长松萝中一个聚酮合酶基因簇的克隆和鉴定

【目的】探索药用地衣长松萝(Usnea longissima Ach)聚酮化合物的生物合成基因簇,克隆聚酮合酶(PKS)基因并分析其功能。【方法】以长松萝地衣型真菌为材料,通过巢氏PCR获得聚酮合酶基因片段和原位杂交筛选基因组文库获得聚酮合酶基因及相邻基因簇。并对获得聚酮合酶进行分子系统进化分析和基因表达分析。【结果】获得药用地衣长松萝中的编码聚酮合酶基因UlPKS5的全长序列以及相邻修饰基因β-内酰胺酶和脱水酶。聚酮合酶UlPKS5含有酮体合成酶(KS),酰基转移酶(AT),产物模板(PT)以及酰基载体蛋白(ACP)结构域。分子系统进化分析显示UlPKS5属于非还原型聚酮合酶中第五组,与蒽醌类化合物生物合成相关。通过半定量RT-PCR分析表明山梨醇(10%)和蔗糖(2%和10%)能够强烈诱导UlPKS5基因表达。【结论】聚酮合酶(UlPKS5)及相邻修饰基因β-内酰胺酶和脱水酶与长松萝中蒽醌类化合物生物合成相关。     

产Macrolactins的海洋细菌X-2中Ⅰ型PKS基因簇的筛选鉴定与功能分析

Macrolactins是近年来从Actinomadura sp.和Bacillus sp.等海洋来源的微生物中分离的一群24元大环内酯类化合物,具有抗菌、抗病毒和抗肿瘤等生物学活性.本室从东海海泥中分离到一株海洋细菌X-2,可产生多种Macrolactins.本研究自行设计了一套针对I型聚酮合酶(polyketidesynthase,PKS)基因中酮缩合酶(ketosynthase,KS)片段的简并引物,使用PCR方法直接克隆到了X-2基因组中的一段长约645 bp的Ⅰ型KS基因片段,提交GenBank获登录号EF486351,并以之为探针筛选X-2的fosmid基因组文库,得到了3个阳性克隆,测序获得的序列经同源性分析和功能预测,初步证实获得了该菌中负责生物合成Macrolactin的部分Ⅰ型PKS基因簇的功能序列.     

一个热诱导穿梭表达载体的构建及其在链霉菌中的应用

为探索大肠杆菌λ噬菌体表达调控元件在链霉菌中的应用,构建了一个链霉菌大肠杆菌穿梭表达载体pHZ1080,并将来自链霉菌FR-008的聚酮合酶(PKS)基因置于其中的λ噬菌体启动子P_R下游,得到表达PKS的穿梭质粒pHZ1067。与在大肠杆菌中一样,该质粒在变铅青链霉菌中也受热诱导表达100kD的PKS蛋白;表达的PKS蛋白可由SDSPAGE和Western-blot实验检测到。PKS在链霉菌中的热诱导表达表明,构建的载体也能用于链霉菌诱导表达外源基因。       

聚酮类化合物异源表达研究进展

聚酮化合物具有抗感染、抗真菌、抗肿瘤、免疫抑制等生物活性,在临床上应用非常广泛。我们简要介绍了3种聚酮合酶的基因簇特点,即以模块形式存在的Ⅰ型聚酮合酶、包含重复使用结构域的Ⅱ型聚酮合酶和以查尔酮酶为代表的Ⅲ型聚酮合酶,以及大环内酯类、四环素类、葸环类、聚醚类聚酮化合物异源表达研究现状,综述了异源表达宿主在不同聚酮化合物的表达方面存在的优势及其挑战。     

链霉菌磷酸泛酰巯基乙胺基转移酶对载体蛋白的底物选择性的研究进展

磷酸泛酰巯基乙胺基转移酶(PPTase)催化脂肪酸合酶(FAS)、聚酮合酶(PKS)和非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)中载体蛋白从脱辅基形态转化为全辅基形态,对脂肪酸、PKS产物和NRPS产物的生物合成起着不可或缺的作用。本文介绍并总结了链霉菌PPTase对载体蛋白底物选择性的最新研究进展:Ⅲ型PPTase特异性催化同一个多肽链中ACP的辅基化;Ⅱ型PPTase倾向于催化Ⅰ型PKS中ACP和NRPS中PCP的辅基化;Ⅰ型PPTase倾向于催化Ⅱ型PKS中ACP和Ⅱ型FAS中ACP的辅基化;编码基因位于基因簇内的Ⅰ型/Ⅱ型PPTase倾向于催化编码基因位于同基因簇内的PKS/NRPS中ACP/PCP的辅基化;这些研究结果为阐明并改造链霉菌辅基化网络以提高特定次级代谢产物的产量提供了参考和借鉴。     

