guichao 2 (O. sativa L. ssp. indica) as recipient and a common wild rice Dongxiang accession (O. rufipogon Griff.) as donor. In this study, we have evaluated the previously constructed 159 introgression lines for drought-tolerance. A total of 12 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to drought tolerance were mapped. Furthermore, a drought tolerant introgression line, IL23, was identified and characterized. Genotype analysis of IL23 demonstrated that IL23 contained two QTLs associated with drought tolerance, qSDT2-1 and qSDT12-2, which were located on chromosome 2 and 12 within the two introgressed segments derived from the common wild rice, respectively. Physiological characterization, including measurement of water loss, osmotic potential, electrolytical leakage, MDA content, soluble sugars content and the leaf temperature, revealed that IL23 showed the characteristics associated with drought tolerance. Identification and characterization of IL23 would provide a useful basis for isolation of novel genes associated with drought tolerance and for molecular breeding of drought tolerant rice. Furthermore, the results in this study indicated that construction of introgression lines from common wild rice should be an appropriate approach to obtain favorable genetic materials.     

粤北普通野生稻籼粳分化的SSR分析

本文利用28对籼粳特异性SSR引物对174个粤北普通野生稻个体进行分析.28对引物均有多态性,平均每对引物扩增出的等位变异数和基因型数分别为10.6和28.粤北普通野生稻群体有较高的遗传多样性(0.768 1),除了能扩增出典型的籼、粳特异基因,还能扩增出野生稻特有的基因.遗传一致度聚类分析表明粤北普通野生稻存在初步籼粳分化;2份(1.15%)材料偏籼,172份(98.85%)材料偏粳,群体以偏粳为主.基因组水平上整个粤北群体没有发现原始类型.     

普通野生稻和亚洲栽培稻遗传多样性的研究

用４４个ＲＦＬＰ标记对来自中国、印度、泰国等亚洲１０个国家的普通野生稻（简称普野,下同）和来自多个国家的７５个栽培稻品种,从多态位点的比率、等位基因数、平均杂合度及平均基因多样性等多个方面,比较了不同国家和不同地区的普通野生稻、栽培稻灿粳亚种及栽培与普野之间遗传多样性的差异。结果表明：中国普野的遗传多样性最大;其次是印度普野;南亚普野的平均基因多样性大于东南亚普野;而多态位点的比率、等位基因数及基     

海南普通野生稻OrERF1的克隆和表达分析

根据EST(expressed sequence tags,EST)序列信息,从海南普通野生稻中克隆了一个AP2/ERF(apetala2/ethylene response factor)类转录因子OrERF1。该基因包含一个1 014 bp的完整阅读框,编码337个氨基酸。推导OrERF1氨基酸序列具有典型的AP2/ERF类转录因子结构特征,与水稻(Oryza sativa)、大麦(Hordeum vulgare)、玉米(Zea mays)和橙子(Citrus sinensis)中相应的AP2/ERF类蛋白具有较高的同源性。聚类分析表明OrERF1是ERF类转录因子。对OrERF1启动子序列进行分析,发现存在多种激素应答和胁迫响应的调控元件。Real-time PCR结果显示,低温、干旱和盐胁迫均能诱导OrERF1的表达。这些结果表明OrERF1可能在逆境响应过程中具有重要功能。     

野生稻高产QTL高效表达的光合生理基础

以携带野生稻高产QTL的晚稻新恢复系远恢611所配部分强优势组合为材料,对其部分光合生理指标进行测定的结果表明,远恢611系列组合杂种优势强,穗大粒多,库容量大,具有超高产潜力;后期上面3片功能叶宽大、直立、叶面积大,与茎秆夹角小,不披垂;比叶重大而稳定,不早衰;剑叶净光合速率高,库很大且源较足是远恢611系列组合高产的主要生理原因;也可能是野生稻高产QTL高效表达的重要生理基础。     

普通野生稻和亚洲栽培稻线粒体DNA的RFLP分析

通过７个探针、１７种内切酶探针组合对１１８份普通野生稻和７６份亚洲栽培稻的线粒体ＤＮＡ（ｍｔＤＮＡ）ＲＦＬＰ分析表明,籼粳分化是亚洲栽培稻线粒体基因组分化的主流,７６个栽培稻中,３６个品种ｍｔＤＮＡ为籼型,４０个品种ｍｔＤＮＡ为粳型。普通野生稻ｍｔＤＮＡ以籼型为主（８６份）,粳型较少（７份）,１份类型难以确定,还有２４份没有籼粳分化。     

