抗阿特拉津转基因大豆植株后代的遗传分析

本试验用阿特拉津溶液涂抹、荧光诱导动力学检测、分子杂交等方法对抗阿特拉津转基因大豆植株的后代进行了鉴定,在第二代及第三代中检测到了抗性基因的存在,表明从龙葵中得到的此抗阿特拉津 psbA 基因不仅能导人大豆叶绿体基因组中获得表达,而且可以遗传到后代。     

龙葵叶绿体的阿特拉津抗性基因psbA的核苷酸序列及有关分析

对克隆在psb135质粒上的来自龙葵阿特拉津抗性生物型的psbA基因进行DNA序列分析,测得长为1384个核苷酸的全序列,包括该基因的全部编码区和5′上游顺序。该基因的核苷酸序列与另一个独立来源的龙葵阿特拉津抗性基因的核苷酸序列完全相同,在由核苷酸推导的氨基酸序列的基础上,比较了分别由龙葵抗阿特拉津和对阿特拉津敏感的psbA基因编码的32kD蛋白质的二级结构,并对其可能的含意进行了讨论。     

龙葵阿特拉津抗性生物型的鉴定和阿特拉津抗性基因的克隆

通过直接施用除草剂、荧光诱导和正反杂交试验等鉴定出4种抗阿特拉津的龙葵生物型。从抗性最强的B_(13)株制备叶绿体DNA,构建限制性内切酶Bam HI片段的基因文库,并从中筛选出1个5kb Bam HI片段的克隆pSB 135,通过与探针的分子杂交,证明在pSB 135克隆的Bam HI片段中含有编码叶绿体32k蛋白质的阿特拉津抗性基因。     

龙葵抗阿特拉津生物型叶绿体基因文库的建立

用对阿特拉津(Atrazine)除草剂抗性的龙葵生物型B_(12)株系作材料,制备叶绿体DNA。B_(12)株ctDNA(叶绿体DNA)经BamHI酶解,在0.7％琼脂糖凝胶电泳上呈现24条带,其中最大的片段为18.6kb,最小的片段为1kb。用pBR322作为载体,构建B_(12)株ctDNA BamHI片段文库。通过与探针的分子杂交,从中筛选出含有编码叶绿体32kd蛋白质的阿特拉津抗性基因的克隆pSB135和含有ATP合酶α亚单位基因的克隆pSB132。     

一种用^14C—阿特拉津测定QB蛋白的方法

Q_B蛋白是叶绿体光系统Ⅱ次级电子受体Q_B的蛋白质载体。最近的研究工作表明,光系统在Ⅱ反应中心也结合在Q_B蛋白与另一34kD蛋白质交叉形成的二聚体上。Q_B蛋白还参与电子传递的光调节。阿特拉津(atrazine)及其结构类似的一类除草剂也都可与之结合,从而抑制叶绿体电子传递     

编码叶绿体QB蛋白的psbA基因在E.coli中的转录表达研究(英文)

叶绿体中的psbA是一个编码QB蛋白的光调节基因。我们用带有豌豆psbA基因和lacZ基因融合体的质粒,研究了无光诱导下在E.coli中的表达。结果表明:含有psbA及其上游166碱基的DNA片段能在黑暗中表达。同时还表明,在植物中,psbA基因启动子是潜在的有较高活性的启动子,在黑暗中不能表达可能是由于受到特定的调节机制制约。叶绿体的psbA基因与E.coli的基因上游“pribnow”盒与“-35”盒有较高的同源性。这为叶绿体与光合原核生物有共同的起源提供了证据。     

莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)nfr基因的显隐性突变性质及其与叶绿体psbA基因之间的相互作用分析

通过对莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)nfrl Nfr杂合二倍体的表型分析证明,nfr基因是隐性突变基因,Nfr-4和Nfr-5突变株对达草灭的抗性是由nfr-1和nfr-2两个不同核基因的隐性突变所导致。psbA基因突变株品系与野生型品系CC-124和nfr基因突变株进行杂交并对其后代进行的四分子分析结果表明：在光养条件下,叶绿体psbA基因突变株品系对达草灭的敏感性是psbA突变等位基因的多效效应;而在混合营养条件下,叶绿体基因组对达草灭抗性性状也产生一定影响。达草灭抗性突变株品系对抗菌素类的交叉抗性性质进行的检测实验结果中发现,Nfr-3对红霉素和链霉素具有一定的交叉抗性,预测,对八氢番茄红素脱饱和酶的抑制剂的抗性性状的决定对叶绿体蛋白质的形成可能起作用。     

利用荧光诱导动力学鉴定导入大豆的抗阿特拉津基因的表达

许多研究工作业已证明,可以通过测定叶片荧光诱导曲线的下降过程或快上升成分和慢上升成分间比例的变化,鉴定植物对阿特拉津及其它抑制光合作用的除草剂的敏感性。在国际上此技术已较成熟。但是以前用此技术鉴定植物对阿特拉津的敏感性或抗性,主要是用于种间的比较研究。     

玉米叶绿体表达载体的构建及AsRED基因原核表达

从玉米幼嫩叶片中提取玉米叶绿体基因DNA,通过PCR克隆出叶绿体同源重组片段trnA和trnI、叶绿体特异性启动子Prrn以及终止子psbA.构建玉米叶绿体表达载体pBAIRTARED,含有一个人工操纵子,其中,筛选标记基因aadA和红色荧光蛋白报告基因AsRED处于Prrn启动子和psbA终止子控制.将构建的载体转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,观测到重组细胞呈现红色,表明构建的载体可以用于玉米叶绿体转化以及表达报告基因.     