基于皱皮软海绵宏基因组的PKS基因筛选的研究

提取皱皮软海绵及其共附生微生物的宏基因组总DNA,使用聚酮合酶(PKS)基因的酮酰合酶(KS)域引物PCR扩增PKS基因片段获得一条671bp的片段,以pUCm-T vector为载体将该基因片段克隆到大肠杆菌中,从阳性克隆中分离出PKS基因片段,测序推导出氨基酸序列。通过BLAST比对发现此氨基酸序列与红细菌目的Rhodobacterales bacterium PKS基因KS域的氨基酸序列有96%的同源性。通过基于氨基酸序列的系统发育分析,推测此筛选得到的PKS基因属于trans-AT型。本文首次证实了皱皮软海绵中存在细菌来源的PKS基因。     

萘醌-氧吲哚生物碱coprisidins生物合成途径的研究（英文）

【目的】新颖结构的天然萘醌-氧吲哚类生物碱coprisidins(A和B)分离自昆虫肠道相关链霉菌,具有预防癌症的活性。作为首例具有萘醌-氧吲哚骨架的生物碱,对其独特生物合成机理的研究可为Ⅱ型聚酮类化合物生物合成途径提供新的认知。【方法】本研究对coprisidins的产生菌Streptomycessp.SNU607进行全基因组测序,并根据测序结果的生物信息学分析初步定位coprisidins的生物合成基因簇;通过基因敲除以及异源表达手段确定coprisidins的生物合成基因簇;基于体内遗传学实验与生物信息学分析初步推导coprisidins的生物合成途径。【结果】Streptomyces sp. SNU607中有23个基因簇可能参与次级代谢,其中4个基因簇与聚酮合酶(PKS)相关;通过基因敲除与异源表达实验,本研究证实1个Ⅱ型PKS负责coprisidins的生物合成;基于生物信息学分析,我们推测copH/I/M/O/N构成了1个基因盒,并负责起始单元丁酰CoA的合成;KSβ(Cop B)的序列比对表明coprisidins的Ⅱ型PKS系统更倾向于合成C20的初始聚酮链。【结论】Coprisidins的萘醌-吲哚结构是由Ⅱ型PKSs催化形成,我们推测丁酰Co A是coprisidins聚酮骨架的起始单元,在最小PKS、聚酮酶、环化酶的催化下先形成类似蒽环的四环系统,随后在后修饰酶与氧化重排的作用下生成萘醌-氧吲哚骨架。本研究为进一步探究萘醌-氧吲哚类生物碱的生物合成机制奠定了基础,同时增加了Ⅱ型PKSs合成产物的结构多样性。     

大环内酯类化合物产生菌的基因筛选及其代谢产物研究

应用Ⅰ型聚酮合酶(PKS-I)基因筛选体系从32株海洋放线菌中寻找大环内酯类化合物的潜在产生菌,通过DNA序列相似性比对从5株阳性菌株中筛选获得了游动放线菌Actinoplanes sp.FIM060065。采用HPLC制备色谱从该菌株发酵液中分离纯化得到一个大环内酯类化合物FW060065,紫外、质谱以及核磁共振波谱分析表明它与台勾霉素B同质,药敏实验表明其对艰难梭菌、消化链球菌、双歧杆菌等革兰氏阳性厌氧菌显示出较强的抗菌能力。本研究通过基因筛选获得了台勾霉素的产生菌及其相应的代谢产物,为Ⅰ型聚酮合酶基因与大环内酯类化合物之间的联系提供了证据。     

四种红树植物根际土壤微生物Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型PKS基因的检测与多样性分析