栽培稻与普遍野生稻两个重要分类性状花药长度和柱头外露率的QTL分析

用江西东乡普通野生稻（简称东乡普野）和桂朝２号的１１５株的ＢＣ１群体,构成了１张长度为１４１８．２ｃＭ．包含１２０个ＲＦＬＰ标记的遗传图谱,该图谱除第１染色体短臂上的标记的顺序与日本水稻基因组计划发表的图谱不同外,其他染色体上相对应的标记的顺序及标记之间的遗传距离基本一致。对控制花药长度和柱头外露率这两个栽培稻和野生稻的重要分类性状的ＱＴＬ分析结果表明,控制花药长度的２个ＱＴＬｓ分别位于第２染色体Ｃ４２４～Ｇ３９和第９染色体Ｃ２８０７～Ｃ１２６３间;控制柱头外露率的２个ＱＴＬｓ分别位于第５染色体Ｒ２２８９～Ｒ１５５３间和第８染色体Ｇ１１４９～Ｒ１９６３间。这两个重要分类性状的ＱＴＬｓ定位,为进一步研究野生稻进化到栽培稻的分子进化机理提供了有益的信息。     

云南元江普通野生稻穗颈维管束和穗部性状的QTL分析

以云南元江普通野生稻为供体亲本,籼稻品种特青为轮回亲本构建高代回交群体,用SSR标记构建连锁图谱,在第1、2、3、4、7和10染色体上定位到7个控制穗颈大维管束数的QTL,在第1、2、3、4和8染色体上定位到5个控制穗颈小维管束数的QTL,在第11和12以外的10条染色体上,共定位到15个控制穗一、二次枝梗数和穗颖花数QTL。来自野生稻的等位基因大多表现负效,能显著减少群体的穗颈维管束数、枝梗数和颖花数,说明从野生稻演化成栽培稻的过程中,可能淘汰了一些对产量不利的QTL,保留了有利的QTL。相当一部分控制穗颈维管束数、枝梗数及颖花数的QTL在染色体上成簇分布或紧密连锁,且加性效应的方向一致,从理论上解释了这些性状表型显著相关的遗传基础,同时也说明在人工选择或自然选择下,这些性状可能存在平行进化或协同进化的关系。     

Genetic Structure of Wild Rice Oryza Glumaepatula Populations in Three Brazilian Biomes Using Microsatellite Markers

The existence of Oryza glumaepatula is threatened by devastation and, thus, the implementation of conservation strategies is extremely relevant. This study aimed to characterize the genetic variability and estimate population parameters of 30 O. glumaepatula populations from three Brazilian biomes using 10 microsatellite markers. The levels of allelic variability for the SSR loci presented a mean of 10.3 alleles per locus and a value of 0.10 for the average allelic frequency value. The expected total heterozygosity (H_e) ranged from 0.63 to 0.86. For the 30 populations tested, the mean observed (H_o) and expected heterozygosities (H_e) were 0.03 and 0.11within population, respectively, indicating an excess of homozygotes resulting from the preferentially self-pollinating reproduction habit. The estimated fixation index ( _IS ) was 0.79 that differed significantly from zero, indicating high inbreeding within each O. glumaepatula population. The total inbreeding of the species (_IT ) was 0.98 and the genetic diversity indexes among populations, _ST and _ST, were 0.85 and 0.90, respectively, indicating high genetic variability among them. Thus, especially for populations located in regions threatened with devastation, it is urgent that in situ preservation conditions should be created or that collections be made for ex situ preservation to prevent loss of the species genetic variability.     

Allozyme variation and population genetic structure of common wild rice Oryza rufipogon Griff. in China

In order to determine the genetic diversity and genetic structure of populations in common wild rice Oryza rufipogon, an endangered species, allozyme diversity was analyzed using 22 loci in 607 individuals of 21 natural populations from the Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan, Hunan, Jiangxi and Fujian provinces in China. The populations studied showed a moderate allozyme variability (A=1.33, P=22.7%, Ho=0.033 and He=0.068), which was relatively high for the genus Oryza. The levels of genetic diversity for Guangxi and Guangdong were significantly higher than those for the other regions, and thus South China appeared to be the center of genetic diversity of O. rufipogon in China. A moderate genetic differentiation (F_ST=0.310, I=0.964) was found among the populations studied. Interestingly, the pattern of population differentiation does not correspond to geographic distance. An estimate of the outcrossing rate (t=0.324) suggests that the species has a typical mixed-mating system. The deficit of heterozygotes (F=0.511) indicates that some inbreeding may have taken place in outcrossing asexual populations because of intra-clone outcrossing events and ”isolation by distance” as a result of human disturbance. In order to predict the long-term genetic survival of fragmented populations, further studies on gene flow among the remaining populations and the genetic effects of fragmentation are proposed. Finally, some implications for the conservation of endangered species are suggested. Received: 22 June 1999 / Accepted: 20 December 1999