阿特拉津降解菌株DNS32的降解特性及分类鉴定与降解途径研究

【目的】研究阿特拉津降解菌株DNS32的菌种分类、降解特性及降解途径,丰富阿特拉津降解菌菌种资源。【方法】在长期施用阿特拉津的东北地区寒地黑土中筛选出一株以阿特拉津为唯一氮源生长的降解菌株DNS32,测定其基本降解特性,通过16S rRNA序列分析进行分类鉴定,并利用阿特拉津降解基因PCR扩增技术及降解产物生成量的测定,进一步揭示其降解途径。【结果】实验结果发现DNS32菌株具有较好的降解能力,且在相对较低温度下也具有一定的降解能力。16S rRNA序列分析结果表明DNS32与鲁氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter lwoffii)16S rRNA序列同源性高达99%。成功地扩增降解基因trzN、atzB及atzC,实验结果表明DNS32遵循Arthrobacter aurescens TC1的降解模式,可将阿特拉津降解为氰尿酸,降解产物的生成量测定也证明了这一点。【结论】实验结果丰富了阿特拉津降解菌菌种资源,为不动杆菌属的阿特拉津降解菌研究提供了参考。     

A serine-to-threonine substitution in the triazine herbicide-binding protein in potato cells results in atrazine resistance without impairing productivity.

A mutation of the psbA gene was identified in photoautotrophic potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv Superior x U.S. Department of Agriculture line 66-142) cells selected for resistance to 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (atrazine). Photoaffinity labeling with 6-azido-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine detected a thylakoid membrane protein with a M(r) of 32,000 in susceptible, but not in resistant, cells. This protein was identified as the secondary quinone acceptor of photosystem II (QB) protein. Atrazine resistance in selected cells was attributable to a mutation from AGT (serine) to ACT (threonine) in codon 264 of the psbA gene that encodes the QB protein. Although the mutant cells exhibited extreme levels of resistance to atrazine, no concomitant reductions in photosynthetic electron transport or cell growth rates compared to the unselected cells were detected. This is in contrast with the losses in productivity observed in atrazine-resistant mutants that contain a glycine-264 alteration.     

A rapid method to test for chloroplast DNA involvement in atrazine resistance

A point mutation in the chloroplast psbA gene at codon 264 resulting in an animo acid substitution (ser-gly) manifests itself as atrazine resistance in all recognized weed species studied to date. The single base substitution overlaps a highly conserved Mae1 restriction site which is present in susceptible but not in resistant plants. This restriction enzyme, recently commercialized, has been used to show that it is now possible to discriminate rapidly between the two biotypes without the need for DNA sequencing.     

Chloroplast-coded atrazine resistance in Solanum nigrum: psbA loci from susceptible and resistant biotypes are isogenic except for a single codon change

The 32-kDa photosystem II protein of the chloroplast is thought to be a target molecule for the herbicide atrazine. The psbA gene coding for this protein was cloned from Solanum nigrum atrazine-susceptible ('S') and atrazine-resistant ('R') biotypes. The 'S' and 'R' genes are identical in nucleotide sequence except for an A to G transition, predicting a Ser to Gly change at codon 264. The same predicted amino acid change in psbA was previously shown for an Amaranthus hybridus 'S' and 'R' biotypes which had, in addition, two silent nucleotide changes between the genes (Hirschberg, J. and McIntosh, L., Science 222, 1346-1349, 1983). Occurrence of the identical, non-silent change in psbA in different 'S' and 'R' weed biotype pairs suggests a functional, herbicide-related role for this codon position.     

Development and validation of a breeder-friendly KASPar marker for wheat leaf rust resistance locus Lr21

Development and utilization of genetic markers play a pivotal role in marker-assisted breeding of wheat cultivars with pyramids of disease resistance genes. The objective of this study was to develop a closed-tube, gel-free assay for high-throughput genotyping of leaf rust resistance locus Lr21. Polymorphism identified from re-sequencing of a 2.4-kb fragment covering the functional region of the Lr21 gene from the second to the fourth indels was targeted for assay development. The generated sequence data revealed the 88- or 105-bp indel in the first intron of the Lr21 gene in the selected resistant cultivars compared to susceptible US spring and winter wheat cultivars. Allele-specific primers for a KASPar assay were designed around the junction of the indel at position 1,346 bp. The marker was tested on a panel of 384 US wheat lines and found to be effective in differentiating resistant and susceptible genotypes.     

Novel cyanophage photosynthetic gene psbA in the floodwater of a Japanese rice field

The gene psbA , encoding the D1 protein involved in photosynthesis, was recently found in a number of cultured cyanophages infecting marine Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus and in environmental samples from marine and freshwaters. In this study, viral concentrates were prepared by sampling the floodwaters from each of four plots in a Japanese rice field: (1) no fertilizer; (2) P and K chemical fertilizers; (3) N, P and K chemical fertilizers; and (4) chemical fertilizers with compost. Fragments of the cyanophage psbA gene were amplified by PCR from DNA in the viral concentrates, with primers psbA -F and psbA -R. Double denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was conducted to obtain different psbA clones. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the majority of the psbA sequences in the floodwater formed two unique groups, with their sequences being more closely related to those from freshwater samples than the sequences obtained from marine waters, suggesting that psbA genes in terrestrial aquatic environments are different from those in marine environments.