[目的]探究红树林土壤中聚酮合酶(Polyketide synthase,PKS)基因的多样性和新颖性.[方法]用Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型PKS基因酮基合成酶(Ketosynthase,KS)域的简并引物对海南清澜港红树林海莲、黄槿、银叶、老鼠簕4种红树根际土壤样品中DNA进行PCR扩增,之后利用PCR-限制性酶切片段多样性(PCR-RFLP)和测序分析法对Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型PKS基因的多样性进行探讨.[结果]对得到的72条Ⅰ型PKS基因的酮基合成酶(Ketosynthase,KS)域DNA序列进行PCR-RFLP分析,共得到51个可操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic unit,OTUs),其中37个OTUs为单克隆产生,没有明显的优势OTU.选取了26个代表不同OTU的克隆进行测序分析,这些序列与GenBank中已知序列的最大相似率均未超过85％. KS域氨基酸序列的系统发育分析显示,所得KS域来源广泛,包括蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和一些未可培养细菌;对55条PKSⅡ基因KS域DNA序列的PCR-RFLP分析后共得到25个OTUs,有两个明显的优势OTUs,代表的克隆子数所占比例超过10％.[结论]PCR-RFLP分析表明红树林根际土壤中存在着丰富多样的Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型PKS基因,且前者多样性更高;低的序列相似度表明所获得的PKSⅠ基因KS域序列独特;系统发育分析表明得到的PKSⅠ基因来源广泛.     

利玛原甲藻中聚酮合酶基因克隆与分析

为探讨聚酮合酶 (polyketide synthase, PKS)基因与藻毒素合成的关系,揭示PKS基因在赤潮毒素合成中的作用,采用兼并引物,通过PCR技术获得利玛原甲藻(Prorocentrum lima)可能存在的I型PKS基因;并对所获得PKS基因的同源性进行了分析,构建了基于PKS氨基酸序列的系统进化树;采用RT-PCR技术分析了PKS基因在利玛原甲藻中的表达状况;并通过多聚腺苷酸RNA的扩增、细菌的分离鉴定、限制性内切酶酶切、Southern blotting等技术对PKS基因进行了分析.结果表明,利玛原甲藻中PKS基因与海洋原甲藻聚为一支,在利玛原甲藻中有显著表达;以Oligo(T)引物进行RT-PCR扩增时,可出现18S rRNA和PKS基因相应条带;限制性内切酶酶切和Southern blotting结果显示,该基因中存在明显的甲基化;16S rRNA基因序列分析显示,从利玛原甲藻培养液中分离到的细菌与海洋放线菌假诺卡氏菌属(Pseudonocardia)基因序列同源性达到99%,该菌株中并不存在PKS基因.结果显示,所获得的PKS基因是利玛原甲藻聚酮合酶基因,基因序列已提交GenBank (EF521601);PKS可能在腹泻性贝毒合成中起着关键作用.     

Repeated polyketide synthase modules involved in the biosynthesis of a heptaene macrolide by Streptomyces sp. FR-008

Genes for biosynthesis of a Streptomyces sp. FR-008 heptaene macrolide antibiotic with antifungal and mosquito larvicidal activity were cloned in Escherichia coli using heterologous DNA probes. The cloned genes were implicated in heptaene biosynthiesis by gene replacement. The FR-008 antibiotic contains a 38-membered, poiyketide-derived macrolide ring. Southern hybridization using probes encoding domains of the type i modular erythromycin polyketide synthase (PKS) showed that the Streptomyces sp. FR-008 PKS gene cluster contains repeated sequences spanning c. 105 kb of contiguous DNA; assuming c. 5 kb for each PKS module, this is in striking agreement with the expectation for the 21-step condensation process required for synthesis of the FR-008 carbon chain. The methods developed for transformation and gene replacement in Streptomyces sp. FR-008 make it possible to genetically manipulate polyene macrolide production, and may later lead to the biosynthesis of novel polyene macrolides.     

Enhancing macrolide production in Streptomyces by coexpressing three heterologous genes

Antibiotic production in Streptomyces can often be increased by introducing heterologous genes into strains that contain an antibiotic biosynthesis gene cluster. A number of genes are known to be useful for this purpose. We chose three such genes and cloned them singly or in combination under the control of the strong constitutive ermE* promoter into a ?C31-derived integrating vector that can be transferred efficiently by conjugation from Escherichia coli to Streptomyces. The three genes are adpA, a global regulator from Streptomyces coelicolor, metK, encoding S-adenosylmethionine synthetase from S. coelicolor, and, VHbS, hemoglobin from Vitreoscilla. The substitutions with GC in VHbS was intended to convert codons from lower usage to higher, yet causing no change to the encoded amino acid. Plasmids containing either one of these genes or genes in various combinations were introduced into Streptomyces sp. FR-008, which produces the macrolide antibiotic FR-008-III (also known as candicidin D). The largest increase in FR-008-III production was achieved by the plasmid containing all three genes. This plasmid also increased avermectin production in Streptomyces avermitilis, and is likely to be generally useful for improving antibiotic production in Streptomyces.     

A new modular polyketide synthase in the erythromycin producer Saccharopolyspora erythraea

A previously unidentified set of genes encoding a modular polyketide synthase (PKS) has been sequenced in Saccharopolyspora erythraea, producer of the antibiotic erythromycin. This new PKS gene cluster (pke) contains four adjacent large open reading frames (ORFs) encoding eight extension modules, flanked by a number of other ORFs which can be plausibly assigned roles in polyketide biosynthesis. Disruption of the pke PKS genes gave S. erythraea mutant JC2::pSBKS6, whose growth characteristics and pattern of secondary metabolite production did not apparently differ from the parent strain under any of the growth conditions tested. However, the pke PKS loading module and individual pke acyltransferase domains were shown to be active when used in engineered hybrid PKSs, making it highly likely that under appropriate conditions these biosynthetic genes are indeed expressed and active, and synthesize a novel polyketide product.     

A polyketide synthase in glycopeptide biosynthesis: the biosynthesis of the non-proteinogenic amino acid (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine

Balhimycin, a vancomycin-type antibiotic from Amycolatopsis mediterranei, contains the unusual amino acid (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (Dpg), with an acetate-derived carbon backbone. After sequence analysis of the biosynthetic gene cluster, one gene, dpgA, for a predicted polyketide synthase (PKS) was identified, sharing 20-30% identity with plant chalcone synthases. Inactivation of dpgA resulted in loss of balhimycin production, and restoration was achieved by supplementation with 3,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, which is both a possible product of a PKS reaction and a likely precursor of Dpg. Enzyme assays with the protein expressed in Streptomyces lividans showed that this PKS uses only malonyl-CoA as substrate to synthesize 3,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. The PKS gene is organized in an operon-like structure with three downstream genes that are similar to enoyl-CoA-hydratase genes and a dehydrogenase gene. The heterologous co-expression of all four genes led to accumulation of 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid. Therefore, we now propose a reaction sequence. The final step in the pathway to Dpg is a transamination. A predicted transaminase gene was inactivated, resulting in abolished antibiotic production and accumulation of 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid. Interestingly, restoration was only possible by simultaneous supplementation with (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine and (S)-4-hydroxyphenylglycine, indicating that the transaminase is essential for the formation of both amino acids.     

球孢白僵菌中聚酮合酶基因多样性分析

本研究利用基因挖掘技术从球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)基因组中获得聚酮合酶(PKS)基因,并对这些基因序列进行生物信息学分析预测其功能,同时检测这些基因在不同培养基培养条件下的表达情况。结果显示:球孢白僵菌中含有13个PKS(Bdass1~13)基因,结构域分析显示球孢白僵菌中有还原型PKS 8个,非还原型PKS 2个,杂合型NRPS/PKS 3个;聚类分析显示Bdass8参与卵孢白僵菌素生物合成,Bdass5可能参与洛伐他汀九酮体的生物合成、Bdass4可能参与伏马菌素的生物合成、Bdass11可能参与phenolthiocerol的生物合成;非还原型PKS中Bdass7和Bdass10可能参与分生孢子色素的合成,Bdass1、Bdass2、Bdass3、Bdass6、Bdass9、Bdass12、Bdass13分别与其他未知聚酮合酶形成独立的分支;不同的PKS基因在不同培养基培养条件下其表达情况差异非常显著,如Bdass8、Bdass10和Bdass11在5种培养基上均强烈表达,Bdass4、Bdass6在5种培养基上微弱表达,Bdass1、Bdass5、Bdass11、Bdass12、Bdass13仅在几种培养基上表达,Bdass2仅在INO培养上微弱表达,Bdass3、Bdass7在5种培养基上均不表达。该研究为球孢白僵菌中PKS基因的功能鉴定奠定基础。     

基因工程FR-008/杀念菌素脱羧衍生物CS103的分离提取及毒性和抗白色念珠菌活性研究

本文在建立了基因工程FR-008/杀念菌素脱羧衍生物CS103分离提取工艺的基础上, 经进一步纯化, 获得一定供试样品。通过对比脱羧FR-008/杀念菌素CS103、FR-008/杀念菌素和两性霉素B三种化合物对人胚肾细胞毒性、对人血红细胞的溶血活性和对白色念珠菌的抗菌效果, 发现脱羧FR-008/杀念菌素CS103的毒性较FR-008/杀念菌素和两性霉素B大大降低, 且保持了较高的抗真菌(Candida albicans)活性。